Tree roots underpin key ecosystem functions, including carbon, water, and nutrient cycling, yet national-scale information on their spatial distribution remains limited. Here, we present the first nationwide assessment of root intersection density (RID; the number of roots intersecting a unit area of soil profile) across Japanese forests, based on 3236 soil horizons from 829 soil profiles collected in the National Forest Soil Carbon Inventory. RIDs of fine (≤ 2 mm), medium-sized (2–20 mm), and coarse (≥ 20 mm) roots were analyzed across managed and natural forests using ordinal and binary logistic regression models. Fine and medium-sized roots were detected in 73 % and 57 % of soil horizons, respectively, whereas coarse roots were rare (9 %). Based on non-zero observations, maximum rooting depths averaged 64.7 ± 25.0 cm for fine roots, 49.0 ± 27.6 cm for medium-sized roots, and 33.2 ± 27.0 cm for coarse roots, and these depths were further reduced when zero observations were included. Mean annual air temperature showed a consistent positive effect on root occurrence across root-size classes, whereas soil depth primarily constrained root density. Gravel content, slope, precipitation, and forest management produced root-size–specific responses, and the effects of temperature and soil depth on medium-sized roots were weaker in managed forests than in natural forests. These results support revising rooting-depth parameterizations in forest carbon cycle models, particularly for drought assessments, while caution is required when applying RID-derived depths of medium and coarse roots to mechanical models. Overall, this study provides a foundational national-scale RID dataset for improving assessments of root distribution and ecosystem functioning.
{"title":"Root intersection densities in Japanese forests: Insights from a nationwide soil profile survey","authors":"Jumpei Toriyama , Yoshimi Sakai , Masahiro Inagaki , Kyotaro Noguchi , Akihiro Imaya","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tree roots underpin key ecosystem functions, including carbon, water, and nutrient cycling, yet national-scale information on their spatial distribution remains limited. Here, we present the first nationwide assessment of root intersection density (RID; the number of roots intersecting a unit area of soil profile) across Japanese forests, based on 3236 soil horizons from 829 soil profiles collected in the National Forest Soil Carbon Inventory. RIDs of fine (≤ 2 mm), medium-sized (2–20 mm), and coarse (≥ 20 mm) roots were analyzed across managed and natural forests using ordinal and binary logistic regression models. Fine and medium-sized roots were detected in 73 % and 57 % of soil horizons, respectively, whereas coarse roots were rare (9 %). Based on non-zero observations, maximum rooting depths averaged 64.7 ± 25.0 cm for fine roots, 49.0 ± 27.6 cm for medium-sized roots, and 33.2 ± 27.0 cm for coarse roots, and these depths were further reduced when zero observations were included. Mean annual air temperature showed a consistent positive effect on root occurrence across root-size classes, whereas soil depth primarily constrained root density. Gravel content, slope, precipitation, and forest management produced root-size–specific responses, and the effects of temperature and soil depth on medium-sized roots were weaker in managed forests than in natural forests. These results support revising rooting-depth parameterizations in forest carbon cycle models, particularly for drought assessments, while caution is required when applying RID-derived depths of medium and coarse roots to mechanical models. Overall, this study provides a foundational national-scale RID dataset for improving assessments of root distribution and ecosystem functioning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"606 ","pages":"Article 123535"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123551
Yuanfan Ma , Yuxuan Guo , Mulualem Tigabu , Qiaoling Lan , Guangyu Wang , Jiayu Chen , Zhehan Li , Futao Guo
The deposition of nutrient elements such as C, N, and P carried by forest fire smoke is a crucial process in the material cycle of forest ecosystems, yet the mechanisms underlying its impacts of smoke deposition on the soil system remain unclear. Biological firebreaks are unique environment where the effects of heat from fire is minimal and only the effect of dispersed smoke that has a clear impact. Thus, taking Schima superba biological firebreaks in subtropical China as the research object, this study conducted a field simulation experiment of low- and high-concentration forest fire smoke deposition, and continuously monitored the stoichiometric characteristics, physicochemical properties, soil enzyme activities, and bacterial community structure of litter and soil layers (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers) for 12 months. The results showed that: (1) in the short term, smoke deposition significantly increased the contents of C, N, and P in litter and soil while reducing the C: P and N: P ratios in the litter layer. However, in the long term (12 months), it exacerbated soil P limitation, leading to a significant increase in C: P and N: P ratios in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil layers. (2) Smoke deposition exhibited a concentration-dependent effect on soil enzyme activities; i.e., "low concentration-promoting and high concentration-inhibiting" effect on activities of enzymes related to litter decomposition (e.g., cellulase and peroxidase), nitrogen cycle enzymes (e.g., protease, urease, and nitrate reductase) and phosphorus cycle enzymes (e.g., alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase). (3) The bacterial community in the litter layer changed rapidly and drastically, with smoke-tolerant and degrading taxa (e.g., Bacteroidetes) enriched in the short term; the soil layer was dominated by Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria, and stress-tolerant taxa (e.g., Actinobacteria) were enriched in the deep soil layer in the later stage. High-concentration smoke drove the community to reorganize into heat-tolerant and efficient organic matter-degrading groups. (4) Nutrient elements, such as NO-N, OC, TN, and EC were the key environmental factors regulating bacterial community structure. Structural Equation Modeling revealed that smoke deposition indirectly affected the C:N:P stoichiometric balance of the litter-soil system by directly altering bacterial community structure and enzyme activities, and this impact showed significant variation with soil depth. This study clarifies the multi-dimensional impacts and regulatory mechanisms of forest fire smoke deposition on soil ecological processes in S. superba firebreaks, providing a theoretical basis for post-fire restoration of subtropical forests and scientific management of biological firebreaks.
{"title":"Effects of forest fire smoke deposition on C, N, P stoichiometry, physicochemical and biological properties of litter/soils in Schima superba biological firebreaks","authors":"Yuanfan Ma , Yuxuan Guo , Mulualem Tigabu , Qiaoling Lan , Guangyu Wang , Jiayu Chen , Zhehan Li , Futao Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The deposition of nutrient elements such as C, N, and P carried by forest fire smoke is a crucial process in the material cycle of forest ecosystems, yet the mechanisms underlying its impacts of smoke deposition on the soil system remain unclear. Biological firebreaks are unique environment where the effects of heat from fire is minimal and only the effect of dispersed smoke that has a clear impact. Thus, taking <em>Schima superba</em> biological firebreaks in subtropical China as the research object, this study conducted a field simulation experiment of low- and high-concentration forest fire smoke deposition, and continuously monitored the stoichiometric characteristics, physicochemical properties, soil enzyme activities, and bacterial community structure of litter and soil layers (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers) for 12 months. The results showed that: (1) in the short term, smoke deposition significantly increased the contents of C, N, and P in litter and soil while reducing the C: P and N: P ratios in the litter layer. However, in the long term (12 months), it exacerbated soil P limitation, leading to a significant increase in C: P and N: P ratios in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil layers. (2) Smoke deposition exhibited a concentration-dependent effect on soil enzyme activities; i.e., \"low concentration-promoting and high concentration-inhibiting\" effect on activities of enzymes related to litter decomposition (e.g., cellulase and peroxidase), nitrogen cycle enzymes (e.g., protease, urease, and nitrate reductase) and phosphorus cycle enzymes (e.g., alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase). (3) The bacterial community in the litter layer changed rapidly and drastically, with smoke-tolerant and degrading taxa (e.g., Bacteroidetes) enriched in the short term; the soil layer was dominated by Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria, and stress-tolerant taxa (e.g., Actinobacteria) were enriched in the deep soil layer in the later stage. High-concentration smoke drove the community to reorganize into heat-tolerant and efficient organic matter-degrading groups. (4) Nutrient elements, such as NO-N, OC, TN, and EC were the key environmental factors regulating bacterial community structure. Structural Equation Modeling revealed that smoke deposition indirectly affected the C:N:P stoichiometric balance of the litter-soil system by directly altering bacterial community structure and enzyme activities, and this impact showed significant variation with soil depth. This study clarifies the multi-dimensional impacts and regulatory mechanisms of forest fire smoke deposition on soil ecological processes in <em>S. superba</em> firebreaks, providing a theoretical basis for post-fire restoration of subtropical forests and scientific management of biological firebreaks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"606 ","pages":"Article 123551"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123531
Martyna Lasek , Bartosz Łabiszak , Witold M. Wachowiak
Climate change poses a significant threat to the sustainability of European forests, emphasizing the urgent need for informed selection of reproductive material and the conservation of genetic resources in key tree species. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), one of Europe's most widespread and economically important conifers, exhibits broad phenotypic and ecological variation, making it a priority for adaptive forest management. In this study, we investigated the genetic variation of 56 populations comprising Poland’s best-performing registered seed stands (PL_RSS), ecologically distinct mountain populations (PLM), and reference populations from Northern, Southern, and Western Europe. A total of 1269 individuals were genotyped using mitochondrial DNA markers and over 37,000 genome-wide SNPs to infer demographic history, migration, and potential signatures of historical gene flow. Our analyses revealed high genetic diversity and weak population structure within PL_RSS, consistent with a history of admixture among divergent European lineages, as supported by TreeMix, F-statistics, and spatial migration modelling (FEEMS). In contrast, PLM populations were strongly differentiated, carried unique mtDNA haplotypes, and exhibited signs of long-term isolation, suggesting a glacial refugial origin. These findings provide the first genomic-scale evidence that historical admixture has enhanced the genetic diversity and potential adaptive capacity of Polish Scots pine seed stands. The admixed and genetically rich PL_RSS populations represent valuable resources for breeding programs, including assisted migration and resilience testing under drought and biotic stress conditions. At the same time, the genetically distinct PLM populations warrant conservation priority due to their unique evolutionary legacy. Together, our results advocate a dual forest management strategy combining the use of high-diversity, well-connected seed sources for adaptive forestry with targeted conservation of isolated mountain populations. This approach is essential for preserving genetic diversity, supporting climate-resilient forestry, and maintaining the long-term productivity of Scots pine forests in a rapidly changing environment.
{"title":"Admixture-driven genetic diversity supports adaptive potential in Scots pine: Implications for climate-resilient forest management","authors":"Martyna Lasek , Bartosz Łabiszak , Witold M. Wachowiak","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change poses a significant threat to the sustainability of European forests, emphasizing the urgent need for informed selection of reproductive material and the conservation of genetic resources in key tree species. Scots pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em> L.), one of Europe's most widespread and economically important conifers, exhibits broad phenotypic and ecological variation, making it a priority for adaptive forest management. In this study, we investigated the genetic variation of 56 populations comprising Poland’s best-performing registered seed stands (PL_RSS), ecologically distinct mountain populations (PLM), and reference populations from Northern, Southern, and Western Europe. A total of 1269 individuals were genotyped using mitochondrial DNA markers and over 37,000 genome-wide SNPs to infer demographic history, migration, and potential signatures of historical gene flow. Our analyses revealed high genetic diversity and weak population structure within PL_RSS, consistent with a history of admixture among divergent European lineages, as supported by TreeMix, F-statistics, and spatial migration modelling (FEEMS). In contrast, PLM populations were strongly differentiated, carried unique <em>mt</em>DNA haplotypes, and exhibited signs of long-term isolation, suggesting a glacial refugial origin. These findings provide the first genomic-scale evidence that historical admixture has enhanced the genetic diversity and potential adaptive capacity of Polish Scots pine seed stands. The admixed and genetically rich PL_RSS populations represent valuable resources for breeding programs, including assisted migration and resilience testing under drought and biotic stress conditions. At the same time, the genetically distinct PLM populations warrant conservation priority due to their unique evolutionary legacy. Together, our results advocate a dual forest management strategy combining the use of high-diversity, well-connected seed sources for adaptive forestry with targeted conservation of isolated mountain populations. This approach is essential for preserving genetic diversity, supporting climate-resilient forestry, and maintaining the long-term productivity of Scots pine forests in a rapidly changing environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"606 ","pages":"Article 123531"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123554
Spencer C. Quayle, Scott E. Nielsen
Seismic lines are linear clearings created for petroleum exploration and are common in the western Canadian boreal forest. By favouring the growth of early seral vegetation, they can increase the abundance and palatability of woody browse, a ‘browse subsidy’ that may attract ungulates like moose (Alces alces) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), the main prey of wolves. Peatlands traditionally served as refugia from wolves for boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), but such subsidies may facilitate disturbance-mediated apparent competition, whereby predator activity associated with deer and moose raises incidental predation risk to caribou. We tested this ’browse subsidy’ hypothesis by comparing availability and proportional use of palatable winter browse on seismic lines and adjacent undisturbed forest plots across a gradient from upland to peatland forest in the Athabasca oil sands region of Alberta, Canada. Seventeen seismic lines were sampled, each with four paired plots across an ecological gradient from upland to peatland. Each plot pair compared the seismic line with the adjacent undisturbed forest. Seismic lines averaged 5.0 more highly palatable stems per 10 m2 (61.5 % more) than adjacent forest plots, while the proportion of stems browsed by deer and moose was 59.2 % higher on lines and increased with browse stem density. However, even after accounting for increases in browse availability, browse use remained higher on seismic lines relative to the adjacent forest, indicating selection of seismic lines by deer and moose. These results suggest that browse subsidy on seismic lines may contribute to disturbance-mediated apparent competition and declines in caribou, particularly where subsidies occur in or adjacent to peatland caribou refugia. Targeted restoration of high-subsidy lines could reduce deer and moose activity in these areas and thus potentially reduce predation risk for caribou.
{"title":"Evidence for a browse subsidy on linear disturbances in Alberta’s oil sands region","authors":"Spencer C. Quayle, Scott E. Nielsen","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seismic lines are linear clearings created for petroleum exploration and are common in the western Canadian boreal forest. By favouring the growth of early seral vegetation, they can increase the abundance and palatability of woody browse, a ‘browse subsidy’ that may attract ungulates like moose (<em>Alces alces</em>) and white-tailed deer (<em>Odocoileus virginianus</em>), the main prey of wolves. Peatlands traditionally served as refugia from wolves for boreal woodland caribou (<em>Rangifer tarandus caribou</em>), but such subsidies may facilitate disturbance-mediated apparent competition, whereby predator activity associated with deer and moose raises incidental predation risk to caribou. We tested this ’browse subsidy’ hypothesis by comparing availability and proportional use of palatable winter browse on seismic lines and adjacent undisturbed forest plots across a gradient from upland to peatland forest in the Athabasca oil sands region of Alberta, Canada. Seventeen seismic lines were sampled, each with four paired plots across an ecological gradient from upland to peatland. Each plot pair compared the seismic line with the adjacent undisturbed forest. Seismic lines averaged 5.0 more highly palatable stems per 10 m2 (61.5 % more) than adjacent forest plots, while the proportion of stems browsed by deer and moose was 59.2 % higher on lines and increased with browse stem density. However, even after accounting for increases in browse availability, browse use remained higher on seismic lines relative to the adjacent forest, indicating selection of seismic lines by deer and moose. These results suggest that browse subsidy on seismic lines may contribute to disturbance-mediated apparent competition and declines in caribou, particularly where subsidies occur in or adjacent to peatland caribou refugia. Targeted restoration of high-subsidy lines could reduce deer and moose activity in these areas and thus potentially reduce predation risk for caribou.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"606 ","pages":"Article 123554"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123532
Haiwen Wang , Chao Chen , Jiahui Zang , Xiaoqiao Xu , Shaojie Zheng , Chun Yang , Xiaorui Zhang , Lihui Wei , Xu Qiao , Dongmei Zhou , Tingting Dai
Populus spp, vital fast-growing timber and ecological restoration trees globally, have growth and survival directly linked to forest ecosystem stability. With global warming intensifying heat stress events, Populus often faces growth inhibition, membrane damage, and metabolic disorders, threatening forest resilience. Iron chloride E6, a novel plant growth regulator, shows potential in enhancing stress resistance. This study aimed to improve thermotolerance of “84 K” poplar tissue cultured seedlings by screening optimal ICE6 concentration and elucidating its mechanism. Phenotypic observation initially screened concentrations from 0.01 to 0.08 μg/mL, with 0.04 μg/mL selected. High temperature stress tests measured physiological indices (chlorophyll, root activity, malondialdehyde, osmotic substances, antioxidant enzymes). Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, along with gene expression profiling, were conducted. Results showed 0.04 μg/mL ICE6 significantly promoted seedling growth. Under stress, it reduced MDA accumulation, slowed relative conductivity increase, and enhanced osmotic and antioxidant capacities. Transcriptomics identified 3789 differentially expressed genes, while metabolomics detected 819 differentially accumulated metabolites. Key genes correlated with dehydroascorbic acid and 2,3-diketo-L-gulonic acid. Mechanistically, 0.04 μg/mL ICE6 maintained membrane integrity, alleviated oxidative damage, boosted antioxidants, and upregulated sugars/proline. Regulation involved hormone signaling, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid related antioxidant metabolism. This study represents the first application of ICE6 in the large-scale propagation system of poplar tissue-cultured plantlets, filling a research gap in the use of novel regulators for stress resistance in forest tree tissue-cultured plantlets. By analyzing key targets mediating heat tolerance via ICE6 at transcriptional and metabolic levels, it provides insights for genetic improvement of poplar stress resistance from these dual perspectives. Furthermore, this work lays a theoretical and technical foundation for directional regulation of stress resistance during industrial production of tissue-cultured plantlets, ultimately contributing to enhancing the resilience of forest ecosystems under climate change.
{"title":"Regulation of heat tolerance by iron chlorine E6 in “84 K” poplar tissue culture seedlings: A study coupled with metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis","authors":"Haiwen Wang , Chao Chen , Jiahui Zang , Xiaoqiao Xu , Shaojie Zheng , Chun Yang , Xiaorui Zhang , Lihui Wei , Xu Qiao , Dongmei Zhou , Tingting Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Populus</em> spp, vital fast-growing timber and ecological restoration trees globally, have growth and survival directly linked to forest ecosystem stability. With global warming intensifying heat stress events, Populus often faces growth inhibition, membrane damage, and metabolic disorders, threatening forest resilience. Iron chloride E6, a novel plant growth regulator, shows potential in enhancing stress resistance. This study aimed to improve thermotolerance of “84 K” poplar tissue cultured seedlings by screening optimal ICE6 concentration and elucidating its mechanism. Phenotypic observation initially screened concentrations from 0.01 to 0.08 μg/mL, with 0.04 μg/mL selected. High temperature stress tests measured physiological indices (chlorophyll, root activity, malondialdehyde, osmotic substances, antioxidant enzymes). Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, along with gene expression profiling, were conducted. Results showed 0.04 μg/mL ICE6 significantly promoted seedling growth. Under stress, it reduced MDA accumulation, slowed relative conductivity increase, and enhanced osmotic and antioxidant capacities. Transcriptomics identified 3789 differentially expressed genes, while metabolomics detected 819 differentially accumulated metabolites. Key genes correlated with dehydroascorbic acid and 2,3-diketo-<span>L</span>-gulonic acid. Mechanistically, 0.04 μg/mL ICE6 maintained membrane integrity, alleviated oxidative damage, boosted antioxidants, and upregulated sugars/proline. Regulation involved hormone signaling, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid related antioxidant metabolism. This study represents the first application of ICE6 in the large-scale propagation system of poplar tissue-cultured plantlets, filling a research gap in the use of novel regulators for stress resistance in forest tree tissue-cultured plantlets. By analyzing key targets mediating heat tolerance via ICE6 at transcriptional and metabolic levels, it provides insights for genetic improvement of poplar stress resistance from these dual perspectives. Furthermore, this work lays a theoretical and technical foundation for directional regulation of stress resistance during industrial production of tissue-cultured plantlets, ultimately contributing to enhancing the resilience of forest ecosystems under climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"606 ","pages":"Article 123532"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123524
Václav Šimůnek , Václav Trojan , Zdeněk Vacek , Stanislav Vacek , Jan Cukor , Michal Bledý , Vilém Podrázský , Jan Stejskal , Vojtěch Hájek , Josef Gallo , Pavel Brabec , Lenka Lehnerová , Alžběta Pařízková
Forest tree fructification cycles play a key role in planning the production of planting material and artificial regeneration of forests, especially in the context of changing climatic conditions. Cone harvest data reflects underlying reproductive cycles, but volumes are also influenced by seed demand and forest management decisions. Nevertheless, cone harvest remains a valuable proxy in forestry, as it reflects the availability of reproductive material essential for regeneration planning and nursery production. This comprehensive study analyzes the influence of temperature, precipitation, and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the cone collection of seed material for four native Central European (Norway spruce, Scots pine, silver fir, European larch) and two introduced (Douglas-fir and grand fir) coniferous species. The quantity of cones harvested in the entire territory of the Czech Republic in 2004–2022 ranged from 78.7 to 396.9 t·ha−1·yr−1. The most intensively harvested tree species in the Czech Republic, Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), shows the most pronounced 2 and 3-year cycles, with a complementary 7-year cycle, with precipitation in April and October and lower temperatures playing a crucial role. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) dominates by 2.5 and 3.5-year cycles, influenced by precipitation in August and September and lower temperatures in September. Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) shows 2.3-year cycles aligned with June precipitation, while European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) is influenced by the NAO, typically in 2-year cycles. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirbel] Franco) exhibits 2.2-year cycles linked to July precipitation and NAO in June, while grand fir (Abies grandis [Douglas ex D. Don] Lindley) exhibits 2.5-year cycles matching July precipitation. Of the forest tree species analyzed, Scots pine showed the highest correlation with the factors studied, while European larch had the lowest. The results show that tree seed crop cycles are strongly influenced by climatic fluctuations, which is essential for effective forest management. However, the 19-year dataset limits confidence in detecting longer-term cycles. Higher harvest volumes in species like Douglas-fir, grand fir and European larch are additionally affected by increased collection efforts. Understanding tree fructification cycles is crucial for planning, as climatic variations significantly affect reproductive success and the availability of planting material. Monthly variations in weather patterns notably affect the cone harvesting cycles of forest tree species.
森林树木的果实周期在规划种植材料的生产和森林的人工更新方面发挥关键作用，特别是在气候条件不断变化的情况下。圆果收获数据反映了潜在的生殖周期，但产量也受到种子需求和森林管理决策的影响。尽管如此，锥果收获仍然是林业的一个有价值的指标，因为它反映了再生规划和苗圃生产所必需的生殖材料的可得性。这项综合研究分析了温度、降水和北大西洋涛动（NAO）对四种中欧本土（挪威云杉、苏格兰松、银杉、欧洲落叶松）和两种引进（道格拉斯冷杉和大冷杉）针叶林树种球果收集种子材料的影响。2004-2022年捷克共和国全境的松果收获量为78.7 - 396.9 t·ha - 1·yr - 1。捷克共和国采伐最密集的树种是挪威云杉(Picea abies [L。[喀斯特])，2年和3年的周期最为明显，7年的周期互为补充，4月和10月的降水和较低的气温起着关键作用。苏格兰松（Pinus sylvestris L.）受8月和9月降水和9月低温的影响，以2.5和3.5年的循环为主。银杉（Abies alba Mill.）表现出2.3年的周期与6月降水一致，而欧洲落叶松（Larix decidua Mill.）受NAO的影响，通常以2年为周期。道格拉斯冷杉（pseudosuga menziesii [Mirbel] Franco）表现出2.2年周期与7月降水和6月的NAO相关，而大冷杉（Abies grandis [Douglas ex D. Don] Lindley）表现出2.5年周期与7月降水相关。在分析的森林树种中，苏格兰松与研究因子的相关性最高，而欧洲落叶松的相关性最低。结果表明，树木种子作物周期受气候波动的强烈影响，这对森林的有效经营至关重要。然而，19年的数据集限制了检测长期周期的信心。道格拉斯冷杉、大冷杉和欧洲落叶松等物种的高采收量也受到增加采集工作的影响。了解树木的结果周期对规划至关重要，因为气候变化会显著影响生殖成功和种植材料的可用性。气候模式的月变化显著影响森林树种的球果收获周期。
{"title":"Effect of weather cycles on cone harvesting for six coniferous species in Czech forest management","authors":"Václav Šimůnek , Václav Trojan , Zdeněk Vacek , Stanislav Vacek , Jan Cukor , Michal Bledý , Vilém Podrázský , Jan Stejskal , Vojtěch Hájek , Josef Gallo , Pavel Brabec , Lenka Lehnerová , Alžběta Pařízková","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest tree fructification cycles play a key role in planning the production of planting material and artificial regeneration of forests, especially in the context of changing climatic conditions. Cone harvest data reflects underlying reproductive cycles, but volumes are also influenced by seed demand and forest management decisions. Nevertheless, cone harvest remains a valuable proxy in forestry, as it reflects the availability of reproductive material essential for regeneration planning and nursery production. This comprehensive study analyzes the influence of temperature, precipitation, and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the cone collection of seed material for four native Central European (Norway spruce, Scots pine, silver fir, European larch) and two introduced (Douglas-fir and grand fir) coniferous species. The quantity of cones harvested in the entire territory of the Czech Republic in 2004–2022 ranged from 78.7 to 396.9 t·ha<sup>−1</sup>·yr<sup>−1</sup>. The most intensively harvested tree species in the Czech Republic, Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies</em> [L.] Karst.), shows the most pronounced 2 and 3-year cycles, with a complementary 7-year cycle, with precipitation in April and October and lower temperatures playing a crucial role. Scots pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em> L.) dominates by 2.5 and 3.5-year cycles, influenced by precipitation in August and September and lower temperatures in September. Silver fir (<em>Abies alba</em> Mill.) shows 2.3-year cycles aligned with June precipitation, while European larch (<em>Larix decidua</em> Mill.) is influenced by the NAO, typically in 2-year cycles. Douglas-fir (<em>Pseudotsuga menziesii</em> [Mirbel] Franco) exhibits 2.2-year cycles linked to July precipitation and NAO in June, while grand fir (<em>Abies grandis</em> [Douglas ex D. Don] Lindley) exhibits 2.5-year cycles matching July precipitation. Of the forest tree species analyzed, Scots pine showed the highest correlation with the factors studied, while European larch had the lowest. The results show that tree seed crop cycles are strongly influenced by climatic fluctuations, which is essential for effective forest management. However, the 19-year dataset limits confidence in detecting longer-term cycles. Higher harvest volumes in species like Douglas-fir, grand fir and European larch are additionally affected by increased collection efforts. Understanding tree fructification cycles is crucial for planning, as climatic variations significantly affect reproductive success and the availability of planting material. Monthly variations in weather patterns notably affect the cone harvesting cycles of forest tree species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"606 ","pages":"Article 123524"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phyllosphere microbiomes are essential to maintaining ecological balance and supporting host plant growth. It remains unclear how microbiomes, leaf traits and soil conditions synergistically regulate the nitrogen resorption efficiencies (NRE) during leaf senescence across forest types. We examined 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing to characterize the composition, diversity, function of the phyllosphere (epiphytic and endophytic) microbiome in both mature and senescent leaves in three representative subtropical forests, namely broadleaf, coniferous, and bamboo forests. Concurrently, the leaf physicochemical traits and soil nutrient and water were characterized. This study demonstrates community divergence was more significant in fungi than in bacteria across forest types. Furthermore, epiphytic communities exhibited stronger difference than endophytic communities. Regarding responsiveness to senescence, bacterial communities in broadleaf leaves were more sensitive than fungi, whereas fungi showed greater sensitivity in coniferous and bamboo leaves. There were significant differences in NRE among broadleaf (54.13 %), coniferous (45.09 %), and bamboo (39.78 %) forests. NRE in broadleaf forest depends on synergistic microbial metabolism, is constrained by benefit-risk trade-offs in coniferous forest, and is prone to resorption efficiency decline in bamboo forest due to multifactorial effects. This study proposes a tripartite coupling concept of "leaf traits-microbial functions-nitrogen resorption efficiency", which provides novel insights for forest nutrient cycling processes.
{"title":"Phyllosphere microbiome-physicochemical dynamics shape nitrogen resorption efficiency divergence during leaf senescence in subtropical forests of southern China","authors":"Bing Xue, Guoping Tang, Zhongkai Ren, Linwei Zeng, Xiaobin Li, Yuqi Li, Nan Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phyllosphere microbiomes are essential to maintaining ecological balance and supporting host plant growth. It remains unclear how microbiomes, leaf traits and soil conditions synergistically regulate the nitrogen resorption efficiencies (NRE) during leaf senescence across forest types. We examined 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing to characterize the composition, diversity, function of the phyllosphere (epiphytic and endophytic) microbiome in both mature and senescent leaves in three representative subtropical forests, namely broadleaf, coniferous, and bamboo forests. Concurrently, the leaf physicochemical traits and soil nutrient and water were characterized. This study demonstrates community divergence was more significant in fungi than in bacteria across forest types. Furthermore, epiphytic communities exhibited stronger difference than endophytic communities. Regarding responsiveness to senescence, bacterial communities in broadleaf leaves were more sensitive than fungi, whereas fungi showed greater sensitivity in coniferous and bamboo leaves. There were significant differences in NRE among broadleaf (54.13 %), coniferous (45.09 %), and bamboo (39.78 %) forests. NRE in broadleaf forest depends on synergistic microbial metabolism, is constrained by benefit-risk trade-offs in coniferous forest, and is prone to resorption efficiency decline in bamboo forest due to multifactorial effects. This study proposes a tripartite coupling concept of \"leaf traits-microbial functions-nitrogen resorption efficiency\", which provides novel insights for forest nutrient cycling processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"606 ","pages":"Article 123547"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123549
Quel Vilalta-Clapés , Roger Puig-Gironès , Adrià Bellvert , Carles Tobella , Pere Pons
Complete wood extraction is a widespread salvage logging practice after wildfire, implemented to obtain economical benefit and to reduce the risk of pest outbreaks. Such intense logging can strongly affect the ecosystem natural succession. In response, new sustainable approaches have been proposed to minimize impacts while still providing economical returns. In this study, we conducted a seven-year experiment to analyse the effects of different intensities of post-fire logging on vegetation structure and ground-level spider communities. We applied generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to test the effects of treatments and years since fire on vegetation structure, and spider functional traits. The most pronounced differences across logging treatments were observed in vegetation recovery, with sustainable practices promoting intermediate levels of regeneration between no intervention and conventional logging. Intense conventional logging tended to amplify the effects of fire on spider functional traits, whereas more sustainable logging practices facilitated a recovery trajectory more closely aligned with non-intervention. Measures such as the construction of woody piles proved particularly important during the early post-fire years, providing refuges that supported the initial recovery of spider communities. Overall, our findings highlight the effectiveness of sustainable techniques in balancing the economic benefits of logging with the need to minimize environmental impacts.
{"title":"Top predators respond to post-fire logging: a trait-based approach","authors":"Quel Vilalta-Clapés , Roger Puig-Gironès , Adrià Bellvert , Carles Tobella , Pere Pons","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Complete wood extraction is a widespread salvage logging practice after wildfire, implemented to obtain economical benefit and to reduce the risk of pest outbreaks. Such intense logging can strongly affect the ecosystem natural succession. In response, new sustainable approaches have been proposed to minimize impacts while still providing economical returns. In this study, we conducted a seven-year experiment to analyse the effects of different intensities of post-fire logging on vegetation structure and ground-level spider communities. We applied generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to test the effects of treatments and years since fire on vegetation structure, and spider functional traits. The most pronounced differences across logging treatments were observed in vegetation recovery, with sustainable practices promoting intermediate levels of regeneration between no intervention and conventional logging. Intense conventional logging tended to amplify the effects of fire on spider functional traits, whereas more sustainable logging practices facilitated a recovery trajectory more closely aligned with non-intervention. Measures such as the construction of woody piles proved particularly important during the early post-fire years, providing refuges that supported the initial recovery of spider communities. Overall, our findings highlight the effectiveness of sustainable techniques in balancing the economic benefits of logging with the need to minimize environmental impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"606 ","pages":"Article 123549"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123548
Yu Su , Wanying Chen , Shiyuan Meng , Jintuo Zou , Yanqiong Li , Andi Li , Xiaomin Zhu
The expansion of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) is becoming increasingly common in subtropical forests, where low soil phosphorus (P) availability often constrains ecosystem productivity. Yet, it remains unclear how this expansion alters soil P availability and microbial metabolic P limitations. Here, we selected an expansion gradient in a natural forest region in southern China, consisting of a broadleaved forest (no expansion), a broadleaf–bamboo mixed forest (moderate expansion), and a pure moso bamboo forest (complete expansion). We measured soil P availability, physicochemical properties, extracellular enzyme activities, and plant stoichiometry. We found that compared to broadleaved trees, moso bamboo maintained comparable P levels in leaves and twigs but exhibited significantly lower P concentrations in roots and reduced available P in the rhizosphere. This indicates that moso bamboo possesses a highly efficient strategy for P uptake and internal translocation to support rapid growth. Importantly, ecoenzymatic stoichiometry in rhizosphere soil revealed that microbial P limitation in the rhizosphere intensified with the degree of expansion. These results indicate that the superior P acquisition strategy of bamboo depletes rhizosphere P, thereby exacerbating P limitation for soil microbes and potentially creating a competitive disadvantage for neighboring broadleaved species. Our study suggests that moso bamboo not only competes for P but also exacerbates microbial P starvation by altering the soil environment, potentially triggering cascading effects on key ecosystem processes such as nutrient supply and organic matter decomposition.
{"title":"Expansion of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) exacerbates microbial phosphorus limitation in subtropical forests","authors":"Yu Su , Wanying Chen , Shiyuan Meng , Jintuo Zou , Yanqiong Li , Andi Li , Xiaomin Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The expansion of moso bamboo (<em>Phyllostachys edulis</em>) is becoming increasingly common in subtropical forests, where low soil phosphorus (P) availability often constrains ecosystem productivity. Yet, it remains unclear how this expansion alters soil P availability and microbial metabolic P limitations. Here, we selected an expansion gradient in a natural forest region in southern China, consisting of a broadleaved forest (no expansion), a broadleaf–bamboo mixed forest (moderate expansion), and a pure moso bamboo forest (complete expansion). We measured soil P availability, physicochemical properties, extracellular enzyme activities, and plant stoichiometry. We found that compared to broadleaved trees, moso bamboo maintained comparable P levels in leaves and twigs but exhibited significantly lower P concentrations in roots and reduced available P in the rhizosphere. This indicates that moso bamboo possesses a highly efficient strategy for P uptake and internal translocation to support rapid growth. Importantly, ecoenzymatic stoichiometry in rhizosphere soil revealed that microbial P limitation in the rhizosphere intensified with the degree of expansion. These results indicate that the superior P acquisition strategy of bamboo depletes rhizosphere P, thereby exacerbating P limitation for soil microbes and potentially creating a competitive disadvantage for neighboring broadleaved species. Our study suggests that moso bamboo not only competes for P but also exacerbates microbial P starvation by altering the soil environment, potentially triggering cascading effects on key ecosystem processes such as nutrient supply and organic matter decomposition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"606 ","pages":"Article 123548"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123545
Bruno Barcante Ladvocat Cintra , Rodrigo S. Bergamin , Rachel Mailes , Roel Brienen , Estrella Luna , Angus Rob MacKenzie , Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Decline in regeneration capacity in mature forests across Great Britain” [For. Ecol. Manag. 603 (2026) 123468]","authors":"Bruno Barcante Ladvocat Cintra , Rodrigo S. Bergamin , Rachel Mailes , Roel Brienen , Estrella Luna , Angus Rob MacKenzie , Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123545","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12350,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecology and Management","volume":"606 ","pages":"Article 123545"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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