Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122383
Chunyan Xu , Michael Förster , Philip Beckschäfer , Ulrike Talkner , Caroline Klinck , Birgit Kleinschmit
<div><div>Since 2018, severe droughts have affected a significant part of central Europe, causing premature leaf senescence in European beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em> L.). The correlation between the vitality of <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> L. and various geo-ecological and biological determinants (such as elevation, slope, aspect, tree age, and soil properties) concerning hydrological drought stress is still not well understood, especially when integrating multiple geographical datasets. In addition, the determination of crown condition by remote sensing and geo-ecological parameters is still under development; it would allow the assessment of an area-wide forest health status. Our analysis incorporated annual field data from the German National Forest Condition Survey (Waldzustandserhebung, WZE) as a response variable and employed geo-ecological parameters derived from a digital elevation model, soil properties and vegetation indices from a Sentinel-2 time series to explain and predict the crown defoliation of European beech throughout the drought-impacted period spanning 2016–2022 across the federal states Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, and Hesse of Germany. In a second step, the results of the modeling were used for mapping of crown defoliation in Hesse, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein. By employing Gradient Boosting Machines and Random Forest for regression analysis, the study uncovered the relationships between crown defoliation and the used predictors. Training was conducted on 80 % of the dataset, with the remaining 20 % serving as a test set for model validation. Regression findings based on static explanatory variable sets were improved by dynamic explanatory variables such as estimates of soil moisture, vegetation index metrics, and diameter at breast height. Furthermore, we identified key predictors for mapping crown defoliation of <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> L. and recommended using vegetation indices as additional predictors for future studies. The modeling results provided comparably accurate estimates compared to WZE estimates (R<sup>2</sup> of 0.794 and RMSE of 7.646 %) during testing. Topographic and static soil predictors were significant, with soil moisture being a particularly influential variable for model optimization. Based on the predicted crown defoliation, beech trees with low to moderate crown defoliation predominated in beech distribution areas across the examined federal states, while a small number of beech trees with high defoliation were identified mostly in South Lower Saxony and Hesse. The annual variations in the proportions of beech trees showing increasing and decreasing crown defoliation indicate that the condition of the crown temporarily deteriorated when soil moisture decreased, but beech trees recovered after prolonged periods of drought. Additionally, beech trees in the study region exposed to declining soil moisture may suffer from medium-term declines in vitality. The predicted crown defoliation data
{"title":"Modeling European beech defoliation at a regional scale gradient in Germany from northern lowlands to central uplands using geo-ecological parameters, Sentinel-2 and National Forest Condition Survey data","authors":"Chunyan Xu , Michael Förster , Philip Beckschäfer , Ulrike Talkner , Caroline Klinck , Birgit Kleinschmit","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since 2018, severe droughts have affected a significant part of central Europe, causing premature leaf senescence in European beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em> L.). The correlation between the vitality of <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> L. and various geo-ecological and biological determinants (such as elevation, slope, aspect, tree age, and soil properties) concerning hydrological drought stress is still not well understood, especially when integrating multiple geographical datasets. In addition, the determination of crown condition by remote sensing and geo-ecological parameters is still under development; it would allow the assessment of an area-wide forest health status. Our analysis incorporated annual field data from the German National Forest Condition Survey (Waldzustandserhebung, WZE) as a response variable and employed geo-ecological parameters derived from a digital elevation model, soil properties and vegetation indices from a Sentinel-2 time series to explain and predict the crown defoliation of European beech throughout the drought-impacted period spanning 2016–2022 across the federal states Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, and Hesse of Germany. In a second step, the results of the modeling were used for mapping of crown defoliation in Hesse, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein. By employing Gradient Boosting Machines and Random Forest for regression analysis, the study uncovered the relationships between crown defoliation and the used predictors. Training was conducted on 80 % of the dataset, with the remaining 20 % serving as a test set for model validation. Regression findings based on static explanatory variable sets were improved by dynamic explanatory variables such as estimates of soil moisture, vegetation index metrics, and diameter at breast height. Furthermore, we identified key predictors for mapping crown defoliation of <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> L. and recommended using vegetation indices as additional predictors for future studies. The modeling results provided comparably accurate estimates compared to WZE estimates (R<sup>2</sup> of 0.794 and RMSE of 7.646 %) during testing. Topographic and static soil predictors were significant, with soil moisture being a particularly influential variable for model optimization. Based on the predicted crown defoliation, beech trees with low to moderate crown defoliation predominated in beech distribution areas across the examined federal states, while a small number of beech trees with high defoliation were identified mostly in South Lower Saxony and Hesse. The annual variations in the proportions of beech trees showing increasing and decreasing crown defoliation indicate that the condition of the crown temporarily deteriorated when soil moisture decreased, but beech trees recovered after prolonged periods of drought. Additionally, beech trees in the study region exposed to declining soil moisture may suffer from medium-term declines in vitality. The predicted crown defoliation data","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"576 ","pages":"Article 122383"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tree growth is a central aspect of stand dynamics; however, traditional methods for measuring tree growth have limitations, including destructive sampling and the need to remeasure plots periodically. Unmanned aerial vehicle laser scanning (ULS) provides new opportunities for precise, detailed, nondestructive, stand-scale reconstruction of tree canopies via three-dimensional structural methods. However, the aerial canopy information generated by ULS has not yet been effectively applied in exploring tree growth. This study was designed to analyze and quantify the influences of crown structural characteristics and competition among individual trees on increments by combining field-measured growth data with single-temporal ULS data. An automated point cloud processing method was employed to characterize 7112 trees on 71 sample plots of larch in three dimensions to extract information in the form of distinct crown structural factors and competition indices. The results revealed that crown structural characteristics and competition indices determined via ULS were closely linked to tree growth. Specifically, among the crown variables, the crown exposed surface area was the most strongly correlated with tree growth (r=0.34), and the distance-independent competition index showed a stronger negative correlation (r=-0.61) with tree growth than the other competition indices. The metrics extracted from ULS can explain 53.9 % of the variation in growth. This study evaluated the potential for using the latest ULS data as input, in conjunction with an automated point cloud processing algorithm, to forecast future tree growth, which could inform the development of more effective strategies for forest management.
{"title":"Modeling tree radial growth with competition and crown characteristics from an aerial perspective","authors":"Xin Liu, Fengri Li, Yuanshuo Hao, Xinyang Zou, Shoumin Cheng, Lihu Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tree growth is a central aspect of stand dynamics; however, traditional methods for measuring tree growth have limitations, including destructive sampling and the need to remeasure plots periodically. Unmanned aerial vehicle laser scanning (ULS) provides new opportunities for precise, detailed, nondestructive, stand-scale reconstruction of tree canopies via three-dimensional structural methods. However, the aerial canopy information generated by ULS has not yet been effectively applied in exploring tree growth. This study was designed to analyze and quantify the influences of crown structural characteristics and competition among individual trees on <span><math><mi>DBH</mi></math></span> increments by combining field-measured growth data with single-temporal ULS data. An automated point cloud processing method was employed to characterize 7112 trees on 71 sample plots of larch in three dimensions to extract information in the form of distinct crown structural factors and competition indices. The results revealed that crown structural characteristics and competition indices determined via ULS were closely linked to tree <span><math><mi>DBH</mi></math></span> growth. Specifically, among the crown variables, the crown exposed surface area was the most strongly correlated with tree <span><math><mi>DBH</mi></math></span> growth (<em>r</em>=0.34), and the distance-independent competition index showed a stronger negative cor<em>r</em>elation (<em>r</em>=-0.61) with tree growth than the other competition indices. The metrics extracted from ULS can explain 53.9 % of the variation in <span><math><mi>DBH</mi></math></span> growth. This study evaluated the potential for using the latest ULS data as input, in conjunction with an automated point cloud processing algorithm, to forecast future tree <span><math><mi>DBH</mi></math></span> growth, which could inform the development of more effective strategies for forest management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"576 ","pages":"Article 122387"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122343
Christopher M. McLean , Jed Field , Samuel A.R. Hayley , Matthew Hingee , Chad T. Beranek
Habitat fragmentation poses challenges to arboreal mammals relying on tree hollows for denning. Knowledge of species-specific den preferences is needed to realise the full potential of restoration actions. Current advice regarding artificial den design is often highly rigid and specific, where there may be intra- and interspecific variation in den use that is not considered. We investigated denning preferences of the Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps) and Squirrel Glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) in remnant forest reserves, exploring the use of natural hollows and nest boxes, and which attributes of the dens were predictive of use. We radio-tracked 15 Squirrel Gliders and seven Sugar Gliders to denning locations where den characteristics were assessed and compared to randomly selected hollows not known to be used within the home range of the radio-tracked gliders. The hollow entrance size was the only variable that predicted den use in both species. Contrary to expectations, nest boxes were used proportionally more than natural hollows. This highlights that nest boxes can be an effective temporary solution to provide interim den sites for gliders in degraded forest remnants. Also contrary to expectations, hollow height showed only a weak correlation with den use. Seasonal variation and individual behaviours may influence glider preferences, emphasizing the need for nuanced management strategies. Based on these findings, we recommend against a one-size-fits-all approach in the application of artificial hollows for the restoration of glider denning habitat, especially in terms of the aspect and entry height, so that intra- and interspecific variation in den use can be accommodated.
{"title":"One size does not fit all: Intra– and interspecific variation of den site use in two marsupial glider species in fragmented forest","authors":"Christopher M. McLean , Jed Field , Samuel A.R. Hayley , Matthew Hingee , Chad T. Beranek","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Habitat fragmentation poses challenges to arboreal mammals relying on tree hollows for denning. Knowledge of species-specific den preferences is needed to realise the full potential of restoration actions. Current advice regarding artificial den design is often highly rigid and specific, where there may be intra- and interspecific variation in den use that is not considered. We investigated denning preferences of the Sugar Glider (<em>Petaurus breviceps</em>) and Squirrel Glider (<em>Petaurus norfolcensis</em>) in remnant forest reserves, exploring the use of natural hollows and nest boxes, and which attributes of the dens were predictive of use. We radio-tracked 15 Squirrel Gliders and seven Sugar Gliders to denning locations where den characteristics were assessed and compared to randomly selected hollows not known to be used within the home range of the radio-tracked gliders. The hollow entrance size was the only variable that predicted den use in both species. Contrary to expectations, nest boxes were used proportionally more than natural hollows. This highlights that nest boxes can be an effective temporary solution to provide interim den sites for gliders in degraded forest remnants. Also contrary to expectations, hollow height showed only a weak correlation with den use. Seasonal variation and individual behaviours may influence glider preferences, emphasizing the need for nuanced management strategies. Based on these findings, we recommend against a one-size-fits-all approach in the application of artificial hollows for the restoration of glider denning habitat, especially in terms of the aspect and entry height, so that intra- and interspecific variation in den use can be accommodated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"575 ","pages":"Article 122343"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122386
Paly N. Titenwi , Moses N. Sainge , Usif Kargbo , Richard A.S. Kamara , Alex Musa , Timothy M. Kabba , Bockarie K. Buanie , Andre L. Njouonkou , Edward Aruna , Martin J.P. Sullivan , Ana Leite , Aida Cuni-Sanchez
Despite the potential of secondary tropical forests to store and sequester substantial amounts of carbon, little is known about their above-ground carbon (AGC) stocks and the factors affecting them, especially in West Africa. This information is of key importance if the countries in this region want to achieve their forest restoration and climate mitigation commitments. To fill in this gap, we investigated how environmental and local management (e.g. remnant trees) factors influenced AGC and tree species richness in secondary forests at seven sites across Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. We established 140 plots (20 x 50 m) in fallows <15 years (20 plots per site) and sampled all trees ≥10 cm diameter following standardised protocols. We found that AGC stocks and tree species richness increased with fallow age, but were highly variable across sites driven by both climatic and local management practices. While drought stress negatively affected AGC, remnant trees had a positive effect. AGC recovery rates ranged between 0.72 Mg C ha−1 y−1 (second driest site) and 13.76 Mg C ha−1 y−1 (wettest site). Given its low cost, our findings highlight the potential of passive restoration in secondary forests for carbon sequestration, particularly in wetter landscapes and areas with remnant trees from prior land use.
{"title":"Carbon recovery in secondary forests: Insights from three West African countries","authors":"Paly N. Titenwi , Moses N. Sainge , Usif Kargbo , Richard A.S. Kamara , Alex Musa , Timothy M. Kabba , Bockarie K. Buanie , Andre L. Njouonkou , Edward Aruna , Martin J.P. Sullivan , Ana Leite , Aida Cuni-Sanchez","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the potential of secondary tropical forests to store and sequester substantial amounts of carbon, little is known about their above-ground carbon (AGC) stocks and the factors affecting them, especially in West Africa. This information is of key importance if the countries in this region want to achieve their forest restoration and climate mitigation commitments. To fill in this gap, we investigated how environmental and local management (e.g. remnant trees) factors influenced AGC and tree species richness in secondary forests at seven sites across Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. We established 140 plots (20 x 50 m) in fallows <15 years (20 plots per site) and sampled all trees ≥10 cm diameter following standardised protocols. We found that AGC stocks and tree species richness increased with fallow age, but were highly variable across sites driven by both climatic and local management practices. While drought stress negatively affected AGC, remnant trees had a positive effect. AGC recovery rates ranged between 0.72 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> y<sup>−1</sup> (second driest site) and 13.76 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> y<sup>−1</sup> (wettest site). Given its low cost, our findings highlight the potential of passive restoration in secondary forests for carbon sequestration, particularly in wetter landscapes and areas with remnant trees from prior land use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"575 ","pages":"Article 122386"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122384
Fezile P. Mtsetfwa , Laurence Kruger , Robert A. McCleery
Anthropogenic land-use change is currently one of the greatest threats to biodiversity across the globe and tropical savannas are likely to be disproportionately impacted by these changes in coming decades. In particular, the loss of larger savanna trees is concerning because of the critical ecological functions they provide. Here, we studied the potential for positive (e.g., increased resources, propagation) and negative (e.g., harvesting, cattle grazing) influence of two increasingly dominant land uses throughout southern African savannas, communal lands and intensive agricultural, on the size class distributions of dominant large tree species (i.e., knobthorn [Senegalia nigrecens] and marula [Scelerocarya birrea]) in savannas surrounded by these transformed lands. We recorded a total of 646 knobthorn and 303 marula individuals. The two species showed individualistic responses to surrounding land use types. Average abundances (mean, ± 95 % CI) of marula were similar between savanna patches surrounded by savanna only, and savannas surrounded by agricultural and communal areas, while the abundance of most size classes of knobthorn were drastically reduced by surrounding land uses, likely from harvesting for fuel wood. In this study we showed that the influence of land use changes on large tree populations spills over onto the savannas they surround. Furthermore, tree population responses depend on both the surrounding land use and species identity, which determine the nature of exploitative activities. The different exploitative activities appear to be neutral with respect to the populations of marula while reducing populations sizes of knobthorn (i.e. through wood fuel harvesting). We conclude with management recommendations that may increase knobthorn populations in communal areas. Specifically, we suggest encouraging people to propagate knobthorn and other native and wood fuel species for sale at nurseries, teaching harvesting approaches that foster sustainable populations, and encouraging alternative sources fuel and diversified livelihoods.
{"title":"Land-use changes around remnant savannas alter tree size demographics","authors":"Fezile P. Mtsetfwa , Laurence Kruger , Robert A. McCleery","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122384","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122384","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anthropogenic land-use change is currently one of the greatest threats to biodiversity across the globe and tropical savannas are likely to be disproportionately impacted by these changes in coming decades. In particular, the loss of larger savanna trees is concerning because of the critical ecological functions they provide. Here, we studied the potential for positive (e.g., increased resources, propagation) and negative (e.g., harvesting, cattle grazing) influence of two increasingly dominant land uses throughout southern African savannas, communal lands and intensive agricultural, on the size class distributions of dominant large tree species (i.e., knobthorn [<em>Senegalia nigrecens</em>] and marula [<em>Scelerocarya birrea</em>]) in savannas surrounded by these transformed lands. We recorded a total of 646 knobthorn and 303 marula individuals. The two species showed individualistic responses to surrounding land use types. Average abundances (mean, ± 95 % CI) of marula were similar between savanna patches surrounded by savanna only, and savannas surrounded by agricultural and communal areas, while the abundance of most size classes of knobthorn were drastically reduced by surrounding land uses, likely from harvesting for fuel wood. In this study we showed that the influence of land use changes on large tree populations spills over onto the savannas they surround. Furthermore, tree population responses depend on both the surrounding land use and species identity, which determine the nature of exploitative activities. The different exploitative activities appear to be neutral with respect to the populations of marula while reducing populations sizes of knobthorn (i.e. through wood fuel harvesting). We conclude with management recommendations that may increase knobthorn populations in communal areas. Specifically, we suggest encouraging people to propagate knobthorn and other native and wood fuel species for sale at nurseries, teaching harvesting approaches that foster sustainable populations, and encouraging alternative sources fuel and diversified livelihoods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"575 ","pages":"Article 122384"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122382
Robert A. Andrus , Jeffrey A. Hicke , Arjan J.H. Meddens
Eruptive outbreaks of bark beetles have caused extensive and often severe tree mortality across tens of thousands to millions of hectares in temperate forests since the late 1990s. Many individual bark beetle-host tree (BB-host) associations have experienced outbreaks in recent decades, and associations may exhibit unique spatiotemporal characteristics of tree mortality. We investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics of tree mortality from the nine most damaging BB-host associations in the western US. We first extended a dataset of gridded mortality area (MA; annual area of killed trees within a 1-km grid cell) from aerial surveys to 1997–2023. Total MA was highest for the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae)-lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) association. We delineated the spatial extent and period of 49 outbreaks (4–7 per BB-host association). Multiple characteristics of tree mortality were compared within and among BB-host associations at two spatial scales: (1) the outbreak scale (all grid cells aggregated) and (2) stand scale (individual grid cells). Our results highlight notable differences in maximum annual and cumulative MA, duration of mortality, and the average rate of MA among associations, with considerable variability among outbreaks within some associations. Associations exhibited all combinations of shorter to longer duration and lower to higher severity (cumulative MA) and results were similar at the stand and outbreak scale. Pinyon ips (Ips confusus) outbreaks in pinyon pine forests were the shortest duration and higher severity, resulting in significantly more rapid rates of MA than other associations at both spatial scales. Outbreaks of western balsam bark beetle (Dryocoetes confusus) in subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) produced very low MA rates due to low cumulative MA and longer or shorter outbreaks, respectively. Outbreaks resulted in >75 % forest MA (cumulative MA divided by forest cover) from bark beetles across 19,892 km2 of forest, with the amount and percent of forest loss varying by BB-host association. Although subject to some uncertainty, our analysis of aerial surveys incorporates large areas and multiple decades, thereby providing results complementary to field studies that are limited in spatial and/or temporal extent. By synthesizing the spatiotemporal characteristics of tree mortality from outbreaks by BB-host associations, our results inform land managers’ understanding of impacts of past outbreaks and the potential outcomes from future outbreaks for forests during a period of rapid changes to forest structure and composition from bark beetles.
自 20 世纪 90 年代末以来，树皮甲虫的爆发已造成温带森林数万公顷到数百万公顷的树木大面积死亡，而且往往十分严重。近几十年来，许多单独的树皮甲虫-寄主树（BB-寄主）结合体都经历了爆发，这些结合体可能表现出独特的树木死亡时空特征。我们研究了美国西部九个危害最严重的树皮甲虫寄主树群的树木死亡时空特征。我们首先将空中调查的网格化死亡面积（MA；1 公里网格单元内树木的年死亡面积）数据集扩展到 1997-2023 年。山松甲虫（Dendroctonus ponderosae）-道奇松（Pinus contorta）组合的总死亡面积最大。我们划定了 49 次暴发（每次暴发 4-7 次）的空间范围和时间段。在两种空间尺度上比较了BB-寄主关联内部和之间树木死亡的多种特征：(1) 暴发尺度（所有网格单元汇总）和 (2) 林分尺度（单个网格单元）。我们的研究结果表明，在最大年死亡率和累积年死亡率、死亡持续时间以及平均年死亡率方面，不同群落之间存在明显差异，某些群落的爆发之间也存在很大差异。各关联表现出从持续时间较短到较长、严重程度较低到较高（累积 MA）的所有组合，在林分和疫情范围内结果相似。松柏林中的松树梢（Ips confusus）暴发持续时间最短、严重程度较高，导致在两个空间尺度上的 MA 速度明显快于其它关联。在亚高山冷杉（Abies lasiocarpa）中爆发的西部香脂树皮甲虫（Dryocoetes confusus）和在花旗松（Pseudotsuga menziesii）中爆发的花旗松甲虫（Dendroctonus pseudotsugae）分别由于较低的累积 MA 以及较长或较短的爆发而产生了非常低的 MA 率。在19,892平方公里的森林中，树皮甲虫的爆发造成了75%的森林损失（累计损失除以森林覆盖率），森林损失的数量和百分比因树皮甲虫与寄主的关系而异。尽管存在一些不确定性，但我们对航空调查的分析涵盖了大片区域和多个年代，从而提供了与空间和/或时间范围有限的实地研究相辅相成的结果。通过综合树皮甲虫寄主群爆发造成树木死亡的时空特征，我们的研究结果有助于土地管理者了解过去树皮甲虫爆发对森林造成的影响，以及在树皮甲虫对森林结构和组成造成快速变化的时期，未来树皮甲虫爆发可能对森林造成的影响。
{"title":"Spatiotemporal characteristics of tree mortality from bark beetle outbreaks vary within and among bark beetle-host tree associations in the western United States","authors":"Robert A. Andrus , Jeffrey A. Hicke , Arjan J.H. Meddens","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eruptive outbreaks of bark beetles have caused extensive and often severe tree mortality across tens of thousands to millions of hectares in temperate forests since the late 1990s. Many individual bark beetle-host tree (BB-host) associations have experienced outbreaks in recent decades, and associations may exhibit unique spatiotemporal characteristics of tree mortality. We investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics of tree mortality from the nine most damaging BB-host associations in the western US. We first extended a dataset of gridded mortality area (MA; annual area of killed trees within a 1-km grid cell) from aerial surveys to 1997–2023. Total MA was highest for the mountain pine beetle (<em>Dendroctonus ponderosae</em>)-lodgepole pine (<em>Pinus contorta</em>) association. We delineated the spatial extent and period of 49 outbreaks (4–7 per BB-host association). Multiple characteristics of tree mortality were compared within and among BB-host associations at two spatial scales: (1) the outbreak scale (all grid cells aggregated) and (2) stand scale (individual grid cells). Our results highlight notable differences in maximum annual and cumulative MA, duration of mortality, and the average rate of MA among associations, with considerable variability among outbreaks within some associations. Associations exhibited all combinations of shorter to longer duration and lower to higher severity (cumulative MA) and results were similar at the stand and outbreak scale. Pinyon ips (<em>Ips confusus</em>) outbreaks in pinyon pine forests were the shortest duration and higher severity, resulting in significantly more rapid rates of MA than other associations at both spatial scales. Outbreaks of western balsam bark beetle (<em>Dryocoetes confusus</em>) in subalpine fir (<em>Abies lasiocarpa</em>) and Douglas-fir beetle (<em>Dendroctonus pseudotsugae</em>) in Douglas-fir (<em>Pseudotsuga menziesii</em>) produced very low MA rates due to low cumulative MA and longer or shorter outbreaks, respectively. Outbreaks resulted in >75 % forest MA (cumulative MA divided by forest cover) from bark beetles across 19,892 km<sup>2</sup> of forest, with the amount and percent of forest loss varying by BB-host association. Although subject to some uncertainty, our analysis of aerial surveys incorporates large areas and multiple decades, thereby providing results complementary to field studies that are limited in spatial and/or temporal extent. By synthesizing the spatiotemporal characteristics of tree mortality from outbreaks by BB-host associations, our results inform land managers’ understanding of impacts of past outbreaks and the potential outcomes from future outbreaks for forests during a period of rapid changes to forest structure and composition from bark beetles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"576 ","pages":"Article 122382"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122389
Catrin Stadelmann , Line Grottian , Marco Natkhin , Tanja GM Sanders
Winter storms cause severe damage in German forests. Different modelling approaches have already been used to try and map endangered areas to minimize the risk of wind damage by stand adaption. Prevalent models for Germany include empirical-statistical and hybrid-mechanistic models, such as ForestGALES (FG). As of yet, FG is not extensively used in Germany as its parametrization requires extensive experimental efforts to derive regionally sensitive species-specific parameters. Here, we implement a statistical calibration approach for German forest conditions with observed damage from single tree data, soil types, topography (topex) and gust speed data. We use simulated annealing to generate new species-specific values for the tree species, Norway spruce, European beech, and Douglas fir from within the range of all coniferous (deciduous) species for Norway spruce and Douglas fir (European beech) and an additional 10 % buffer around the default species-specific values for each species. We compare two optimization approaches: First, we aim to maximize the Matthew’s correlation coefficient (MCC), which is calculated from the confusion matrix, applying a fixed classification threshold of 0.5. In comparison to the optimization at a fixed threshold, we optimized the species-specific parameters by maximizing the area-under-curve (AUC) value directly generated from the receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analysis. We compare our statistical parametrizations for the considered species to those currently implemented in FG and validate the resulting damage probabilities based on confusion matrices and related performance measures. We created separate parametrizations for a single-tree and stand-wide analysis of storm damage risk, which we validated with gust speed data for Germany. Our results show, that for the single-tree method, MCC improved for all species: By 0.26 (0.22) for the calibration (validation) subset for Douglas fir, by 0.22 (0.18) for Norway spruce and by 0.08 (0.05) for European beech. The optimization for the stand-method shows an increase in MCC as well, with results not being considered due to low numbers of observation data. We show that for German forests, FG’s predictive capability can be improved by statistical optimization when no tree-pulling data is available, which could be valuable for creating further regionalizations of FG.
{"title":"Improving the predictive capacity of the windthrow risk model ForestGALES with long-term monitoring data – A statistical calibration approach","authors":"Catrin Stadelmann , Line Grottian , Marco Natkhin , Tanja GM Sanders","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Winter storms cause severe damage in German forests. Different modelling approaches have already been used to try and map endangered areas to minimize the risk of wind damage by stand adaption. Prevalent models for Germany include empirical-statistical and hybrid-mechanistic models, such as ForestGALES (FG). As of yet, FG is not extensively used in Germany as its parametrization requires extensive experimental efforts to derive regionally sensitive species-specific parameters. Here, we implement a statistical calibration approach for German forest conditions with observed damage from single tree data, soil types, topography (topex) and gust speed data. We use simulated annealing to generate new species-specific values for the tree species, Norway spruce, European beech, and Douglas fir from within the range of all coniferous (deciduous) species for Norway spruce and Douglas fir (European beech) and an additional 10 % buffer around the default species-specific values for each species. We compare two optimization approaches: First, we aim to maximize the Matthew’s correlation coefficient (MCC), which is calculated from the confusion matrix, applying a fixed classification threshold of 0.5. In comparison to the optimization at a fixed threshold, we optimized the species-specific parameters by maximizing the area-under-curve (AUC) value directly generated from the receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analysis. We compare our statistical parametrizations for the considered species to those currently implemented in FG and validate the resulting damage probabilities based on confusion matrices and related performance measures. We created separate parametrizations for a single-tree and stand-wide analysis of storm damage risk, which we validated with gust speed data for Germany. Our results show, that for the single-tree method, MCC improved for all species: By 0.26 (0.22) for the calibration (validation) subset for Douglas fir, by 0.22 (0.18) for Norway spruce and by 0.08 (0.05) for European beech. The optimization for the stand-method shows an increase in MCC as well, with results not being considered due to low numbers of observation data. We show that for German forests, FG’s predictive capability can be improved by statistical optimization when no tree-pulling data is available, which could be valuable for creating further regionalizations of FG.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"576 ","pages":"Article 122389"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122388
Matthew D. Hurteau , Reese Baker , Kyle Gonterman , Abigail Granath , Josh Lopez-Binder , M. Dylan Taylor , Lorraina S. Rojas , Lindsey Rotche , Andy Graves , Marissa J. Goodwin , Gavin Jones , Christopher Marsh
Changing climate and its interaction with disturbances is reshaping forests of the western United States and southwestern forests are experiencing these changes at an accelerated pace. Southwestern forests are fire prone and a legacy of fire exclusion from past land use and management have homogenized many frequent fire forests, increasing the chance that disturbances reinforce landscape homogeneity. Widespread disturbances, especially those that cause a vegetation type change from forest to non-forest, are and will continue to influence the provision of ecosystem services upon which society depends. Here we review our current understanding of changing climate and disturbance and how they will influence southwestern United States forests (defined as California, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico). We synthesize the literature on climate-driven changes in disturbance and how disturbance combined with changing climate will alter forest structure, forest cover, and species composition. We then synthesize management options for improving forest resilience and present them in the context of the resist-accept-direct framework for managing in a changing climate. Managing for more resilient southwestern forests will require a more nimble approach to forest management than is currently practiced in the southwestern US. Our current process of years-long planning for a document that charts the course for several decades of management action is ill-suited to the rate of change that southwestern forests are undergoing. Effective management will require truly adaptive management, with frequent monitoring that informs decision-making and some level of experimentation with management approaches as a hedge against the uncertainty facing southwestern forests.
{"title":"Changing climate and disturbance effects on southwestern US forests","authors":"Matthew D. Hurteau , Reese Baker , Kyle Gonterman , Abigail Granath , Josh Lopez-Binder , M. Dylan Taylor , Lorraina S. Rojas , Lindsey Rotche , Andy Graves , Marissa J. Goodwin , Gavin Jones , Christopher Marsh","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Changing climate and its interaction with disturbances is reshaping forests of the western United States and southwestern forests are experiencing these changes at an accelerated pace. Southwestern forests are fire prone and a legacy of fire exclusion from past land use and management have homogenized many frequent fire forests, increasing the chance that disturbances reinforce landscape homogeneity. Widespread disturbances, especially those that cause a vegetation type change from forest to non-forest, are and will continue to influence the provision of ecosystem services upon which society depends. Here we review our current understanding of changing climate and disturbance and how they will influence southwestern United States forests (defined as California, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico). We synthesize the literature on climate-driven changes in disturbance and how disturbance combined with changing climate will alter forest structure, forest cover, and species composition. We then synthesize management options for improving forest resilience and present them in the context of the resist-accept-direct framework for managing in a changing climate. Managing for more resilient southwestern forests will require a more nimble approach to forest management than is currently practiced in the southwestern US. Our current process of years-long planning for a document that charts the course for several decades of management action is ill-suited to the rate of change that southwestern forests are undergoing. Effective management will require truly adaptive management, with frequent monitoring that informs decision-making and some level of experimentation with management approaches as a hedge against the uncertainty facing southwestern forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"575 ","pages":"Article 122388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122280
Yibo Yan , Xueying Tu , Hui Zhang , Yang Lv , Yihui Zhao , Ao Hu , Yanping Wu , Caixian Tang , Yixiang Wang
Moso bamboo forests have a high capacity for carbon sequestration and are associated with greenhouse gas emissions, but are facing abandonment due to rising labor costs and falling prices of bamboo products. Due to lower carbon fixation and ecosystem degradation of abandoned bamboo forest, transformation (thinning and replanting with tree species) has recently been used to address the issue but its effect on soil N2O fluxes is unknown. In this study, a 25-month field experiment was conducted with four management treatments (light, moderate and heavy strip transformation and abandonment management), using intensive management as a control, to investigate the effects of abandonment and its transformation on soil N2O fluxes in shallow soils of an abandoned Moso bamboo forest. The results revealed that the highest N2O emissions occurred in the intensive management control, while the lowest values were observed under the abandonment management. Furthermore, compared with the control, forest transformation with heavy, moderate and light intensities and abandonment management lowered annual cumulative soil N2O emissions by 7 %, 12 %, 14 %, and 20 %, respectively, in the first year, and by 6 %, 14 %, 17 %, and 22 %, respectively, in the second year. Regardless of the treatment, soil N2O emissions were correlated positively with soil temperature, and the concentrations of NO3--N, NH4+-N, microbial biomass C and N, and water-soluble organic C and N (P < 0.05), but negatively with soil water-filled porosity (P < 0.01). The increased N2O emissions in the forest transformation treatments had mainly resulted from the elevated soil temperature and increased concentrations of labile C and N. The study suggests that the light strip transformation, due to its lower N2O emissions during the first two years of the transformation, is a favorable practice for managing abandoned Moso bamboo forests.
毛竹林固碳能力强，与温室气体排放有关，但由于劳动力成本上升和竹制品价格下降，毛竹林正面临被遗弃的问题。由于废弃竹林的碳固定能力较低且生态系统退化，最近有人采用改造（疏伐并重新种植树种）的方法来解决这一问题，但其对土壤一氧化二氮通量的影响尚不清楚。本研究进行了为期 25 个月的田间试验，以强化管理为对照，采用四种管理处理（轻度、中度和重度带状改造和废弃管理），研究废弃及其改造对废弃毛竹林浅层土壤 N2O 通量的影响。结果表明，集约经营对照组的 N2O 排放量最高，而遗弃经营对照组的数值最低。此外，与对照组相比，重度、中度和轻度森林改造以及废弃管理在第一年分别降低了 7%、12%、14% 和 20%，在第二年分别降低了 6%、14%、17% 和 22%。无论采用哪种处理，土壤 N2O 排放量都与土壤温度、NO3--N、NH4+-N、微生物生物量 C 和 N 以及水溶性有机 C 和 N 的浓度呈正相关（P < 0.05），但与土壤水分填充孔隙度呈负相关（P < 0.01）。该研究表明，轻型带状改造由于在改造的头两年N2O排放量较低，是管理废弃毛竹林的一种有利方法。
{"title":"Forest transformation increases soil N2O fluxes in an unmanaged Moso bamboo forest","authors":"Yibo Yan , Xueying Tu , Hui Zhang , Yang Lv , Yihui Zhao , Ao Hu , Yanping Wu , Caixian Tang , Yixiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Moso bamboo forests have a high capacity for carbon sequestration and are associated with greenhouse gas emissions, but are facing abandonment due to rising labor costs and falling prices of bamboo products. Due to lower carbon fixation and ecosystem degradation of abandoned bamboo forest, transformation (thinning and replanting with tree species) has recently been used to address the issue but its effect on soil N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes is unknown. In this study, a 25-month field experiment was conducted with four management treatments (light, moderate and heavy strip transformation and abandonment management), using intensive management as a control, to investigate the effects of abandonment and its transformation on soil N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes in shallow soils of an abandoned Moso bamboo forest. The results revealed that the highest N<sub>2</sub>O emissions occurred in the intensive management control, while the lowest values were observed under the abandonment management. Furthermore, compared with the control, forest transformation with heavy, moderate and light intensities and abandonment management lowered annual cumulative soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions by 7 %, 12 %, 14 %, and 20 %, respectively, in the first year, and by 6 %, 14 %, 17 %, and 22 %, respectively, in the second year. Regardless of the treatment, soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were correlated positively with soil temperature, and the concentrations of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>-N, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N, microbial biomass C and N, and water-soluble organic C and N (<em>P</em> < 0.05), but negatively with soil water-filled porosity (<em>P</em> < 0.01). The increased N<sub>2</sub>O emissions in the forest transformation treatments had mainly resulted from the elevated soil temperature and increased concentrations of labile C and N. The study suggests that the light strip transformation, due to its lower N<sub>2</sub>O emissions during the first two years of the transformation, is a favorable practice for managing abandoned Moso bamboo forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"576 ","pages":"Article 122280"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122381
Sara Turiel-Santos , Leonor Calvo , David Johannes Kotze , Angela Taboada
New wildfire regimes under accelerated global change may have unprecedented effects on ecosystem services (ES) provision but may also be mediated by the biological legacies left onsite. However, until now, we know very little about these effects, especially over the long term after fire. We investigated the impact of an extreme wildfire event and the burned wood legacies resulting from a decade post-fire salvage logging of dead trees on the recovery of two regulating/supporting ES, i.e., litter decomposition and nutrient cycling, in fire-prone Mediterranean ecosystems dominated by Pinus pinaster forests. For this, we (i) performed a two-year decomposition experiment using the Tea Bag Index (TBI) as a standard method to determine the percentage loss of litter mass and decomposition rates over time, and (ii) quantified soil biochemical variables (microbial biomass C, and β-glucosidase, urease and acid phosphatase enzymatic activities) reflecting nutrient cycling processes, in the burned area and in an adjacent 40-year unburned forest (hereafter, control). Furthermore, we analyzed the influence of soil chemical properties, vegetation variables, and fine (FWD) and coarse (CWD) woody debris characteristics on the recovery of the ES supply capacity. Although our results revealed initial differences with lower litter mass loss in the burned compared to the control area, possibly due to the higher humidity conditions created by mosses and FWD in the unburned forest that favour decomposition processes, decomposition rates in the burned area approached those in the control area at the end of the experiment. Furthermore, nutrient cycling driven by plant and microbial enzymatic activities, recovered fully a decade after fire. However, contrary to our expectations, burned wood legacies did not influence the recovery of ES provision, possibly because CWD remains were mostly intact and not decayed.
在全球变化加速的情况下，新的野火制度可能会对生态系统服务（ES）的提供产生前所未有的影响，但也可能会受到现场留下的生物遗产的影响。然而，到目前为止，我们对这些影响知之甚少，尤其是火灾后的长期影响。我们研究了极端野火事件以及火后十年对枯死树木进行抢救性砍伐所造成的烧毁木材遗留物对两种调节/支持性生态系统恢复的影响，这两种生态系统是：在以松柏类森林为主的易受火灾影响的地中海生态系统中，垃圾分解和养分循环。为此，我们(i) 使用茶袋指数（TBI）作为标准方法进行了为期两年的分解实验，以确定随时间推移的枯落物质量损失百分比和分解率；(ii) 对烧毁区域和邻近 40 年未烧毁森林（以下简称对照）中反映养分循环过程的土壤生化变量（微生物生物量 C、β-葡萄糖苷酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶的酶活性）进行了量化。此外，我们还分析了土壤化学性质、植被变量、细木屑（FWD）和粗木屑（CWD）特性对 ES 供应能力恢复的影响。尽管我们的结果显示，与对照区相比，焚烧区的枯落物质量损失较低，这可能是由于未焚烧森林中的苔藓和FWD创造了较高的湿度条件，有利于分解过程，但在实验结束时，焚烧区的分解率接近对照区。此外，在植物和微生物酶活动的驱动下，养分循环在火灾十年后完全恢复。然而，与我们的预期相反，被烧毁的木材遗留物并没有影响 ES 供应的恢复，这可能是因为木柴残骸大多完好无损，没有腐烂。
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