Forest Ecology and Management最新文献

Land-use change to eucalypt plantations decreases taxonomic and functional diversity of bird communities 桉树人工林的土地利用变化降低了鸟类群落的分类和功能多样性

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123591

Ricardo S. Ceia , Pedro B. Lopes , Nuno Faria , Luís P. da Silva

Global expansion of eucalypt plantations raises concerns over their ecological impacts, particularly on bird communities. We evaluated how land-use change to eucalypt plantations affects taxonomic and functional diversity of birds, comparing plantations with shrublands (directly replaced), agricultural lands (alternative land use), and natural forests (potential native vegetation) in central Portugal. We also assessed how habitat heterogeneity within plantations, defined by vegetation structure, composition, and landscape context, shapes bird community assembly. Taxonomic diversity was measured using species richness and Shannon’s equitability, while functional diversity was quantified via functional richness, evenness, divergence, and dispersion. Eucalypt plantations had the lowest species richness and functional richness, shrublands were intermediate, and agricultural lands and natural forests had the highest diversity. Functional divergence was higher in plantations than in agricultural lands but similar to shrublands and natural forests. Plantations shared a functional composition with shrublands, suggesting that simplified vertical structure limits tree-associated species. Within plantations, bird assemblages were shaped by cross-scale interactions between local vegetation structure and landscape context. Tree height and understory development determined local habitat suitability for multiple functional groups, while landscape-scale plantation cover mediated broader patterns of functional group abundance. These results indicate that conversion to eucalypt monocultures reduces both taxonomic and functional diversity, representing a net loss of ecological roles relative to directly and indirectly replaced land uses. Our study underscores that enhancing structural complexity and integrating stand-level management with landscape planning are essential to reconcile production goals with bird conservation in plantation-dominated regions.

桉树种植园的全球扩张引起了人们对其生态影响的担忧，特别是对鸟类群落的影响。我们评估了桉树人工林的土地利用变化如何影响鸟类的分类和功能多样性，并将人工林与葡萄牙中部的灌丛（直接替代）、农业用地（替代土地利用）和天然林（潜在的原生植被）进行了比较。我们还评估了人工林内由植被结构、组成和景观背景定义的生境异质性如何影响鸟类群落的聚集。分类多样性通过物种丰富度和香农公平度来衡量，功能多样性通过功能丰富度、均匀度、发散度和分散度来量化。桉树人工林的物种丰富度和功能丰富度最低，灌丛居中，农田和天然林的多样性最高。人工林的功能分化程度高于农用地，但与灌丛和天然林相似。人工林与灌丛具有相同的功能组成，表明简化的垂直结构限制了乔木相关物种。在人工林内，鸟类组合是由当地植被结构和景观环境之间的跨尺度相互作用形成的。乔木高度和林下植被发育程度决定了多个功能类群的生境适宜性，而景观尺度人工林覆盖介导了更广泛的功能类群丰度格局。这些结果表明，向桉树单一栽培的转变减少了分类和功能多样性，相对于直接和间接替代的土地利用，代表了生态作用的净损失。我们的研究强调，在人工林为主的地区，提高结构复杂性，将林分管理与景观规划相结合是协调生产目标与鸟类保护的必要条件。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Acacia mangium monocultures can catalyse the recovery of the tree community and aboveground carbon stock in the Philippines” [For. Ecol. Manag. 601 (2026) 123357] “马来合欢单一栽培可以催化菲律宾树木群落和地上碳储量的恢复”的更正[For。生态。管理。601 (2026)123357]

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123573

J. Vivian , R.L. Chazdon , A.A. Catling , A. Shapcott , J. Herbohn , D.J. Lee

引用次数: 0

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) trees experiencing dieback have altered resin canals, earlywood, and latewood relative to asymptomatic trees 与无症状的树木相比，经历枯死的火炬松（Pinus taeda）树木的树脂管、早木和晚木发生了改变

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123595

Nawa Raj Pokhrel , Joseph Dahlen , Thomas L. Eberhardt , Kamal J.K. Gandhi , Brittany F. Barnes

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands along the fall line between the Piedmont and Coastal Plain physiographic regions periodically experience dieback events whereby gradual dying of tree branches, shoots, and/or roots can occur, ultimately resulting in tree mortality. The objective of this study was to compare resin canal features and wood properties of loblolly pine trees from planted stands along the fall line in Georgia, aged 21–30 years, with and without signs of dieback. Seven symptomatic and seven asymptomatic stands were selected for sampling. Increment cores were collected at breast height (1.37 m) from ten each of the following tree-types: 1) “healthy” trees from asymptomatic stands; 2) “healthy” trees from symptomatic stands; and 3) “unhealthy” trees from symptomatic stands. Radial ring-level properties, including basal area growth (basal area increment), resin canal size (cross-sectional area), specific gravity (SG) values for the earlywood, latewood, and the entire ring, and ultrasonic velocity (USV), were determined from a total of 210 cores. Models were developed to predict each property as a function of tree group and cambial age. Compared to asymptomatic healthy trees, symptomatic unhealthy trees had significantly lower basal area growth, higher earlywood SG, lower latewood SG, and smaller resin canals. Ring SG and USV were not different between tree-types, however basal area weighted USV was higher in the asymptomatic healthy trees. No traumatic resin ducts were found. Altogether, this study provides detailed information on the wood properties and resin canal features of loblolly pine trees experiencing dieback relative to those from asymptomatic stands.

火炬松（Pinus taeda L.）位于山前和沿海平原地理区域之间的落差线上，周期性地经历枯死事件，树枝、嫩枝和/或根逐渐死亡，最终导致树木死亡。本研究的目的是比较树脂管特征和木材性能的火炬松种植林分沿着格鲁吉亚的秋天线，21-30年，有和没有枯死的迹象。选取7个有症状和7个无症状的林分进行抽样。在胸高（1.37 m）处从以下10种树木类型中收集增量岩心：1)来自无症状林分的“健康”树木；2)来自有症状林分的“健康”树木；3)“不健康”的树木来自有症状的林分。径向环级性质，包括基底面积增长（基底面积增量）、树脂管尺寸（横截面积）、早木、晚木和整个环的比重（SG）值，以及超声速度（USV），由210个岩心进行了测定。建立了模型来预测每个属性作为树群和形成层年龄的函数。与无症状健康树相比，有症状健康树的基面积生长显著降低，早木SG较高，晚木SG较低，树脂管较小。环型SG和USV在不同树种间差异不大，但无症状健康树种的基面积加权USV较高。未发现外伤性树脂导管。总之，本研究提供了经历枯死的火炬松相对于无症状林分的木材特性和树脂管特征的详细信息。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to ‘Species level differences in decomposition rates and deadwood carbon storage in the southeastern United States’ [For. Ecol. Manag., 598 (2025) 123193] “美国东南部腐烂率和枯木碳储量的物种水平差异”的勘误表[For。生态。等内容。， 598 (2025) 123193]

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123596

Rabia Amen, Emily White , Drew Williams, Joshua Granger, Courtney Siegert

引用次数: 0

Prolonged drought constrains pine cone production but not its consumption 长期干旱限制了松果的生产，但不限制其消费

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123546

Sofia Domènech , Santi Sabaté , Joan Real , Daniel Pons , Jordi Vázquez-Recasens , Roger Puig-Gironès

Seed production is vital for plant recruitment, shaped by tree traits, climate, and biotic pressures. Droughts can strongly affect reproductive processes, with cascading effects on squirrels. Their feeding behaviour responds to cone size and availability, both climate-driven. This study evaluates how a prolonged drought (three years below average precipitation) affects pine cone production and red squirrel foraging behaviour. Specifically, we (1) analyse tree- and environmental-related drivers of production, (2) quantify squirrel consumption relative to cone availability, and (3) explore links between cone size, production, and exploitation. From 2019–2024, we recorded 32,531 produced and 13,013 consumed cones across 36 transects, with Aleppo pine being dominant. Production varies by species, reflecting distinct reproductive phenologies and species-specific climatic sensitivities. Across pine species, production was negatively associated with drought-related conditions during key reproductive stages, indicating shared vulnerability to water limitation. Rather than long-term trends, these responses reflect interannual climatic variability as a reproductive bottleneck, promoting cross-species synchronization and local homogenization. Crown diameter and habitat significantly affected production. Habitat also shaped squirrel consumption, with mixed forests showing higher rates. Tree diameter and crown size affected cone length, which influenced squirrel feeding. Despite reduced production, squirrel consumption remained stable or even increased during low-production years, with some areas exceeding 75 % of available cones. This suggests that reduced seed availability combined with sustained foraging pressure may impair forest regeneration. Overall, our findings show that climate extremes can synchronize reproductive failure across co-occurring pine species, reveal drought‑driven pollination limits while intensifying trophic pressures in drought-prone ecosystems.

种子生产对植物补充至关重要，受树木特性、气候和生物压力的影响。干旱会强烈影响松鼠的繁殖过程，并对松鼠产生连锁反应。它们的进食行为与锥体的大小和可用性有关，两者都受气候影响。本研究评估了长期干旱（低于平均降水量三年）对松果产量和红松鼠觅食行为的影响。具体来说，我们(1)分析了与树木和环境相关的生产驱动因素，(2)量化了松鼠消耗相对于松果可用性的数量，(3)探索了松果大小、生产和开发之间的联系。从2019年到2024年，我们在36个样带记录了32531个生产的球果和13013个消费的球果，其中阿勒颇松树占主导地位。产量因物种而异，反映了不同的生殖物候和物种特有的气候敏感性。在所有松树物种中，在关键的繁殖阶段，产量与干旱相关条件呈负相关，表明它们都容易受到水分限制。这些响应反映了作为繁殖瓶颈的年际气候变率，而不是长期趋势，促进了物种间的同步和局部均质化。冠径和生境对产量有显著影响。栖息地也决定了松鼠的消费，混交林显示出更高的比例。树径和树冠大小影响球果长度，影响松鼠取食。尽管产量减少，但在低产年份，松鼠的消费量保持稳定，甚至增加，一些地区的可用球果超过75% %。这表明种子可用性的降低加上持续的觅食压力可能会损害森林的更新。总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，极端气候可以同步发生在共同发生的松树物种之间的生殖失败，揭示干旱驱动的授粉限制，同时加剧干旱易发生态系统的营养压力。

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引用次数: 0

MAOC capacity and microbial drivers refine soil carbon management in forest plantations MAOC容量和微生物驱动因素改善了人工林土壤碳管理

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123534

Xiaomiao Ma , Chao Wang , Xu Wang , Ziping Liu , Yimei Wang , Edith Bai

Afforestation can substantially enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, but the mechanisms governing its long-term stabilization remain poorly understood. Here, using a chronosequence (7, 20, 69 and 88 years-old) of Pinus koraiensis plantations in Northeast China, we investigated SOC dynamics by integrating soil physical fractionation, microbial biomarkers, and amplicon sequencing. SOC stock exhibited nonlinear changes, peaking at 69-year-old stands (78.49 g C kg⁻¹ soil). Mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) in the organic horizon plateaued after 20 years, while MAOC in the 0–20 cm mineral soil peaked at 69 years. Between 20 and 69 years, SOC accumulation was mainly driven by particulate organic carbon (POC) inputs resulting from increased forest productivity. Microbial necromass contributed substantially to SOC, dominated by fungal necromass (78–97 %), but its relative contribution declined after 20 years as bacterial necromass and the abundance of K-strategists bacteria increased. Path analysis further showed that soil properties and microbial traits were positively related to both POC and MAOC, whereas necromass metrics were negatively related to MAOC, consistent with MAOC accumulation approaching a physicochemical capacity limit. Overall, our findings indicate that SOC peaks in 69 years emerge from a transient balance between high particulate inputs and limited additional stabilization on mineral surfaces. This temporal pattern provides critical insights for forest carbon modeling and suggests that harvesting stands before maturity may help sustain SOC stocks in temperate plantations.

植树造林可显著提高土壤有机碳（SOC）储量，但其长期稳定机制尚不清楚。本文以东北红松人工林7、20、69和88年为研究对象，采用土壤物理分等、微生物生物标志物和扩增子测序等方法，对土壤有机碳动态进行了研究。土壤有机碳储量呈现非线性变化，在69岁林分（78.49 g C kg⁻¹土壤）时达到峰值。有机层矿物伴生有机碳（MAOC）在20年后趋于平稳，而0-20 cm矿质土的MAOC在69年时达到峰值。在20 ~ 69 a间，土壤有机碳积累主要由森林生产力增加导致的颗粒有机碳（POC）输入驱动。微生物坏死团对土壤有机碳的贡献很大，真菌坏死团占主导地位（78 ~ 97% %），但随着细菌坏死团和k -策略菌丰度的增加，其相对贡献在20年后有所下降。通径分析进一步表明，土壤性质和微生物性状与POC和MAOC均呈正相关，而坏死质量指标与MAOC呈负相关，与MAOC积累接近理化容量极限相一致。总体而言，我们的研究结果表明，69年的有机碳峰值出现在高颗粒输入和矿物表面有限的额外稳定之间的短暂平衡中。这种时间模式为森林碳模型提供了重要的见解，并表明成熟前的采伐林可能有助于维持温带人工林的有机碳储量。

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引用次数: 0

Growth, photosynthesis and biochemical responses of Juniperus excelsa seedlings to salicylic acid and silicon under salt stress 盐胁迫下杨柏幼苗生长、光合及生化对水杨酸和硅的响应

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123564

Cengiz Yucedag , Oliver Gailing

Soil salinity significantly inhibits plant growth and physiology by causing oxidative stress. This study explored the alleviating roles of salicylic acid and silicon in salt-induced reductions in growth, photosynthetic pigments and oxidative stress reactions of Juniperus excelsa seedlings. The study was carried out in an open-air shaded environment at the Research and Practice Facility of Çankırı Karatekin University. In early February 2023, a randomized complete block design was set up with three factorial treatments of NaCl (0, 40, 80 mM), salicylic acid (0, 0.5, 1, 2 mM), and silicon (0, 0.5, 1, 2 mM). A factorial ANOVA, principal component analysis and correlation heatmap were used to examine trait responses and stress-reduction strategies. Salinity inhibited the growth of J. excelsa seedlings in a dose-dependent manner with a particularly sensitive response of photosynthetic pigments and root biomass. Salicylic acid and silicon mitigated these negative effects through distinct yet functionally convergent mechanisms. By reducing oxidative damage and stabilizing pigments, SA improved biochemical resilience whereas S mainly strengthened structural traits such as shoot height and root length. Despite their positive effects under non-saline conditions, the protective efficacy of both treatments declined under severe salt stress. Given the study’s early growth-stage focus and methodological limitations, further field-based and molecular studies are required to optimize application strategies and validate long-term salinity resilience in J. excelsa.

土壤盐分通过引起氧化胁迫显著抑制植物生长和生理。本研究探讨了水杨酸和硅在盐胁迫下刺柏幼苗生长、光合色素和氧化应激反应降低中的缓解作用。这项研究是在Çankırı空手道金大学研究和实践设施的露天阴凉环境中进行的。在2023年2月初，建立了随机完全区组设计，采用NaCl（0、40、80 mM）、水杨酸（0、0.5、1、2 mM）和硅（0、0.5、1、2 mM）三因子处理。采用因子方差分析、主成分分析和相关热图来检验性状反应和减压策略。盐度对黄杨幼苗生长的抑制呈剂量依赖性，对光合色素和根系生物量的影响尤为敏感。水杨酸和硅通过不同但功能趋同的机制减轻了这些负面影响。SA通过减少氧化损伤和稳定色素来提高生化抗逆性，而S主要增强茎高和根长等结构性状。尽管在无盐条件下有积极作用，但在严重的盐胁迫下，两种处理的保护效果都有所下降。考虑到该研究的早期生长阶段和方法的局限性，需要进一步的现场和分子研究来优化应用策略，并验证J. excelsa的长期耐盐性。

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引用次数: 0

Mixed-sex plantations of Populus cathayana enhance phosphorus acquisition through asymmetric rhizospheric complementarity 混交林通过不对称根际互补提高磷的获取

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123571

Zongpei Li , Zhichao Xia , Jinhong Guan , Richard Michalet , Pierre Liancourt

While there is growing evidence that sexually dimorphic traits influence root nutrient acquisition strategies in dioecious plants, how sex-specific belowground interactions shape phosphorus (P) acquisition and regulate plant growth remains poorly understood. We investigated the processes and mechanisms underlying sex-specific root-root interactions and their effects on P acquisition strategies in Populus cathayana females and males through two controlled experiments and replicated 30-year-old experimental stands in situ. Females showed reduced competition in intersexual pairings compared to intrasexual ones, regardless of P supply levels. Under low P conditions, males significantly promoted female growth by a suite of changes in the rhizosphere environment, including increased availability of inorganic P, enhanced soil acid phosphatase activity, and increased leaf manganese concentrations—a potential proxy for rhizosphere carboxylate accumulation. In response, females redirected their root growth toward male roots, modifying root traits and increasing root investment to access these enriched zones and absorb nutrients. Mixed-sex planting enhanced overall productivity through complementarity effects, particularly in P-limited environments, compared to single-sex plantations. Our study highlighted the pivotal role of sex-specific root interactions in shaping nutrient acquisition strategies and offered practical insights for optimizing mixed-sex planting mode to enhance forest productivity and sustainability.

虽然越来越多的证据表明两性二态性状影响雌雄异株植物根系养分获取策略，但性别特异性地下相互作用如何影响磷(P)获取和调节植物生长仍然知之甚少。本研究通过两个对照试验和30年重复原位实验林分，研究了中国白杨雌雄根间相互作用的过程、机制及其对磷获取策略的影响。无论P供应水平如何，雌性在雌雄配对中表现出较低的竞争。在低磷条件下，雄性通过一系列根际环境变化显著促进了雌性的生长，包括增加无机磷的有效性，增强土壤酸性磷酸酶活性，增加叶片锰浓度（根际羧酸盐积累的潜在代表）。雌性植物通过改变根系性状和增加根系投入，使根系向雄性根系方向生长，从而进入这些富营养区并吸收养分。与单性别人工林相比，混合性别人工林通过互补效应提高了总体生产力，特别是在磷含量有限的环境中。本研究强调了性别特异性根系相互作用在形成养分获取策略中的关键作用，并为优化混合性别种植模式以提高森林生产力和可持续性提供了实践见解。

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引用次数: 0

The effects of fire severity and heterogeneity on post-fire occupancy of a terrestrial wildlife community in the Northwestern United States 火灾严重程度和异质性对美国西北部陆生野生动物群落火后占用的影响

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123525

Kylie N. Denny , Lisa A. Shipley, Lucy E. Perera-Romero, Arjan J.H. Meddens, Graziele Hernandes Volpato, Daniel H. Thornton

Wildfire management must adjust to rapidly changing wildfire regimes by reducing the risk of large, high-severity wildfires, and understanding wildlife responses to post-disturbance environments is critical to effectively balance wildlife and wildfire management. The variation in responses to fire severity and heterogeneity across wildlife taxa and ecosystems underscores the need for region-specific knowledge that can guide fire management plans that integrate fire prevention and recovery. Therefore, we evaluated how fire severity and heterogeneity influenced wildlife occupancy across four recent (4–5 years old) mixed-severity wildfires in the Colville National Forest, Washington, USA. In the summers of 2019–2020, we distributed 207 cameras across four fire severities (unchanged, low, moderate, high). We used a spatial multi-species occupancy model to quantify the effect of fire severity at two spatial scales (landscape and local) and fire heterogeneity on species- and community-level occupancy and detection. Probability of occupancy declined with increasing fire severity at the landscape level both for the wildlife community and for most species groups, but we did not find any support for an effect of local wildfire severity. Additionally, fire heterogeneity did not influence probability of occupancy for the community and increased probability of occupancy for only two species. Recent increases in high-severity fires will likely reduce wildlife occupancy in our area up to five years post-fire. Fire severity plays a fundamental role in species- and community-level occupancy and must be considered in management regimes aimed at balancing wildlife habitat and wildfire risk, including fuels reduction treatments like mechanical thinning and prescribed burning.

野火管理必须通过降低大型、高严重性野火的风险来适应快速变化的野火制度，了解野生动物对干扰后环境的反应对于有效平衡野生动物和野火管理至关重要。不同野生动物分类群和生态系统对火灾严重程度和异质性的反应存在差异，这凸显了对特定区域知识的需求，这些知识可以指导将火灾预防和恢复结合起来的火灾管理计划。因此，我们评估了美国华盛顿科尔维尔国家森林最近发生的4次（4-5年）混合严重野火对野生动物占用的影响。在2019-2020年的夏季，我们将207台摄像机分布在四个火灾严重程度（不变、低、中、高）。我们使用一个空间多物种占用模型来量化两个空间尺度（景观和局部）的火灾严重程度以及火灾异质性对物种和社区水平占用和探测的影响。在景观水平上，野生动物群落和大多数物种群落的占用率随火灾严重程度的增加而下降，但我们没有发现任何支持当地野火严重程度影响的证据。此外，火灾异质性不影响群落的占用概率，只有两个物种的占用概率增加。最近高严重性火灾的增加可能会在火灾发生后的五年内减少我们地区的野生动物占用。火灾严重程度在物种和社区层面的占用中起着根本作用，必须在旨在平衡野生动物栖息地和野火风险的管理制度中加以考虑，包括减少燃料的处理，如机械减薄和规定燃烧。

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引用次数: 0

Does forest stand age matters in Mediterranean forests? Bryophyte richness and composition in the endemic Spanish fir woodlands 在地中海森林中，林龄重要吗？西班牙特有冷杉林地苔藓植物的丰富度和组成

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123561

Laura Santamaria-Gozalo , Aida Calvo-Torralbo , Sergio Pérez-Ortega , Jesús Muñoz

Forest continuity is often assumed to increase bryophyte diversity, yet in Mediterranean Spanish fir (Abies pinsapo) forests we found no effect of stand age on richness, composition, or assemblage structure. Across paired old and young stands, generalized linear mixed models showed that age (a proxy for temporal continuity) was not a significant predictor of species richness, and no age-by-environment interactions altered this result. Community structure was instead explained by atmospheric water availability and microtopographic context. Distance-based redundancy analyses identified cloud probability (horizontal rain) as the main driver of epiphyte richness, whereas terrain roughness additionally influenced terricolous and saxicolous species. Turnover (β) depended on spatial proximity rather than age, and no bryophyte species or species combinations were identified as indicators of stand age. Older Spanish fir stands lack much of the bryoflora typical of old-growth forests, likely reflecting centuries of intensive management; therefore, assessments of forest continuity in Mediterranean systems should explicitly account for historical land use. From a conservation perspective, current old-growth trees host few specialists of dead wood or of microniches on old trunks and branches. Nevertheless, the similarity of assemblages between old and young stands indicates functional connectivity and rapid colonization of regenerating patches, with older stands acting as retention/source areas that seed adjacent young forests and thereby support ongoing restoration approaches.

森林连续性通常被认为可以增加苔藓植物的多样性，但在地中海西班牙冷杉（Abies pinsapo）森林中，我们发现林龄对丰富度、组成或组合结构没有影响。广义线性混合模型表明，年龄（时间连续性的代表）不是物种丰富度的显著预测因子，并且年龄-环境相互作用不会改变这一结果。群落结构由大气水分有效性和微地形环境来解释。基于距离的冗余分析发现，云概率（水平雨）是附生植物丰富度的主要驱动因素，而地形粗糙度对陆生和沙生植物种类也有影响。林分周转率（β）与林分年龄无关，而与林分空间接近度有关，未发现苔藓植物种类或物种组合作为林分年龄的指示因子。古老的西班牙冷杉林缺乏许多典型的原始森林苔藓植物，可能反映了几个世纪的集约化管理；因此，对地中海系统森林连续性的评估应明确考虑到历史上的土地利用情况。从保护的角度来看，现在的老树很少有枯木或老树干和老树枝上的微生境的专家。然而，老林分和幼林分组合的相似性表明功能连通性和再生斑块的快速定植，老林分作为保留/源区，为邻近的幼林播种，从而支持正在进行的恢复方法。

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引用次数: 0