Forest Ecology and Management最新文献_第2页

Sustainable timber production in afforestations: Trade-offs and synergies in the provision of multiple ecosystem services in northwest Patagonia 植树造林中的可持续木材生产：巴塔哥尼亚西北部提供多种生态系统服务的权衡与协同作用

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122345

Evaluating ecosystem services (ES) in pine plantations involves a comprehensive analysis of the diverse benefits and drawbacks that these managed ecosystems offer. Such assessments typically consider particularly provisioning, regulating, and supporting services, yet they often overlook important concerns such as biodiversity loss, soil carbon balance, and land-use conflicts. Understanding these dynamics in plantations with different density, age and structure is crucial for sustainable forest management. Our objective was to analyze changes in ES trade-offs and synergies by indirectly quantifying several ES in Pinus ponderosa plantations in a xeric grassland environment in northern Patagonia, Argentina. We assessed changes in soil fertility maintenance, erosion prevention, forage production, firewood production, and timber production across plantation stands under a diverse range of silvicultural managements and the surrounding natural habitat. We found a clear trade-off between indicators of provision services, as increasing timber production diminishes forage and firewood production —two vital land uses in the northern region of Andean Patagonia. Interestingly, we did not observe such trade-offs in supporting services or regulating services, as indicators of soil fertility maintenance and erosion prevention remained stable, without significant declines; higher values were found in intermediate plantation densities and basal area conditions. This suggests that their spatial occurrence does not negatively impact soil nutrient dynamics or the potential for erosion prevention. Conversely, low-density, young, and thinned plantations facilitate coexistence with other land uses such as forage and firewood. Therefore, a strategically planned landscape, incorporating plantations of varying ages and management practices, offers the potential for maximizing all three provision services.

评估松树种植园的生态系统服务（ES）需要全面分析这些受管理的生态系统所带来的各种益处和弊端。此类评估通常特别考虑提供、调节和支持服务，但往往忽略了生物多样性丧失、土壤碳平衡和土地使用冲突等重要问题。了解不同密度、年龄和结构的人工林的这些动态变化对于可持续森林管理至关重要。我们的目标是通过间接量化阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚北部干旱草原环境中松柏人工林的几种生态系统，分析生态系统权衡和协同作用的变化。我们评估了不同造林管理下人工林的土壤肥力保持、水土流失预防、饲料生产、木柴生产和木材生产以及周围自然栖息地的变化情况。我们发现，在安第斯巴塔哥尼亚北部地区，木材产量的增加会减少饲料和木柴产量，而饲料和木柴是安第斯巴塔哥尼亚北部地区两种重要的土地利用方式，因此在提供服务的指标之间存在明显的权衡。有趣的是，我们在支持性服务或调节性服务方面没有观察到这种权衡，因为土壤肥力保持和水土流失预防指标保持稳定，没有显著下降；在中等种植密度和基底面积条件下发现了更高的数值。这表明，它们在空间上的出现不会对土壤养分动态或防止侵蚀的潜力产生负面影响。相反，低密度、年轻和稀疏的人工林有利于与其他土地用途（如饲料和木柴）共存。因此，将不同树龄和管理方法的人工林结合在一起的战略性景观规划，有可能最大限度地提供这三种服务。

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引用次数: 0

Understanding wildfire occurrence and size in Jalisco, Mexico: A spatio-temporal analysis 了解墨西哥哈利斯科州的野火发生率和规模：时空分析

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122349

In recent years, the growing frequency and severity of wildfires, influenced by both human activities and climate change, have posed significant challenges worldwide. Among the regions most affected by wildfires in Mexico is the state of Jalisco, which has the largest accumulated burned area in the last five decades. In this paper, we present an in-depth analysis of the spatio-temporal patterns of wildfire occurrence and size in the state of Jalisco, spanning the period from 2001 to 2020. Our approach included modeling the spatial distribution of the area burned by wildfires, employing Bayesian methodology with Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) and Stochastic Partial Differential Equations (SPDE). Our findings highlight the critical roles of vegetation, temperature, and human activities in shaping wildfire behavior. Additionally, our model suggests four distinct wildfire-prone regions within the state. The insights gained from this study can serve as a foundation for future research and localized studies, aiding in the development of more targeted and effective wildfire management strategies in Jalisco.

近年来，受人类活动和气候变化的影响，野火日益频繁和严重，给全世界带来了巨大挑战。墨西哥受野火影响最严重的地区之一是哈利斯科州，该州在过去五十年中的累计烧毁面积最大。在本文中，我们对哈利斯科州 2001 年至 2020 年期间野火发生和规模的时空模式进行了深入分析。我们的研究方法包括利用贝叶斯方法、嵌套拉普拉斯近似法（INLA）和随机偏微分方程（SPDE）对野火焚烧面积的空间分布进行建模。我们的研究结果强调了植被、温度和人类活动在塑造野火行为中的关键作用。此外，我们的模型还提出了该州四个不同的野火易发区。从这项研究中获得的洞察力可作为未来研究和本地化研究的基础，帮助哈利斯科州制定更有针对性和更有效的野火管理策略。

引用次数: 0

Impacts of forest restoration on multifaceted bird diversity and community assembly in the Loess Plateau of China 森林恢复对中国黄土高原鸟类多样性和群落组合的影响

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122350

Restoring forests is crucial for safeguarding biodiversity and providing ecosystem functions on degraded lands globally. Despite significant restoration efforts over a half-century in the Loess Plateau of China’s prominent dryland region, the impact of restored forests on biodiversity remains less understood. Unlike the abundant studies in the tropics, such understanding is urgently needed for dryland regions given that forest restoration is being scaled up. Here, we assessed the alpha- and beta-diversity of birds from taxonomic and functional dimensions in restored forests, and compared them to that of relatively undisturbed primary forests. We conducted rigorous point-count surveys and acoustic recordings during the avian breeding season in 2021 and 2023. We found that plantations have limited support for bird taxonomic and functional diversity compared to secondary and primary forests. Notably, the biodiversity inference drawn from our acoustic recordings generally supported similar conclusion of bird diversity across studied forest types. Additionally, secondary forests exhibited greater functional richness compared to plantations and contributed complementary functional trait space relative to primary forests. While nestedness dominated functional beta-diversity, spatial turnover dominated the taxonomic beta-diversity between the bird communities of restored forests and primary forests. Importantly, spatial proximity positively influenced the nestedness component of taxonomic beta-diversity, indicating that the distance of plantations to local primary forests (i.e., dispersal limitation) influenced bird community assembly during forest recovery. Overall, our findings provide insights on preserving intact primary forests, delivering biodiversity benefits of forest restoration in dryland regions, and prioritizing restoration locations only when tree planting is necessary.

恢复森林对于保护生物多样性和为全球退化土地提供生态系统功能至关重要。尽管半个世纪以来在中国著名的干旱地区黄土高原进行了大量的森林恢复工作，但人们对恢复后的森林对生物多样性的影响仍然知之甚少。与热带地区的大量研究不同，鉴于森林恢复的规模正在不断扩大，干旱地区迫切需要这种了解。在这里，我们从分类和功能角度评估了恢复森林中鸟类的阿尔法和贝塔多样性，并与相对未受干扰的原始森林进行了比较。我们在 2021 年和 2023 年鸟类繁殖季节进行了严格的点计数调查和声学记录。我们发现，与次生林和原始森林相比，人工林对鸟类分类和功能多样性的支持有限。值得注意的是，从我们的声学记录中得出的生物多样性推断普遍支持所研究森林类型中鸟类多样性的相似结论。此外，与人工林相比，次生林表现出更高的功能丰富性，与原始林相比，次生林提供了互补的功能特征空间。虽然巢性主导了功能的贝塔多样性，但空间周转主导了恢复森林和原始森林鸟类群落之间的分类贝塔多样性。重要的是，空间邻近性对分类学贝塔多样性的嵌套性成分有积极影响，这表明人工林与当地原始森林的距离（即扩散限制）影响了森林恢复期间鸟类群落的组合。总之，我们的研究结果为保护完好的原始森林、在干旱地区实现森林恢复的生物多样性效益以及在有必要植树时优先考虑恢复地点提供了启示。

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引用次数: 0

Climatic sensitivity and the growth prospects of Silver fir and European larch in the Carpathians in the light of observed climate changes 从观测到的气候变化看喀尔巴阡山脉银冷杉和欧洲落叶松的气候敏感性和生长前景

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122337

One consequence of climate change is the rapid extinction of spruce monocultures in the Carpathians. Therefore, the need has arisen to replace spruce with other highly productive species that ensure the stability and biodiversity of mountain forests, such as the Abies alba and Larix decidua. These co-occurring conifers show different successional and phenological characteristics: L. decidua is a light-demanding species that dominates in the early successional stages, while A. alba is a shade-tolerant tree. This study attempts to identify climatic factors that determine the tree-ring width of fir and larch in order to assess the growth prospects of these species in the context of the ongoing climate change. As a measure of the vitality of trees, tree-ring widths of 42 sub-populations of fir and 36 of larch from the area of the Western Carpathians were used. Regional growth patterns for each species were used to estimate the relationship between temperature/precipitation and radial growth. Linear correlation analyses and nonlinear Random Forest models were used. Fir growth was significantly positively influenced by the high temperature of January–March and July and the high precipitation of February and July of the year of tree-ring formation. Larch growth was positively affected by the high temperature of May and the low precipitation of April and September of the year of tracheid formation. Unlike larch, fir growth increased if May and June of the preceding year were warm. The dominant climatic factor influencing fir growth was February temperature, whereas for larch growth, it was the May temperature of the year of tree-ring formation. Most of the recently observed changes in climatic factors that are important for the growth of both species are favorable. Thus, increasing their share in the Carpathian forests seems fully justified, as this will contribute to the stability, productivity, and biodiversity of the region’s forests.

气候变化的后果之一是喀尔巴阡山脉云杉单一种植区的迅速消亡。因此，需要用其他高产树种来替代云杉，以确保山林的稳定性和生物多样性，如白叶松（Abies alba）和落叶松（Larix decidua）。这些共生针叶树表现出不同的演替和物候特征：桤木是一种需光树种，在早期演替阶段占主导地位，而白桦则是一种耐阴树种。本研究试图找出决定冷杉和落叶松树环宽度的气候因素，以评估这些树种在当前气候变化背景下的生长前景。作为树木生命力的衡量标准，本研究使用了西喀尔巴阡山脉地区 42 个冷杉亚群和 36 个落叶松亚群的树环宽度。利用每个树种的区域生长模式来估计温度/降水量与径向生长之间的关系。使用了线性相关分析和非线性随机森林模型。冷杉的生长明显受到树环形成当年 1 月至 3 月和 7 月的高温以及 2 月和 7 月的高降水量的积极影响。落叶松的生长受气管形成当年 5 月的高温和 4 月及 9 月的低降水量的积极影响。与落叶松不同，如果前一年的 5 月和 6 月气温较高，冷杉的生长速度就会加快。影响冷杉生长的主要气候因子是 2 月份的温度，而影响落叶松生长的主要气候因子是树环形成当年 5 月份的温度。最近观察到的对两种树种生长都很重要的气候因子的变化大多是有利的。因此，增加它们在喀尔巴阡山脉森林中的比例似乎是完全合理的，因为这将有助于该地区森林的稳定性、生产力和生物多样性。

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引用次数: 0

Nest site selection and threats to nesting colonies of white-rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis) in Himachal Pradesh 喜马偕尔邦白腰鹫（Gyps bengalensis）筑巢地点的选择及其面临的威胁

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122335

White-rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis) suffered the most significant population decline among the three species of Gyps vultures impacted by the South Asia-wide diclofenac toxicity of the 1990s. Although the population lost about 99 % of its individuals, nesting populations still remain in a few pockets in India. One such population is known from the Himalayan foothills in the Kangra region, representing the northernmost nesting population of the species in India. From 2020–2024, we carried out an extensive study on the nesting ecology of the species, identifying 17 colonies with 617 active nests in 553 trees in an area of 5739 SqKm, constituting the highest nesting population reported in India. The smallest colony had ten nests, while the largest had 68. Except for a single nest on a Ficus religiosa tree, all others were on old-growth Chir Pine, Pinus roxburghii, having an average GBH of 254.8 cm (± 49.3 SD). By analyzing 18 variables, we determined vulture preferences for nest tree characteristics. Results indicate that nesting site selection primarily depends on GBH, canopy cover and nearest nest distance. About 80 % of nests were found between 600 and 800 m elevation. The primary threats include forest fire, resin tapping, and tree felling. We recommend protecting larger-sized old-growth forests through awareness campaigns with forest managers and local communities to safeguard the nest sites of the critically endangered bird.

白腰鹫（Gyps bengalensis）是受到 20 世纪 90 年代南亚地区双氯芬酸毒性影响的三种秃鹫中种群数量下降最严重的一种。虽然该种群丧失了约 99% 的个体，但在印度的一些小块地区仍有筑巢种群。其中一个种群位于喜马拉雅山麓的康格拉地区，是该物种在印度最北端的筑巢种群。2020-2024 年期间，我们对该物种的筑巢生态进行了广泛研究，在 5739 平方公里的区域内发现了 17 个群落，553 棵树上有 617 个活动巢，是印度报告的最高筑巢种群。最小的群落有 10 个巢，最大的有 68 个。除了一个巢筑在一棵榕树上外，其他巢都筑在古老的奇松（Pinus roxburghii）上，平均树高（GBH）为 254.8 厘米（± 49.3 SD）。通过分析18个变量，我们确定了秃鹫对巢树特征的偏好。结果表明，筑巢地点的选择主要取决于国标高、树冠覆盖率和最近巢穴距离。约80%的巢位于海拔600米至800米之间。主要威胁包括森林火灾、树脂采掘和树木砍伐。我们建议通过森林管理者和当地社区的宣传活动来保护面积较大的原始森林，以保护这种极度濒危鸟类的筑巢地。

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引用次数: 0

Post-landslide interactive effects of plant facilitation and rill erosion on tree seedling colonization toward restoration 山体滑坡后植物促进作用和溪流侵蚀作用对树苗定植恢复的交互影响

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122341

Landslides are some of the primary causes of forest disturbances, and their frequency is increasing globally due to climate changes. The recruitment and colonization processes of seedlings are pivotal in forest restoration after landslides. However, the effects of new biotic and abiotic environmental conditions generated by landslides on subsequent seedling performance remain poorly understood. Specifically, this study addresses the following questions: 1) how newly recruited seedlings form spatial distribution patterns, 2) how the spatial distance between conspecific and heterospecific seedlings affect the survival and growth of seedlings, 3) what roles rill erosion plays in post-landslide sites on the process of seedling colonization, and 4) whether the distance of seedlings from neighbors and from the rill boundary interactively shapes seedling performance. To address these questions, we conducted surveys at three artificial landslide sites in northern temperate forests. During the first growing season following landslides, the spatial positions of all newly recruited seedlings of two dominant species, as well as the boundaries of rill erosion, were marked. Then, the survival and growth rate of seedlings were monitored. In the post-landslide area, newly recruited seedlings primarily exhibited spatial clustering with conspecific neighbors and demonstrated significantly higher abundance around rills. At the scale of several centimeters, neighboring seedlings influenced the performance of focal seedlings. Proximity to conspecific and heterospecific neighbors significantly enhanced focal seedling survival and growth. The survival of seedlings near rills decreased, and this response varied by species. The proximity of a seedling to heterospecific neighbors attenuated the negative influences of being near rills. Our study indicates that there were conspecific and heterospecific facilitative effects on seedling survival at a post-landslide habitat, but the relative importance of the two effects could be dependent on the degree of rill erosion. We suggest that the effects of plant-plant facilitation, together with the fine-scale geomorphological heterogeneity, shape seedling performance, thereby influencing the forest restoration process.

山体滑坡是造成森林破坏的主要原因之一，而且由于气候变化，其发生频率在全球范围内不断增加。在山体滑坡后的森林恢复过程中，幼苗的招募和定殖过程至关重要。然而，人们对滑坡产生的新的生物和非生物环境条件对幼苗后续表现的影响仍然知之甚少。本研究具体探讨了以下问题：1）新招募的幼苗如何形成空间分布模式；2）同种幼苗和异种幼苗之间的空间距离如何影响幼苗的存活和生长；3）滑坡后地点的溪流侵蚀对幼苗的定殖过程有何作用；4）幼苗与邻居和溪流边界的距离是否会交互影响幼苗的表现。为了解决这些问题，我们在北温带森林的三个人工塌陷地进行了调查。在山体滑坡后的第一个生长季节，我们标记了两种优势树种所有新移入幼苗的空间位置以及溪流侵蚀的边界。然后，监测幼苗的存活率和生长速度。在滑坡后地区，新移入的幼苗主要表现为与同种邻居的空间集群，在溪流周围的丰度明显更高。在几厘米的范围内，邻近的幼苗会影响重点幼苗的表现。靠近同种和异种邻居会显著提高焦点幼苗的存活率和生长速度。靠近溪流的幼苗存活率下降，而且这种反应因物种而异。幼苗靠近异种邻居可减轻靠近溪流的负面影响。我们的研究表明，在山体滑坡后的栖息地，同种和异种对幼苗的存活都有促进作用，但这两种作用的相对重要性可能取决于山体的侵蚀程度。我们认为，植物与植物之间的促进作用以及精细尺度的地貌异质性会影响幼苗的表现，从而影响森林恢复过程。

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引用次数: 0

Chronic anthropogenic disturbance and climate synergistically shape demographic trade-offs in a tropical fuelwood tree 长期人为干扰和气候协同影响了热带薪炭树的人口权衡

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122339

Understanding intraspecific demographic trade-offs is fundamental for capturing plant responses to global changes such as disturbance and climate variability. The coordinated resource allocation hypothesis suggests that plants invest in demographic processes (such as survival, growth, or fecundity) relative to resource availability and environmental challenges. Most studies have primarily focused on the effects of disturbance or climate regions on species demographic processes separately, with limited attention given to the associated trade-offs. However, it is crucial to understand the synergistic effects of climate variation and disturbance on these processes to accurately forecast forest species dynamics. Three series of data were collected from 12 populations of African mesquite trees, Prosopis africana, distributed across three contrasting ecological regions in Benin, West Africa. Within a permanent plot, individuals of P. africana were tagged with numbered aluminum tags, and data were collected on the demography parameters of each individual. We found demographic trade-offs between survival and growth, growth and fecundity but not between survival and fecundity. The patterns of trade-offs mainly varied across synergistic effects of climate zone and disturbance. These findings highlight the strategies plants may employed under disturbance and climate variations in tropical forests and emphasize their significance in ecology and forest management.

要了解植物对干扰和气候多变性等全球变化的反应，了解种内人口权衡是基础。协调资源分配假说认为，植物会根据资源可用性和环境挑战对人口过程（如存活、生长或繁殖力）进行投资。大多数研究主要关注干扰或气候区域对物种繁殖过程的单独影响，对相关权衡的关注有限。然而，了解气候变异和干扰对这些过程的协同效应对于准确预测森林物种动态至关重要。我们从分布在西非贝宁三个不同生态区域的 12 个非洲介壳虫种群中收集了三个系列的数据。在一个永久性小区内，非洲介壳虫个体被贴上编号的铝标签，并收集每个个体的人口统计参数数据。我们发现存活率与生长率、生长率与繁殖率之间存在人口权衡，但存活率与繁殖率之间没有权衡。权衡模式主要因气候区和干扰的协同效应而异。这些发现突显了热带森林中植物在干扰和气候变异下可能采用的策略，并强调了其在生态学和森林管理中的重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Cultivar and tree size, but not climate, are principal factors affecting stem quality of Populus tomentosa plantations in the North China Plain 栽培品种和树木大小是影响华北平原杨树茎干质量的主要因素，而非气候因素

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122348

In order to explore the management strategies for cultivating and improving the stem quality of Populus tomentosa plantations under the background of climate change, this study focuses on P. tomentosa plantations over 10 years old in the North China Plain. Using linear mixed models and ordered logistic models, the impacts of cultivar, tree size, stand age, competition, and climate on the stem quality of P. tomentosa (including crown base height, tapering, branching grade, and straightness grade) were analyzed. The study found that: cultivar significantly affected all stem quality indicators (P < 0.05). Compared to other cultivars, the P. tomentosa f. yixianensis had a 23 % increase in branch height, an 8 % reduction in taper, and the risk of having poorer branches and stem form decreased by 96 % and 80 %, respectively. In addition, taller and bigger-diameter trees had better external stem quality. The impacts of competition-related indicators on stem quality were inconsistent: reduced canopy openness could improve stem quality by enhancing light competition, however, increased tree density increased the risk of deteriorating branching and straightness grade by 1.2 % and 0.9 %, respectively. Among all factors, cultivar and individual tree size had the greatest relative importance for various stem quality indicators, followed by competition-related factors, while stand age and climate factors have no significant impact on P. tomentosa stem quality (P > 0.05). Currently, climate change has little impact on the external stem quality characteristics during the cultivation of P. tomentosa plantations. Management strategies for stem quality can focus on cultivar selection and competition regulation. It is worth noting that increasing tree density in the North China Plain may not necessarily improve stem quality of P. tomentosa plantations, so caution is needed in the process of regulating competition.

为探讨气候变化背景下栽培和提高珙桐茎干质量的管理策略，本研究以华北平原10年生以上珙桐人工林为研究对象。采用线性混合模型和有序逻辑模型，分析了栽培品种、树体大小、林龄、竞争和气候对珙桐茎干质量（包括冠基高、抽梢、分枝等级和直度等级）的影响。研究发现：栽培品种对所有茎干质量指标均有显著影响（P < 0.05）。与其他栽培品种相比，义县番茄的枝条高度增加了 23%，锥度减少了 8%，枝条和茎干形态较差的风险分别降低了 96% 和 80%。此外，树高和树径较大的树干外部质量更好。与竞争相关的指标对茎干质量的影响并不一致：降低树冠开度可通过加强光竞争来改善茎干质量，但增加树木密度会使枝条和直度等级变差的风险分别增加 1.2 % 和 0.9 %。在所有因素中，栽培品种和单棵树的大小对各种茎干质量指标的相对重要性最大，其次是与竞争相关的因素，而林龄和气候因素对P. tomentosa茎干质量的影响不显著（P >0.05）。目前，在番茄种植过程中，气候变化对茎干外部质量特征的影响很小。针对茎干质量的管理策略可以集中在栽培品种选择和竞争调节上。值得注意的是，在华北平原增加树木密度并不一定能改善珙桐种植园的茎干质量，因此在调节竞争的过程中需要谨慎。

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引用次数: 0

Recent fire history enhances semi-arid conifer forest drought resistance 近期火灾史增强了半干旱针叶林的抗旱能力

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122331

Climate change is amplifying both wildfire burned area and severity, as well as incidents of drought-induced tree mortality (dieback). Direct effects from climate change amplify wildfires and episodes of drought-induced dieback have well-known impacts on forest’s ability to regulate climate, provide water, and store carbon. Less understood are how past disturbances produce interaction effects that can change subsequent disturbance occurrence and intensity, with implications for management decisions that can promote forest resistance and resilience. We constructed two parallel forest chrono-sequences by combining a geospatial database of historical fire with satellite and airborne observations of forests in the Sierra Nevada of California to assess the impact of fire history on vegetation recovery, water use (evapotranspiration), and drought-induced forest dieback. We used these data sets to assess two research questions: (1.) Does fire history amplify or reduce drought-dieback intensity? (2.) What mechanisms explain how fire-induced changes to forest structure and ET alter subsequent forest dieback intensity? We show that recent fire history decreased drought-induced forest dieback intensity, compared to unburned controls. These fire-affected forests were characterized by reduced tree cover and decreased evapotranspiration, which combined to increase drought resistance more than would be expected by either effect individually. Two decades post-fire, evapotranspiration returned to pre-fire conditions. Tree and shrub cover started to approach pre-fire conditions, except for high severity fires where decreased tree cover and increased shrub cover persisted. Field based research on fuels treatments suggests that fire history may also increase longer term forest resilience. In fire-prone conifer forests, interaction effects from recent low and moderate severity fires will increase drought resistance and perhaps longer-term forest stability.

气候变化正在扩大野火的燃烧面积和严重程度，以及干旱引起的树木死亡（枯死）事件。气候变化的直接影响放大了野火，而干旱引起的枯死事件则对森林调节气候、提供水源和储存碳的能力产生了众所周知的影响。但人们对过去的干扰如何产生相互作用效应，从而改变随后的干扰发生率和强度了解较少，这对管理决策产生了影响，而管理决策可以促进森林的抵抗力和恢复力。我们通过将历史火灾地理空间数据库与对加利福尼亚内华达山脉森林的卫星和航空观测相结合，构建了两个平行的森林时序，以评估火灾历史对植被恢复、用水（蒸散）和干旱引起的森林衰退的影响。我们利用这些数据集来评估两个研究问题：（1）火灾历史是否会放大或减小干旱导致的枯死强度？(2.) 火灾引起的森林结构和蒸散发变化如何改变随后的森林枯死强度？我们的研究表明，与未燃烧的对照组相比，最近的火灾历史降低了干旱引起的森林枯死强度。这些受火灾影响的森林的特点是树木覆盖率降低和蒸散量减少，这两种因素结合在一起增加了森林的抗旱性，其程度超过了任何一种单独效应的预期。火灾发生二十年后，蒸散量恢复到火灾前的状况。树木和灌木覆盖率开始接近火灾前的状况，但严重程度较高的火灾除外，在这些火灾中，树木覆盖率持续下降，灌木覆盖率持续上升。基于实地的燃料处理研究表明，火灾历史也可能会提高森林的长期恢复能力。在火灾易发的针叶林中，近期低度和中度火灾的交互作用将提高抗旱性，或许还能增强森林的长期稳定性。

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引用次数: 0

Fire and salvage logging increased recalcitrant soil organic matter and reduced soil functionality in Mediterranean pine forests. 火灾和抢救性砍伐增加了地中海松树林中不易分解的土壤有机质，降低了土壤功能。

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122344

Postfire management actions are used to mitigate damage caused by wildfires. Salvage logging, often employed to restore ecosystem functions in burnt stands, plays an essential role in reducing economic losses and the burn severity of future wildfires. However, its ecological implications for soil functionality still need to be understood, especially in the Mediterranean basin, which is prone to erosion and desertification. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fire on (i) soil organic matter (SOM) quality and composition using differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetry (DSC-TG) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C CPMAS NMR) and (ii) phosphorus (P) forms using solid-state ³¹P NMR spectroscopy in a wildfire that affected 3200 ha in southeastern Spain in July 2017. One year after the fire, we monitored four Pinus halepensis Mill. stand categories based on soil burn severity (SBS): unburnt, low SBS, high SBS and high SBS areas with salvage logging (n=36, nine plots per SBS level). We collected soil samples and analysed soil pH, SOM content and SOM quality, along with biological activity indicators (carbon biomass, basal respiration, β-glucosidase, phosphatase activities) and P forms. We ran ANOVA statistical tests to identify significant differences in soil properties among SBS levels. We also established general linear regressions of thermo-recalcitrance values and aromaticity with biological soil quality indices to compare both techniques for detecting changes in SOM quality and composition. The results indicated that fire increased soil pH (up to 0.3), particularly in the plots with higher SBS levels. SOM decreased significantly with increasing SBS level (down to < 5 % at the high SBS level), with a shift from labile compounds (carbohydrates) to more recalcitrant ones (aromatics). Organic P forms were depleted, while orthophosphate levels rose, increasing the risk of irreversible fixation. This study also highlights that DSC-TG is a cost-effective technique for assessing SOM quality changes. Understanding these effects is essential for developing policies to conserve and restore fire-affected areas and to promote practices that enhance soil functionality and resilience.

火后管理行动用于减轻野火造成的损失。抢救性砍伐通常用于恢复烧毁林分的生态系统功能，在减少经济损失和未来野火的烧毁严重程度方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，人们仍需了解其对土壤功能的生态影响，尤其是在易受侵蚀和荒漠化影响的地中海盆地。本研究旨在利用差示扫描量热法（DSC-TG）和固态核磁共振（13C CPMAS NMR）研究火灾对(i) 土壤有机质（SOM）质量和组成的影响，以及(ii) 利用固态 31P NMR 光谱研究火灾对磷（P）形式的影响。火灾发生一年后，我们根据土壤焚烧严重程度（SBS）对四类 Pinus halepensis Mill.林分进行了监测：未焚烧区、低 SBS 区、高 SBS 区和高 SBS 区的抢救性采伐区（n=36，每个 SBS 等级九个地块）。我们采集了土壤样本，分析了土壤 pH 值、SOM 含量和 SOM 质量，以及生物活性指标（碳生物量、基础呼吸、β-葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶活性）和 P 形态。我们进行了方差分析统计检验，以确定不同 SBS 水平下土壤特性的显著差异。我们还建立了热重现性值和芳香度与生物土壤质量指数的一般线性回归，以比较这两种检测 SOM 质量和组成变化的技术。结果表明，火灾提高了土壤 pH 值（最高达 0.3），特别是在 SBS 水平较高的地块。随着 SBS 水平的增加，SOM 明显减少（SBS 水平高时减少至 5%），从易腐烂化合物（碳水化合物）转向更难分解的化合物（芳香族化合物）。有机态磷被耗尽，而正磷酸盐水平上升，增加了不可逆固定的风险。这项研究还表明，DSC-TG 是评估 SOM 质量变化的一种经济有效的技术。了解这些影响对于制定受火灾影响地区的保护和恢复政策以及推广提高土壤功能和恢复能力的方法至关重要。

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