Forest Ecology and Management最新文献_第4页

Wild bee community responses to forest herbicide treatments in planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands 野生蜜蜂群落对人工种植的龙柏林（Pinus taeda L.）森林除草剂处理的反应

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122332

Production loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forests rely on herbicides to remove understory plants and promote forest productivity, yet there has been limited research on the indirect effects of herbicides on wild bees. The objectives of our study were to: 1) evaluate the indirect effects of herbicide treatments on wild bee populations and communities over a two-year period; and 2) determine linkages between stand attributes, including changes in understory plant communities, and wild bee responses. In 2022–2023, we sampled early post-establishment and midrotation loblolly pine stands in the Piedmont region of Georgia. Early post-establishment stands underwent broad-spectrum herbicide application through either: 1) broadcast chemical site preparation; 2) broadcast chemical site preparation + banded herbaceous weed control; or 3) control with no herbicide. Midrotation stands received either: 1) broadcast woody release treatment; or 2) control with no herbicide. We sampled bees with pan and blue vane traps and recorded stand attributes such as canopy openness, herbaceous plant species richness, and cover of bare ground, litter, and downed woody debris. We captured 7969 bees from 111 species, which constitutes ∼20 % of all bee species found in Georgia. Wild bee communities in herbicide treated stands had similar or greater total captures, species richness, and functional diversity as those in untreated controls. Bare ground cover was a significant driver of bee species composition in early post-establishment stands and indicator species analyses identified six soil-nesting species associated with early post-establishment treatments. Midrotation control stands were dominated by understory vegetation, while broadcast woody release treatments were associated with greater snags, coarse woody debris, and bare ground cover. Bee captures exhibited a slight negative response to increased tree density in midrotation stands. Our overall results indicated minimal negative impacts of broad-spectrum forest herbicide applications on wild bees in planted loblolly pine stands. Further, herbicide treatments may benefit some ground-nesting bee species by removing understory plant cover and improving nesting habitat conditions through increases in bare soil exposure.

生产性龙柏松（Pinus taeda L.）森林依靠除草剂来清除林下植物并提高森林生产力，但有关除草剂对野生蜜蜂的间接影响的研究却很有限。我们的研究目标是1）评估两年内除草剂处理对野生蜜蜂种群和群落的间接影响；2）确定林分属性（包括林下植物群落的变化）与野生蜜蜂反应之间的联系。2022-2023 年，我们在佐治亚州皮德蒙特地区对建园初期和中期的龙柏松林进行了采样。建植后的早期林分通过以下方式施用了广谱除草剂：1) 播撒化学制剂；2) 播撒化学制剂 + 带状草本杂草控制；或 3) 不使用除草剂的控制。轮伐中期的林分采用以下方法之一：或 2) 不使用除草剂的对照组。我们用平底锅和蓝色叶片诱捕器对蜜蜂进行采样，并记录林分属性，如树冠开阔度、草本植物物种丰富度、裸地覆盖率、枯落物和倒伏的木质碎屑。我们捕获了 111 个物种的 7969 只蜜蜂，占佐治亚州发现的所有蜜蜂物种的 20%。经除草剂处理过的林分中野生蜜蜂群落的总捕获量、物种丰富度和功能多样性与未经处理的对照组相似或更高。裸地覆盖是植被重建后早期林分中蜜蜂物种组成的一个重要驱动因素，指示物种分析确定了与植被重建后早期处理相关的六个土壤筑巢物种。中期旋转对照林分以林下植被为主，而播撒木质释放处理则与更多的钉耙、粗木屑和裸露地面覆盖物有关。蜜蜂捕获量对中轮伐林的树木密度增加有轻微的负面影响。我们的总体结果表明，广谱森林除草剂的应用对人工种植的龙柏松林中野生蜜蜂的负面影响极小。此外，除草剂处理可能会清除林下植物覆盖物，并通过增加裸露土壤来改善筑巢栖息地条件，从而使一些地巢蜜蜂物种受益。

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引用次数: 0

Forest restoration benefits common and rare wood-decomposing fungi with a delay 森林恢复对常见和稀有木材分解真菌的益处具有延迟性

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122342

Decline in the amount of dead wood deteriorates habitats for saproxylic organisms globally. This could be compensated by restoration, but it is poorly understood how created dead wood corresponds to the habitat requirements of saproxylic species. Using a large-scale field experiment of 30 restoration sites across Finland, we studied the long-term (5–15 years) effects of dead wood creation on wood-decomposing fungi (polypores) in Norway spruce and Scots pine dominated forests. All studied conservation areas had been used for timber production prior to conservation. The average amount and diversity of woody debris was higher on the restoration treatments than on the non-restored controls. Altogether, 56 polypore species were recorded. Restoration treatments had 1.4 and 8 times more species and observations than controls. Eight red-listed polypore species were observed, six on the restored plots (four only from the created dead wood) and two on the controls. Species composition of polypore assemblages differed between the restoration and control treatments, as well as between the spruce- and pine-dominated forests. Following restoration, temporal changes in the polypore assemblages were clear but only partly related to dead wood creation. Unlike previous short-term studies, our results show that dead wood creation by felling and ring-barking trees benefits not only common but also indicator and red-listed polypore species; indeed, 15 years after restoration all red-listed species occurred on created dead wood. As some red-listed species occurred solely on naturally fallen trees five to ten years after restoration, created dead wood alone cannot substitute for natural dead wood.

枯木数量的减少会恶化全球有翅类生物的栖息地。这可以通过恢复来弥补，但人们对所创造的枯木如何满足有翅类物种的栖息地要求知之甚少。我们在芬兰各地的30个恢复地点进行了大规模野外实验，研究了在挪威云杉和苏格兰松为主的森林中创造枯木对木材分解真菌（多孔菌）的长期（5-15年）影响。所有研究的保护区在保护之前都曾用于木材生产。与未恢复的对照组相比，恢复处理区的木质碎屑平均数量和多样性都更高。共记录了 56 种多孔菌类。恢复处理的物种和观察次数分别是对照组的 1.4 倍和 8 倍。共观察到 8 种列入红色名录的多孔菌类，其中 6 种出现在修复的地块上（4 种仅出现在创建的枯木上），2 种出现在对照地块上。多孔菌群的物种组成在恢复处理和对照处理之间以及云杉林和松林为主的森林之间存在差异。恢复后，多孔菌群的时间变化很明显，但只与枯木的形成有部分关系。与以往的短期研究不同，我们的研究结果表明，通过砍伐和环剥树木形成的枯木不仅有利于常见的多孔菌类，也有利于指示性多孔菌类和列入红色名录的多孔菌类；事实上，在恢复 15 年后，所有列入红色名录的多孔菌类都出现在形成的枯木上。由于一些列入红色名录的物种在恢复 5 到 10 年后仅出现在自然倒伏的树木上，因此仅靠人工创造的枯木无法替代自然枯木。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing the recovery of Pinus canariensis stands after wildfires and volcanic eruption on La Palma, Canary Islands 评估加那利群岛拉帕尔马岛野火和火山爆发后加那利松林的恢复情况

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122317

The exposure of insular species to local disturbances can influence their evolutionary trajectory resulting in specific adaptations. On the island La Palma, Canary Islands, the archipelago-endemic tree species Pinus canariensis forms forest ecosystems and has been described to be adapted to wildfires. The frequency of these in the recent past, however, is higher due to anthropogenic activities. Recent studies suggest that the species traits might also be an evolutionary response to volcanic outbreaks, consisting of massive sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions and ash fall. Several stands of P. canariensis have been exposed to both disturbances, wildfires and volcanic outbreaks, in the recent past. We assess the recovery of P. canariensis after double exposure to these disturbances. P. canariensis recovery was assessed based on Sentintel-2 NDVI images within a 7 km radius of the craters of the Tajogaite volcano that erupted in 2021. Within the same area, wildfires occurred in 2009, 2012 and 2016. We used a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) to assess the recovery of P. canariensis after volcanic and wildfire disturbances. The model shows the P. canariensis forest recovers after the volcanic outbreak with a peak at a distance of 1000–1200 m to the eruption crater, which is in line with our first hypothesis. Our second hypothesis was met with unexpected results, forests exposed to the recent wildfire in 2016 showed an increased recovery, which underlines that P. canariensis exhibits traits related to fire adaptation or might also be the result of stand-specific characteristics such as forest height or local topography. The double pressure of volcanic and forest fire disturbances did not lead to suppressed recovery of the Canary-endemic tree species and highlights the resilience of P. canariensis.

岛屿物种受到当地干扰会影响其进化轨迹，从而产生特定的适应性。在加那利群岛的拉帕尔马岛上，群岛特有树种加那利松（Pinus canariensis）形成了森林生态系统，并被描述为适应野火。然而，由于人类活动的影响，近期野火发生的频率较高。最近的研究表明，这一物种特征也可能是对火山爆发的进化反应，火山爆发包括大量二氧化硫（SO₂）的排放和火山灰的降落。在最近的过去，卡纳利树的一些林分受到了野火和火山爆发这两种干扰。我们评估了卡纳利树在受到双重干扰后的恢复情况。根据 2021 年喷发的塔霍加伊特火山口半径 7 公里范围内的 Sentintel-2 NDVI 图像，评估了卡纳瑞草的恢复情况。在同一地区，2009 年、2012 年和 2016 年都发生过野火。我们使用广义相加模型（GAM）评估了火山和野火扰动后卡纳利树的恢复情况。模型显示，在火山爆发后，卡纳利树森林在距离火山口 1000-1200 米处出现恢复高峰，这与我们的第一个假设相符。我们的第二个假设得到了出乎意料的结果，在最近的 2016 年野火中暴露的森林显示出更强的恢复能力，这凸显了卡纳利树表现出与火灾适应相关的特征，也可能是森林高度或当地地形等林分特定特征的结果。火山和森林火灾扰动的双重压力并没有导致加那利特有树种的恢复受到抑制，这凸显了加那利红豆杉的恢复能力。

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引用次数: 0

Beta diversity and species turnover in communities of newly recruited seedlings following forest management 森林管理后新招募幼苗群落的 Beta 多样性和物种更替

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122329

Second-growth forests tend to have less native diversity compared to their older-growth counterparts. Forest management can be used to encourage diversity in young forests, enhancing resilience of these forests to various threats including pests and pathogens, as well as climate change. Understanding the impacts of forest management on spatial and temporal variability in newly establishing plant communities is key to predicting resultant patterns of biodiversity across the forest landscape. Two critical measures of the spatial and temporal aspects of biodiversity are beta diversity and species turnover. Beta diversity quantifies variability in species composition across space, while species turnover quantifies temporal changes in species composition. We monitored the impacts of two common forest management techniques (selective overstory thinning done alone and selective overstory thinning done in tandem with removal of nonnative shrubs, paired with unmanaged controls) on composition, beta diversity, and species turnover in communities of newly recruited woody seedlings within a second-growth forest in Northeast Ohio, United States of America. Management impacted the composition of newly recruiting woody seedlings in the first two years of study (2020 and 2021), though there was no signal of management treatment on community composition in the third (2022). We found that beta diversity was lower in areas with overstory thinning done in tandem with nonnative shrub removal, compared to forests with no management or managed with overstory thinning alone, indicating that variability in community composition across space was lower within these managed areas. Community composition of newly recruited woody seedlings varied across years (from 2020 to 2022) in plots managed with overstory thinning paired with nonnative shrub removal, as well as unmanaged plots. Interestingly, composition across these three years was relatively consistent in plots managed with overstory thinning alone. Species turnover from 2020 to 2022 did not differ across management treatments. Our findings indicate that management interventions - particularly the combination of overstory thinning and understory removal of nonnative shrubs - can significantly influence the composition and diversity of newly recruiting woody plant communities. Overstory thinning, on its own, proved to have little impact on the forest understory, instead requiring nonnative shrub removal as a critical component of forest management. However, due to high turnover of new recruits within the community, results can be variable from year to year. These shifts in composition suggest that management has the potential to alter the balance of species within the community and may ultimately drive biodiversity in managed forests.

与生长期较长的森林相比，次生林的原生多样性往往较少。森林管理可用于鼓励幼林的多样性，增强这些森林抵御各种威胁（包括虫害和病原体）以及气候变化的能力。了解森林管理对新建立植物群落的空间和时间变异性的影响是预测整个森林景观生物多样性模式的关键。生物多样性空间和时间方面的两个关键测量指标是贝塔多样性和物种更替率。贝塔多样性量化了物种组成在空间上的变化，而物种更替则量化了物种组成在时间上的变化。我们在美国俄亥俄州东北部的一片次生林中，监测了两种常见森林管理技术（单独进行的选择性上层疏伐和与清除非本地灌木同时进行的选择性上层疏伐，以及未管理的对照组）对新招募木质幼苗群落的组成、贝塔多样性和物种更替的影响。在研究的前两年（2020 年和 2021 年），管理影响了新引进木质幼苗的组成，但在第三年（2022 年），管理处理对群落组成没有影响。我们发现，与未进行管理或仅进行上层林木疏伐的森林相比，在上层林木疏伐与非本地灌木清除同时进行的区域，β多样性较低，这表明在这些管理区域内，群落组成在不同空间的变异性较低。在上层林木疏伐与非原生灌木清除相结合的管理地块以及未管理地块中，新招募的木质幼苗的群落组成在不同年份（2020 年至 2022 年）各不相同。有趣的是，在这三年中，仅进行上层林木疏伐管理的地块中的物种组成相对一致。从 2020 年到 2022 年，不同管理方法下的物种更替并无差异。我们的研究结果表明，管理干预措施--尤其是疏伐上层林木和清除下层非本地灌木的组合--可以显著影响新引进木本植物群落的组成和多样性。事实证明，疏伐上层林木本身对林下植被的影响很小，因此需要将清除非本地灌木作为森林管理的重要组成部分。然而，由于群落内新加入的植物更替频繁，每年的结果都会有所不同。这些成分的变化表明，管理有可能改变群落内的物种平衡，并最终推动受管理森林的生物多样性。

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引用次数: 0

Bertholletia excelsa saplings respond to seasonal precipitation variations by changing metabolism when fertilized with NPK in different planting systems Bertholletia excelsa 树苗在不同种植系统中施用氮磷钾肥料时通过改变新陈代谢对季节性降水变化做出反应

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122325

Fertilization with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) can increase plant growth. How seasonal variations in water availability can affect species interactions and fertilization effectiveness is still uncertain. We investigated the effects of liming and nutrient fertilization and planting systems (monospecific and mixed planting), during low levels of precipitation on the synthesis of organic compounds such as sugars, starch, proline, total phenols, amino acids and proteins in young Brazil nut tree (B. excelsa) plants cultivated in degraded areas in Central Amazon. The pure planting + NPK treatment significantly increase in fructose leaf contents in 2021, while in 2022, the mixed planting + NPK treatment were greater leaf glucose and fructose contents. In addition, over two years, significant differences in sucrose and starch contents were observed between treatments. Concerning the seasons, sugars, glucose, fructose, and amino acids showed higher contents in the dry period during the two years of study. PCA revealed was a clear distinction between plants in the rainy and dry periods, which evidences the remarkable plasticity of the metabolism of B. excelsa. Our findings suggest that high levels of soluble sugars, mainly glucose, and amino acids would improve its ability to osmoregulate and osmoprotect against water changes allowing greater adaptability. It was also observed that pure planting, with the addition of NPK, increased the height and diameter of the plants. Our research contributes to understanding carbon and nitrogen metabolism in support of the growth of B. excelsa planted in different planting systems during the low precipitation period in the Amazon, aiming at improving sustainable forestry plantations for Brazil's nut trees.

氮（N）、磷（P）和钾（K）施肥可促进植物生长。水供应量的季节性变化如何影响物种间的相互作用和施肥效果，目前仍不确定。我们研究了在低降水量时施用石灰和营养肥以及种植系统（单一种植和混合种植）对在亚马逊中部退化地区栽培的巴西坚果树（B. excelsa）幼苗的有机化合物（如糖、淀粉、脯氨酸、总酚、氨基酸和蛋白质）合成的影响。2021 年，纯种植+氮磷钾处理的叶片果糖含量显著增加；2022 年，混合种植+氮磷钾处理的叶片葡萄糖和果糖含量增加。此外，在两年中，不同处理间的蔗糖和淀粉含量也存在显著差异。就季节而言，在研究的两年中，干燥期的糖类、葡萄糖、果糖和氨基酸含量较高。PCA 显示，雨季和旱季的植株之间有明显的区别，这证明了 B. excelsa 的新陈代谢具有显著的可塑性。我们的研究结果表明，高水平的可溶性糖类（主要是葡萄糖）和氨基酸可提高其渗透调节和渗透保护能力，使其对水分变化有更强的适应性。我们还观察到，在添加氮磷钾的情况下，纯种植可增加植株的高度和直径。我们的研究有助于了解在亚马孙地区降水量较少期间，在不同种植系统中种植的 B. excelsa 的碳氮代谢情况，以支持其生长，从而改善巴西坚果树的可持续林业种植。

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引用次数: 0

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculum from degraded forest soils promotes seedling growth of a keystone mountain tree used for restoration 来自退化森林土壤的丛枝菌根真菌接种物促进了一种用于恢复的关键性山地树木的幼苗生长

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122327

Polylepis forests represent one of the most endangered high mountain ecosystems in South America. Therefore, it is necessary to inform local nurseries of the best soil inoculum to grow healthy and strong P. australis seedlings for forest restoration purposes. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) affect plant performance and plants respond differently to them. Previous studies show that the best AMF source is from non-degraded P. australis forests. However, inoculum from degraded areas has never been tested. The response of P. australis seedlings to inoculation with soils from four sites differing in livestock-associated forest degradation and the identification of root-colonizing of AMF species were evaluated. Natural soils inoculum was collected within the Sierras Grandes Mountain range in central Argentina and belongs to degraded grassland, degraded P. australis forest, intermediate degraded and non-degraded P. australis forests. The samples were described with regard to AMF diversity, soil characteristics, and mycorrhizal inoculum potential. The AMF species diversity and the soil infectivity were high in the degraded forest. Contrary to our expectations, the most advantageous AMF inoculum for promoting the shoot growth of P. australis seedlings in production facilities was sourced from degraded soils (forest and grassland). Seven AMF species were trapped by P. australis root plants and six of them were found in degraded forest soils. Only two AMF species, Septoglomus constrictum and Gigaspora sp., were found to be restricted to degraded forest. These data suggest that degraded forest soils provide the most effective inoculum for promoting sapling growth in a greenhouse setting.

Polylepis 森林是南美洲最濒危的高山生态系统之一。因此，有必要让当地苗圃了解最佳的土壤接种体，以培育出健康强壮的欧鼠李幼苗，用于森林恢复。丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）会影响植物的性能，植物对它们的反应也不尽相同。以前的研究表明，最好的 AMF 来源于未退化的 P. australis 森林。然而，来自退化地区的接种体从未经过测试。本研究评估了 P. australis幼苗对接种来自四个不同地点的土壤的反应，这四个地点的森林退化程度与牲畜相关，本研究还鉴定了根部定殖的 AMF 物种。自然土壤接种物是在阿根廷中部的大山山脉采集的，分别属于退化草地、退化梭梭林、中间退化梭梭林和非退化梭梭林。对样本的 AMF 多样性、土壤特性和菌根接种体潜力进行了描述。在退化森林中，AMF 的物种多样性和土壤感染力都很高。与我们的预期相反，在生产设施中，对促进澳洲鹅掌楸幼苗嫩枝生长最有利的 AMF 接种体来自退化土壤（森林和草地）。有 7 种 AMF 被 P. australis 根系植物捕获，其中 6 种是在退化的森林土壤中发现的。只有两个 AMF 物种（Septoglomus constrictum 和 Gigaspora sp.）被发现仅限于退化森林。这些数据表明，在温室环境中，退化森林土壤为促进树苗生长提供了最有效的接种体。

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引用次数: 0

Does climate drive the defoliation of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)? 气候是否导致欧洲山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica L.）落叶？

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122232

Stress on tree vitality is expected to increase due to climatic extremes in European forests. The decline in vitality of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) that has been reported recently, makes it necessary to rethink its future adaptive potential under ongoing climate change. Here we performed a pan European assessment of defoliation chronologies on 414 ICP Forests Level I beech plots, between 1995 and 2022. We investigated the temporal trends, spatial variation, tree-specific patterns as well as climate sensitivity of defoliation at plot level. Various trends emerged and we delineated the plots accordingly: 1) increasing defoliation trends indicating declining vitality (categorized as t1 plots); 2) no trends indicating stable crown condition (t2 plots); 3) decreasing defoliation trends indicating increase in vitality (t3 plots). Spatial variation was found among these plots but no regional grouping or clustering. Tree-specific patterns on 14 % plots were observed, characterized by an expressed population signal of < 0.85, indicating high inter-tree variability. Defoliation was found to be sensitive to climatic variables, mainly to temperature but also precipitation, albeit only for a small percentage of plots. Sensitivity was indicated by statistically significant (p<0.05) Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Moreover, this response depended on month of the year. Climate sensitivity of defoliation also varied across space and plots of different trend categories. It also differed along monthly water balance gradient, further indicating the role of site-specific water availability in mediating the responses to climatic variables. Our study provided basis for long-term defoliation studies, and is a crucial building block to assess beech vitality under potentially changing future climate. Furthermore, such studies will provide more insights into changes in sensitivity and adequate future sites for beech.

由于欧洲森林的极端气候，树木生命力所受的压力预计会增加。最近报道的欧洲山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica L.）生命力下降的情况，使我们有必要重新思考其在当前气候变化下的未来适应潜力。在此，我们对 1995 年至 2022 年期间 414 块 ICP 森林一级山毛榉地块的落叶年代学进行了泛欧洲评估。我们研究了落叶的时间趋势、空间变化、树木特异性模式以及地块层面的气候敏感性。我们发现了各种趋势，并据此划分了地块：1）落叶趋势增加表明生命力下降（归类为 t1 小区）；2）无趋势表明树冠状况稳定（t2 小区）；3）落叶趋势减少表明生命力增强（t3 小区）。这些地块之间存在空间差异，但没有区域分组或聚类。在 14 % 的地块上观察到了树木的特定模式，其特征是表达的种群信号为 0.85，表明树木之间的变异性很高。研究发现，落叶对气候变量很敏感，主要是温度，但也包括降水，尽管只对一小部分地块敏感。皮尔逊相关系数具有显著的统计学意义（p<0.05），表明了这种敏感性。此外，这种反应还取决于当年的月份。不同空间和不同趋势类别的地块对落叶的气候敏感性也有所不同。它还随月度水平衡梯度的变化而变化，这进一步表明了特定地点的水供应在调解对气候变量的反应方面所起的作用。我们的研究为长期落叶研究提供了基础，是评估山毛榉在未来可能变化的气候条件下的生命力的重要基石。此外，此类研究还将为山毛榉敏感性的变化和未来适当的生长地点提供更多见解。

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引用次数: 0

Microclimate drives growth of hair lichens in boreal forest canopies after partial cutting 部分砍伐后小气候对北方森林树冠中毛地衣生长的影响

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122319

Hair lichens in the genera Alectoria and Bryoria dominate old-growth circumboreal coniferous forests and have important ecosystem functions, particularly for reindeer and caribou. These lichens are sensitive to changes in climate and are unable to maintain a high standing crop in industrial forestry based on clear-cutting, highlighting the need of management models based on continuous cover forestry. We examined how dry mass (DM) growth and CO₂ exchange in hair lichens depended on the balance between growth (carbon gain from photosynthesis) and losses (both carbon loss from respiration and mass loss from fragmentation). Partial cutting trials were conducted in a Picea abies-dominated forest by three levels of basal area (BA) removal (0 %; 33 %; 67 %), with five 80 m × 80 m plots per level. We compared two species with similar functional traits but with different cortical pigments, the pale Alectoria sarmentosa and the dark Bryoria fremontii. Lichens were transplanted within the lower canopy using net cages over a 1-year period to evaluate net growth, loss by thallus fragmentation and gross growth. Canopy openness and transmitted radiation during the growing season were estimated from hemispherical photographs. Canopy temperature, relative humidity, and photosynthetic photon flux density were monitored, with microclimate data subsequently used to model net CO₂ exchange using previously published response matrices describing net photosynthetic and respiratory activity. Net DM growth of A. sarmentosa was higher than in B. fremontii, and increased with level of BA removal, being twice as high in the 67 % BA removal as in the control. In contrast, B. fremontii responded weakly to partial cutting due to high rates of thallus fragmentation. However, gross growth of both species increased with canopy openness and transmitted radiation. The modelled net assimilation showed large seasonal variation, with the largest difference among levels of BA removal in autumn. The estimated DM growth agreed well with observed gross growth in A. sarmentosa but was underestimated in B. fremontii. Modelling of CO₂ exchange can provide a mechanistic understanding of how hair lichens respond to partial cutting and climate change. The response of hair lichens to microclimate in partial cuts depends on the trade-off between growth and losses. Results suggest that the faster lichen growth on residual trees in the one-third removal partial cuts compensated to a significant degree for the loss of lichen mass by the removal of host trees.

Alectoria和Bryoria属的毛发地衣在古老的环形针叶林中占主导地位，具有重要的生态系统功能，尤其是对驯鹿和驯鹿而言。这些地衣对气候变化很敏感，在以砍伐为基础的工业化林业中无法维持较高的立地作物产量，这就突出了以连续覆盖林业为基础的管理模式的必要性。我们研究了毛发地衣的干质量（DM）增长和二氧化碳交换如何取决于增长（光合作用产生的碳增量）和损失（呼吸作用产生的碳损失和破碎产生的质量损失）之间的平衡。我们在一片以欧鼠李为主的森林中进行了部分砍伐试验，对基部面积（BA）的砍伐分为三个等级（0 %、33 %、67 %），每个等级有五个 80 m × 80 m 的地块。我们比较了两种功能特征相似但皮层色素不同的物种：浅色的 Alectoria sarmentosa 和深色的 Bryoria fremontii。使用网笼将地衣移植到树冠下部，为期一年，以评估地衣的净生长量、因菌丝破碎而造成的损失以及总生长量。根据半球照片估算了生长季节的树冠开阔度和透射辐射。对树冠温度、相对湿度和光合光通量密度进行了监测，随后使用之前发布的描述净光合和呼吸活动的响应矩阵，利用小气候数据建立了二氧化碳净交换模型。A.sarmentosa的DM净增长高于B. fremontii，并且随着BA去除水平的增加而增加，在BA去除率为67%的情况下，DM净增长是对照的两倍。与此相反，B. fremontii 对部分切割的反应较弱，因为其叶柄破碎率较高。不过，这两种植物的总生长量都随着树冠开阔度和透射辐射的增加而增加。模拟的净同化显示出很大的季节性变化，秋季BA去除水平之间的差异最大。估计的 DM 增长率与观测到的 A. sarmentosa 总生长量非常吻合，但低估了 B. fremontii 的总生长量。建立二氧化碳交换模型可以从机理上理解毛地衣如何对部分砍伐和气候变化做出反应。毛地衣对部分切割的小气候的反应取决于生长和损失之间的权衡。结果表明，在移除三分之一的部分砍伐中，残留树木上的地衣生长较快，这在很大程度上补偿了因移除寄主树木而造成的地衣质量损失。

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引用次数: 0

Long term effects of forest management on forest structure and dead wood in mature boreal forests 森林管理对北方成熟林的森林结构和枯木的长期影响

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122315

The history of forestry in Fennoscandia spans five centuries, with clear-cutting being the dominant practice since the mid-20th century. This has led to a significant transformation of the forest landscape. In this study we investigated long-term effects of clear-cutting on forest structure and dead wood volumes. We established twelve pairs of spruce forest sites in southeastern Norway, each pair constituting of a mature, previously clear-cut stand and its near-natural counterpart with similar edaphic factors. The near-natural stands had 2.8 times higher volumes of dead wood and a larger proportion of dead wood in late stages of decay. The near-natural stands had on average 36.8 ± 9.1 m³ ha⁻¹ of downed dead wood and 24.1 ± 6.2 m³ ha⁻¹ of standing dead wood. Corresponding numbers for the previously clear-cut stands were 10.2 ± 2.8 m³ ha⁻¹ and 11.9 ± 3.7 m³ ha⁻¹. Forests with lower volumes of dead wood often also had lower connectivity of old spruce forests, which potentially have further negative effects on biodiversity. Furthermore, near-natural stands displayed greater tree size heterogeneity, resulting in a wider variation in light conditions. While no difference was observed in living tree volume, we found only weak evidence for higher basal area in the previously clear-cut stands, which had a higher stem density with more slender stems and shorter crowns. Our findings suggest that managed forests do not develop structures typical of near-natural forests before they become mature for logging. We stress the importance of a thorough site selection for studies of management effects, as forest management history may be confounded with productivity and other edaphic factors. Experimental designs like ours are vital for testing how differences in structure and deadwood volumes, driven by forest management, translate into variations in biodiversity, carbon sequestration and ecosystem functioning in future studies.

芬诺斯坎迪亚的林业历史长达五个世纪，自 20 世纪中叶以来，森林砍伐一直占据主导地位。这导致森林景观发生了重大变化。在这项研究中，我们调查了皆伐对森林结构和枯木量的长期影响。我们在挪威东南部建立了十二对云杉林地，每对云杉林地都由一个成熟的、曾被砍伐过的林分和一个具有相似自然环境因子的近自然林分组成。近自然林分的枯木量是前者的2.8倍，而且处于晚期腐烂阶段的枯木比例更大。近自然林平均每公顷有 36.8 ± 9.1 立方米的倒伏枯木和 24.1 ± 6.2 立方米的立地枯木。曾被砍伐的林分的相应数字分别为 10.2 ± 2.8 立方米/公顷和 11.9 ± 3.7 立方米/公顷。枯木量较少的森林通常也具有较低的云杉老林连通性，这可能会对生物多样性产生进一步的负面影响。此外，接近自然的林分显示出更大的树木大小异质性，导致光照条件差异更大。虽然在活树体积方面没有观察到差异，但我们发现只有微弱的证据表明，以前被砍伐过的林分基部面积更大，茎干密度更高，茎干更细长，树冠更短。我们的研究结果表明，人工管理的森林在采伐成熟之前并没有形成近自然森林的典型结构。我们强调，由于森林管理历史可能与生产力和其他环境因素相混淆，因此在研究管理效果时必须进行全面的选址。在未来的研究中，像我们这样的实验设计对于测试森林管理导致的结构和枯木量差异如何转化为生物多样性、碳螯合和生态系统功能的变化至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Vehicular traffic frequency and environmental factors affect forest road use by ground-dwelling mammals in northeastern Japan: Management intensity matters 车辆通行频率和环境因素影响日本东北部地栖哺乳动物对森林道路的使用：管理强度问题

IF 3.7 2区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecology and Management

Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122318

Forest roads have both negative and positive effects on ground-dwelling mammals, and several mammalian species use forest roads as foraging sites or preferred movement routes. Despite the effect of forest road management on forest road use by ground-dwelling mammals, limited studies have been conducted on the effects of varying levels of forest road management and the subsequent changes in the anthropogenic and environmental characteristics of forest roads on the mammalian use of forest roads. In this study, we investigated the effects of variations in environmental factors resulting from different levels of forest road management on the use of forest roads by ground-dwelling mammalian species. We conducted a field study from June to November 2022 in Tsuruoka City, northeastern Japan. We surveyed 106 sites encompassing managed forest roads (forest road sites), decommissioned roads (decommissioned road sites), and forest interiors (forest interior sites). We determined the frequency of visits by each mammalian species and the traffic frequency at these sites through camera trapping, and assessed environmental factors such as understory visibility, slope angle, and canopy openness at these sites. These data were used to analyze the association between each site type and environmental factors, including traffic frequency. We investigated the effects of environmental factors on the frequency of visits to each mammalian species. Our results revealed that the extent to which human activity and environmental factors affect the use of forest roads by ground-dwelling mammalian species depends on the level of forest road management. Ground-dwelling mammals use forest roads based on these factors. As the management intensity decreased, the forest road environment changed from a setting with poor understory vegetation, gentle slopes, and high traffic frequency to a setting with thriving understory vegetation, steep slopes, and low traffic frequency. The level of management intensity of forest roads selected by ground-dwelling mammals varied among the species. For example, raccoon dogs, red foxes, and masked palm civets used moderately managed forest roads, Japanese badgers and hares used managed forest roads regardless of their management intensity, and wild boars used decommissioned roads after their management was discontinued. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the prediction of future impacts of human activities on forest ecosystems based on the intensity of management applied to these ecosystems.

森林道路对地面栖息的哺乳动物既有负面影响也有正面影响，一些哺乳动物物种将森林道路作为觅食地点或首选的移动路线。尽管森林道路管理对地栖哺乳动物使用森林道路有影响，但关于不同程度的森林道路管理以及随后森林道路人为和环境特征的变化对哺乳动物使用森林道路的影响的研究还很有限。在本研究中，我们调查了不同森林道路管理水平导致的环境因素变化对地栖哺乳动物使用森林道路的影响。我们于 2022 年 6 月至 11 月在日本东北部的鹤冈市进行了实地研究。我们调查了106个地点，包括管理林道（林道地点）、退役道路（退役道路地点）和森林内部（森林内部地点）。我们通过相机诱捕确定了各哺乳动物物种访问这些地点的频率和交通频率，并评估了这些地点的林下能见度、坡角和树冠开阔度等环境因素。我们利用这些数据分析了每种地点类型与环境因素（包括交通频率）之间的关联。我们研究了环境因素对每种哺乳动物访问频率的影响。我们的研究结果表明，人类活动和环境因素对地栖哺乳动物使用森林道路的影响程度取决于森林道路的管理水平。地栖哺乳动物根据这些因素使用林道。随着管理强度的降低，林道环境从林下植被较差、坡度较缓、交通频率较高的环境转变为林下植被茂盛、坡度较陡、交通频率较低的环境。地栖哺乳动物选择的林道管理强度因物种而异。例如，浣熊犬、赤狐和果子狸使用管理适度的林道，日本獾和野兔无论管理强度如何都使用管理适度的林道，而野猪则使用停止管理后的退役林道。这项研究的结果有望有助于根据森林生态系统的管理强度预测人类活动对这些生态系统的未来影响。

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引用次数: 0