Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103362
Atiqah Amanda Siregar , Alin Halimatussadiah , Faizal Rahmanto Moeis , Wildan Al Kautsar Anky , Doan Nainggolan
Smallholder oil palm farmers have been pivotal in Indonesia's Crude Palm Oil (CPO) production for decades. However, their plantations' productivity lag behind private and government estates. Moreover, these farmers often resort to unsustainable practices. Replanting presents a viable solution to enhance sustainability by bolstering yields and mitigating harmful practices. The Indonesian government, through the Palm Oil Fund Management Agency (BPDPKS), offers subsidies to incentivize farmers to implement replanting. However, replanting program uptake remains low. This study aims to investigate factors underlying the smallholders' propensity to engage in replanting by examining (1) their intention (stated preference) to replant their oil palm plantation with the financing scheme from BPDPKS, and (2) their actual replanting implementation (revealed preference). Combining survey data with in-depth interviews, the research identifies three key factors influencing their decision: a lack of funds and financing access, difficulties in obtaining land ownership certificate and business registration certificates, and challenges to implement good agricultural practices. Encouraging smallholders to participate in the replanting program is crucial for curbing further land expansion, as this expansion poses a significant risk of encroaching on forests and protected areas. Findings from the analysis of both intention and actual implementation provide valuable insights into smallholders' perspectives on replanting, underlining the need for comprehensive policy development and implementation. This will secure full engagement of smallholder farmers in replanting program, which offers a critical path to prevent further loss of nature, particularly forested area, due to land expansion for oil palm plantations.
{"title":"The oil palm replanting imperative: Are smallholder farmers willing to participate?","authors":"Atiqah Amanda Siregar , Alin Halimatussadiah , Faizal Rahmanto Moeis , Wildan Al Kautsar Anky , Doan Nainggolan","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Smallholder oil palm farmers have been pivotal in Indonesia's Crude Palm Oil (CPO) production for decades. However, their plantations' productivity lag behind private and government estates. Moreover, these farmers often resort to unsustainable practices. Replanting presents a viable solution to enhance sustainability by bolstering yields and mitigating harmful practices. The Indonesian government, through the Palm Oil Fund Management Agency (BPDPKS), offers subsidies to incentivize farmers to implement replanting. However, replanting program uptake remains low. This study aims to investigate factors underlying the smallholders' propensity to engage in replanting by examining (1) their intention (stated preference) to replant their oil palm plantation with the financing scheme from BPDPKS, and (2) their actual replanting implementation (revealed preference). Combining survey data with in-depth interviews, the research identifies three key factors influencing their decision: a lack of funds and financing access, difficulties in obtaining land ownership certificate and business registration certificates, and challenges to implement good agricultural practices. Encouraging smallholders to participate in the replanting program is crucial for curbing further land expansion, as this expansion poses a significant risk of encroaching on forests and protected areas. Findings from the analysis of both intention and actual implementation provide valuable insights into smallholders' perspectives on replanting, underlining the need for comprehensive policy development and implementation. This will secure full engagement of smallholder farmers in replanting program, which offers a critical path to prevent further loss of nature, particularly forested area, due to land expansion for oil palm plantations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 103362"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding the drivers of participation in conservation programs is essential for successful efforts to preserve nature in Latin America. By identifying these factors, we can bolster the long-term effectiveness of such initiatives in the region, particularly given that much of the biodiversity resides on private lands. Whereas extensive research has explored landowner participation in developed countries, variations in socio-economic, environmental, and governance contexts pose unique challenges across developed and less-developed nations. Moreover, discrepancies in research criteria suggest the need for a comprehensive conceptual model to identify and summarize these factors. Following a systematic literature review, we examine and summarize the various factors that influence voluntary participation in conservation-related programs across Latin America. We searched for studies using Web of Science from January 2000 to July 2022, resulting in the screening of 31 peer-reviewed articles. We categorized factors into opportunity, willingness, and ability to participate. Within the willingness category, we considered factors related to intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, while the ability category covered factors related to financial, social, human, natural, and physical capital. We extracted factors reported as having either a positive or negative influence on participation. Our analysis revealed a balanced focus on factors related to both willingness and ability, with a noted gap in the evaluation of social capital. Notably, our adapted conceptual framework encompasses institutional capital within the ability category, enhancing the understanding of factors influencing landowner participation in conservation initiatives.
{"title":"Reviewing factors that influence voluntary participation in conservation programs in Latin America","authors":"Cristina C. Nuñez Godoy , Federico Colombo Speroni , Mauricio Nuñez-Regueiro , Leonidas Osvaldo Girardin","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the drivers of participation in conservation programs is essential for successful efforts to preserve nature in Latin America. By identifying these factors, we can bolster the long-term effectiveness of such initiatives in the region, particularly given that much of the biodiversity resides on private lands. Whereas extensive research has explored landowner participation in developed countries, variations in socio-economic, environmental, and governance contexts pose unique challenges across developed and less-developed nations. Moreover, discrepancies in research criteria suggest the need for a comprehensive conceptual model to identify and summarize these factors. Following a systematic literature review, we examine and summarize the various factors that influence voluntary participation in conservation-related programs across Latin America. We searched for studies using Web of Science from January 2000 to July 2022, resulting in the screening of 31 peer-reviewed articles. We categorized factors into opportunity, willingness, and ability to participate. Within the willingness category, we considered factors related to intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, while the ability category covered factors related to financial, social, human, natural, and physical capital. We extracted factors reported as having either a positive or negative influence on participation. Our analysis revealed a balanced focus on factors related to both willingness and ability, with a noted gap in the evaluation of social capital. Notably, our adapted conceptual framework encompasses institutional capital within the ability category, enhancing the understanding of factors influencing landowner participation in conservation initiatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 103359"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103358
Nicola Bozzolan , Frits Mohren , Giacomo Grassi , Mart-Jan Schelhaas , Igor Staritsky , Tobias Stern , Mikko Peltoniemi , Vladimír Šebeň , Mariana Hassegawa , Pieter Johannes Verkerk , Marco Patacca , Aris Jansons , Martin Jankovský , Petra Palátová , Hanna Blauth , Daniel McInerney , Jan Oldenburger , Eirik Ogner Jåstad , Jaroslav Kubista , Clara Antón-Fernández , Gert-jan Nabuurs
As the overall demand for wood-based products continues to grow, questions arise on how local wood resources and industry characteristics can effectively meet this growing demand. In the European Union (EU) 550 million m3 of wood is harvested annually, and is to a large extent processed by the wood industry. Little is known about the interplay between industrial capacity and the regional availability of timber resources. We compared the capacities from the European Forest Industry Facilities Database (EUFID) with the estimated wood supply from the procurement areas around processing industries, calculated using a spatially explicit resource model (EFISCEN-Space). We found that the estimated total capacity for the available European countries is 427 M m3 roundwood equivalent (rw. Eq.) for pulp and paper (including both virgin and recycled fibres), 102 M m3 for bioenergy (only bioenergy plants), and 153 M m3 for sawmills. We then conducted an in-depth analysis of three case studies: Norway, the Czech Republic, and Germany. Given the current probability of trees being harvested (excluding disturbances) and the hypothetical optimal grading of the logs, the volume for each assortment type is closely aligned with the current capacity of each industry branch, indicating no overcapacity. We found undersupply of softwood of 3.4 M m3 for the Czech Republic, 1.5 M m3 for Norway, and 3.8 M m3 for Germany. At the same time, in Germany, we found an oversupply of hardwood of 3.0 M m3. Additionally, a substantial amount of biomass graded as bioenergy was found for Germany and the Czech Republic, potentially serving as fuelwood in households. Concerning wood procurement areas, we concluded that a fixed radius of 100 km from the facility limited the availability of raw material procurement, particularly for bioenergy and pulp and paper mills, suggesting that these two product chains use a broader procurement basin than sawlogs. This study provides a high-resolution, spatially explicit modelling methodology for assessing the interaction between potential wood harvest and industrial processing capacity, which can support projections of sustainable development of the forest industry.
{"title":"Preliminary evidence of softwood shortage and hardwood availability in EU regions: A spatial analysis using the European Forest Industry Database","authors":"Nicola Bozzolan , Frits Mohren , Giacomo Grassi , Mart-Jan Schelhaas , Igor Staritsky , Tobias Stern , Mikko Peltoniemi , Vladimír Šebeň , Mariana Hassegawa , Pieter Johannes Verkerk , Marco Patacca , Aris Jansons , Martin Jankovský , Petra Palátová , Hanna Blauth , Daniel McInerney , Jan Oldenburger , Eirik Ogner Jåstad , Jaroslav Kubista , Clara Antón-Fernández , Gert-jan Nabuurs","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the overall demand for wood-based products continues to grow, questions arise on how local wood resources and industry characteristics can effectively meet this growing demand. In the European Union (EU) 550 million m<sup>3</sup> of wood is harvested annually, and is to a large extent processed by the wood industry. Little is known about the interplay between industrial capacity and the regional availability of timber resources. We compared the capacities from the European Forest Industry Facilities Database (EUFID) with the estimated wood supply from the procurement areas around processing industries, calculated using a spatially explicit resource model (EFISCEN-Space). We found that the estimated total capacity for the available European countries is 427 M m<sup>3</sup> roundwood equivalent (rw. Eq.) for pulp and paper (including both virgin and recycled fibres), 102 M m<sup>3</sup> for bioenergy (only bioenergy plants), and 153 M m<sup>3</sup> for sawmills. We then conducted an in-depth analysis of three case studies: Norway, the Czech Republic, and Germany. Given the current probability of trees being harvested (excluding disturbances) and the hypothetical optimal grading of the logs, the volume for each assortment type is closely aligned with the current capacity of each industry branch, indicating no overcapacity. We found undersupply of softwood of 3.4 M m<sup>3</sup> for the Czech Republic, 1.5 M m<sup>3</sup> for Norway, and 3.8 M m<sup>3</sup> for Germany. At the same time, in Germany, we found an oversupply of hardwood of 3.0 M m<sup>3</sup>. Additionally, a substantial amount of biomass graded as bioenergy was found for Germany and the Czech Republic, potentially serving as fuelwood in households. Concerning wood procurement areas, we concluded that a fixed radius of 100 km from the facility limited the availability of raw material procurement, particularly for bioenergy and pulp and paper mills, suggesting that these two product chains use a broader procurement basin than sawlogs. This study provides a high-resolution, spatially explicit modelling methodology for assessing the interaction between potential wood harvest and industrial processing capacity, which can support projections of sustainable development of the forest industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 103358"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142587369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103357
Hoang Huu Dinh , Loan Thanh Le , Justus Wesseler
In contrast to agricultural crops, long-term tree contract farming (CF) for high-quality timber production under sustainable forest practices contributes to social and economic development, as well as environmental conservation. However, there is limited understanding and insufficient literature on the motivations and benefits of tree growers participating in timber and its associated value chains. This study aims to address these gaps by examining the factors influencing tree grower participation in the tree CF model in Vietnam. We analyzed national panel data of 1272 timber plots in 12 provinces from 2008 to 2018 using penalized maximum likelihood estimation. Additionally, we conducted a local survey of 55 tree producers and stakeholders to compare the household financial performances under the contract versus non-contract and their benefits in the respective value chain. Our findings confirm that households benefit significantly from CF and gain more by delaying harvest for three additional years with forest certification, compared to harvesting timber at year five for woodchips. We recommend increased investment from international and national businesses, as well as government programs, to support tree CF. Future research should explore the roles and impacts of various stakeholders and intervention to better understand and improve tree CF and their inclusive value chains.
{"title":"How contracted tree farmers engage in and benefit from inclusive value chains: Evidence from Vietnam","authors":"Hoang Huu Dinh , Loan Thanh Le , Justus Wesseler","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In contrast to agricultural crops, long-term tree contract farming (CF) for high-quality timber production under sustainable forest practices contributes to social and economic development, as well as environmental conservation. However, there is limited understanding and insufficient literature on the motivations and benefits of tree growers participating in timber and its associated value chains. This study aims to address these gaps by examining the factors influencing tree grower participation in the tree CF model in Vietnam. We analyzed national panel data of 1272 timber plots in 12 provinces from 2008 to 2018 using penalized maximum likelihood estimation. Additionally, we conducted a local survey of 55 tree producers and stakeholders to compare the household financial performances under the contract versus non-contract and their benefits in the respective value chain. Our findings confirm that households benefit significantly from CF and gain more by delaying harvest for three additional years with forest certification, compared to harvesting timber at year five for woodchips. We recommend increased investment from international and national businesses, as well as government programs, to support tree CF. Future research should explore the roles and impacts of various stakeholders and intervention to better understand and improve tree CF and their inclusive value chains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 103357"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103355
Sun Joseph Chang , Fang Zhang
Stumpage price fluctuates all the time, creating price uncertainty for timberland owners and managers in making harvest decisions. As Chang and Zhang (2023) suggested, this price uncertainty could be outsourced with a rolling put option method, i.e., purchasing American put options needed every year to partially cover the stumpage price uncertainty. However, implementing rolling put options every year would be challenging in practice. In this paper, we devise a partial put option method to outsource such uncertainty with just one transaction. Specifically, we outsource stumpage price uncertainty with a partial American put option to determine the option values at different stand ages and calculate the corresponding reservation prices. As soon as the spot price exceeds the reservation price, the high stumpage price triggers an immediate timber harvest. The resulting harvest value and stand age are then incorporated into the generalized Faustmann formula to determine the corresponding land expectation value. Our simulations indicate that, compared to being passive stumpage price takers who ignore the price uncertainty, timberland owners could realize better financial performance with our method. In addition, they could choose the coverage level of partial American put option which suits their own risk preferences to balance uncertainty and return. Once timberland owners start actively selecting the strike price, the overall length of the option, and the level of partial option coverage, they are no longer price takers. Instead, they become price setters. That would bring about a sea change in the stumpage market with profound implications for timber supply and social welfare.
{"title":"Outsourcing stumpage price uncertainty with American put option for active timber management1","authors":"Sun Joseph Chang , Fang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stumpage price fluctuates all the time, creating price uncertainty for timberland owners and managers in making harvest decisions. As Chang and Zhang (2023) suggested, this price uncertainty could be outsourced with a rolling put option method, i.e., purchasing American put options needed every year to partially cover the stumpage price uncertainty. However, implementing rolling put options every year would be challenging in practice. In this paper, we devise a partial put option method to outsource such uncertainty with just one transaction. Specifically, we outsource stumpage price uncertainty with a partial American put option to determine the option values at different stand ages and calculate the corresponding reservation prices. As soon as the spot price exceeds the reservation price, the high stumpage price triggers an immediate timber harvest. The resulting harvest value and stand age are then incorporated into the generalized Faustmann formula to determine the corresponding land expectation value. Our simulations indicate that, compared to being passive stumpage price takers who ignore the price uncertainty, timberland owners could realize better financial performance with our method. In addition, they could choose the coverage level of partial American put option which suits their own risk preferences to balance uncertainty and return. Once timberland owners start actively selecting the strike price, the overall length of the option, and the level of partial option coverage, they are no longer price takers. Instead, they become price setters. That would bring about a sea change in the stumpage market with profound implications for timber supply and social welfare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 103355"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142446236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103356
Manuel John , Kristina Wirth , Anna Kaufmann , Hannah Ertelt , Theresa Frei
In recent years, climate change and societal changes have increased the complexity of demands on multifunctional forest management, leading to new lines of conflict. Consequently, public forest management in particular seeks to improve communication and interaction with societal groups with which they previously have not been familiar. In our study, we apply the deliberative model of democracy to assess the suitability of silvicultural training sites (“marteloscopes”) for fostering deliberative communication on multifunctional forest management between foresters and young climate activists. Furthermore, we examine the interpretative frames emerging in this context. We adopt an exploratory study design, using participant observation and group discussions, which we analyze with sequential reconstructive methods. We find that marteloscope exercises generally support dialogue that meets the criteria of deliberate communication. We also observe a noticeable knowledge hierarchy, which presents a potential barrier to open deliberative processes. We identify three main interpretative frames brought by participants that in part challenge dominant forest frames: (1) forests as complex ecosystems (2) composed of living beings, and (3) sustainability as sufficiency, focused on timber consumption and the role of global market dynamics. Reflecting and acknowledging them could provide opportunities for improving communication between foresters and non-experts in times of climate change and other major transformations. Additionally, we encourage the use of settings conducive for informal, face-to-face deliberation to elicit and include perspectives that may not otherwise be represented in traditional governance structures.
{"title":"Forest deliberations: Marteloscopes as sites of encounter between climate activists and forest managers","authors":"Manuel John , Kristina Wirth , Anna Kaufmann , Hannah Ertelt , Theresa Frei","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, climate change and societal changes have increased the complexity of demands on multifunctional forest management, leading to new lines of conflict. Consequently, public forest management in particular seeks to improve communication and interaction with societal groups with which they previously have not been familiar. In our study, we apply the deliberative model of democracy to assess the suitability of silvicultural training sites (“marteloscopes”) for fostering deliberative communication on multifunctional forest management between foresters and young climate activists. Furthermore, we examine the interpretative frames emerging in this context. We adopt an exploratory study design, using participant observation and group discussions, which we analyze with sequential reconstructive methods. We find that marteloscope exercises generally support dialogue that meets the criteria of deliberate communication. We also observe a noticeable knowledge hierarchy, which presents a potential barrier to open deliberative processes. We identify three main interpretative frames brought by participants that in part challenge dominant forest frames: (1) forests as complex ecosystems (2) composed of living beings, and (3) sustainability as sufficiency, focused on timber consumption and the role of global market dynamics. Reflecting and acknowledging them could provide opportunities for improving communication between foresters and non-experts in times of climate change and other major transformations. Additionally, we encourage the use of settings conducive for informal, face-to-face deliberation to elicit and include perspectives that may not otherwise be represented in traditional governance structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 103356"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103349
Annika Thomas, Christiane Hubo
Worldwide, a variety of crises are affecting forests, which also contribute to mitigate crises effects. This article examines the question to what extent and under what conditions crises are drivers for policy change towards more ecological forest management. Based on an analytical model that links crises and policy change through actor-centred power (ACP), the formulation of new financing instruments for forests in Germany is used as a case. Methodologically, we go beyond recording power resources and focus on the use of these resources by actors of both the forest and nature conservation policy sector. The use of power resources is measured by the activities of sectoral actors and their effectiveness for the policy output. The results show policy changes that have been favored by the climate, forest and coronavirus crises. The crises opened windows of opportunity as discursive resources that could be better exploited by the forest sector than the nature conservation sector. This shows that the use of crises by political actors tends to have a power-stabilizing effect in forest policy. Only the change of government opened the window that leaded to a power shift in favor of the nature conservation sector by defining more nature conservation related requirements.
{"title":"Multiple crises as a policy window for forest and nature a power-analysis from Germany","authors":"Annika Thomas, Christiane Hubo","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Worldwide, a variety of crises are affecting forests, which also contribute to mitigate crises effects. This article examines the question to what extent and under what conditions crises are drivers for policy change towards more ecological forest management. Based on an analytical model that links crises and policy change through actor-centred power (ACP), the formulation of new financing instruments for forests in Germany is used as a case. Methodologically, we go beyond recording power resources and focus on the use of these resources by actors of both the forest and nature conservation policy sector. The use of power resources is measured by the activities of sectoral actors and their effectiveness for the policy output. The results show policy changes that have been favored by the climate, forest and coronavirus crises. The crises opened windows of opportunity as discursive resources that could be better exploited by the forest sector than the nature conservation sector. This shows that the use of crises by political actors tends to have a power-stabilizing effect in forest policy. Only the change of government opened the window that leaded to a power shift in favor of the nature conservation sector by defining more nature conservation related requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 103349"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103352
Frank Mintah , Tabi Eckebil Paule Pamela , Christoph Oberlack , Chinwe Ifejika Speranza
Tropical deforestation pressures remain high, but in some areas, forest cover persists, re-emerges, or even expands. Uncovering the driving factors of such a shift has incessantly focused on biophysical and economic development changes, especially at national and regional levels, but evidence on the role of governance remains case-based and inconsistent. This article investigates the role of community and participatory governance arrangements and socio-political institutions at the local level in fostering forest re-emergence and their persistence over time. Using an archetype approach, this study conducts a meta-analysis of 42 empirical studies to identify recurrent patterns of institutions and their impact pathways that explain how forest persistence and re-emergence in the tropics occur. The results show that while forest re-emergence is achieved mainly through three archetypical pathways: collective action, adaptive collaborations, decentralisation, and recognition of local management, forest persistence is uniquely associated with cultural protection pathways. These pathways are activated by collaborative institutions, a mix of formal and informal institutions, and customary institutions. Chiefly, the study emphasises the relevance of local social agencies and institutional arrangements. Yet it also shows the supportive contributions of external actors to forest re-emergence when interventions meet local needs and conditions. Moreso, the results also reveal that forest persistence and re-emergence, to some extent, have socio-economic trade-offs. Policy and institutional implications for enhancing local self-organisation, adaptive governance, rights-based reforestation, and formal protection of sacred natural sites are therefore put forward.
{"title":"Why do forests persist and re-emerge amidst tropical deforestation pressures? Archetypes of governance and impact pathways","authors":"Frank Mintah , Tabi Eckebil Paule Pamela , Christoph Oberlack , Chinwe Ifejika Speranza","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tropical deforestation pressures remain high, but in some areas, forest cover persists, re-emerges, or even expands. Uncovering the driving factors of such a shift has incessantly focused on biophysical and economic development changes, especially at national and regional levels, but evidence on the role of governance remains case-based and inconsistent. This article investigates the role of community and participatory governance arrangements and socio-political institutions at the local level in fostering forest re-emergence and their persistence over time. Using an archetype approach, this study conducts a meta-analysis of 42 empirical studies to identify recurrent patterns of institutions and their impact pathways that explain how forest persistence and re-emergence in the tropics occur. The results show that while forest re-emergence is achieved mainly through three archetypical pathways: collective action, adaptive collaborations, decentralisation, and recognition of local management, forest persistence is uniquely associated with cultural protection pathways. These pathways are activated by collaborative institutions, a mix of formal and informal institutions, and customary institutions. Chiefly, the study emphasises the relevance of local social agencies and institutional arrangements. Yet it also shows the supportive contributions of external actors to forest re-emergence when interventions meet local needs and conditions. Moreso, the results also reveal that forest persistence and re-emergence, to some extent, have socio-economic trade-offs. Policy and institutional implications for enhancing local self-organisation, adaptive governance, rights-based reforestation, and formal protection of sacred natural sites are therefore put forward.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 103352"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142434057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103341
Oscar Geovani Martínez-Cortés , Shashi Kant , Henrieta Isufllari
The evolution of Forest Sector Models (FSMs) since the 1960s has marked a significant advancement in forest economics and policy analysis. However, this development is limited to North America and Europe's nations; tropical countries, crucial for biodiversity, carbon storage, and deforestation, face a notable scarcity of FSMs, often attributed to the limited and fragmented nature of their forest sector data. The importance of unprocessed wood and sources of wood supply are also distinct in tropical countries. We address these issues by introducing a comprehensive framework to build FSMs tailored for tropical countries whose national accounts are aligned with United Nations standards. We demonstrate the applicability of our framework by constructing the Colombian Forest Sector Model (CFSM), a structural econometric partial equilibrium model. The CFSM includes five markets grouped in two market sub-models: one for unprocessed wood (firewood and industrial wood) linked to a forest plantations simulator, and other for manufactured wood products (wood, furniture, and pulp & paper). The model consists of 32 behavioral equations, explaining supply, consumption, exports and imports, and prices for consumption and trade for each market, plus 18 summation and market-clearing identities. Model estimation is based on 41 years (1975–2015) of data collected, organized, and transformed through a meticulous process. Rigorous validation confirms the CFSM's robustness and reliability. The model's application is demonstrated by estimating wood availability and impacts under several plantation expansion scenarios, and the monetary effects of expanding Colombia's wood products industry. The paper opens new frontiers of research in FSMs.
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Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103353
Luca Bortolotti , Marta Marson , Donatella Saccone
This study examines the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on deforestation in non-OECD countries, in consideration of the potential trade-offs between economic objectives and environmental concerns and the pollution haven hypothesis. The study applies a multilevel fixed effects estimator to an original panel dataset of more than 4500 locations that received FDI across 120 countries between 2003 and 2019 and considers the sectors and sub-sectors of investment projects to examine heterogeneous land intensity in agricultural and food activities. Three main conclusions emerge. First, the food sector is primarily responsible for FDI-driven forest loss, while FDI projects in other sectors do not seem to significantly contribute to deforestation. Second, forest loss induced by food FDI is driven by specific sub-sectors; in particular, FDI projects in the food trade and services sub-sector seem to be significant, which is likely attributable to increased demand for local agricultural production. Third, animal industry FDI has the most significant impact on forest loss where the forest land cover is dominant.
{"title":"Food and the forest: A spatial analysis on the nexus between foreign direct investment and deforestation","authors":"Luca Bortolotti , Marta Marson , Donatella Saccone","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on deforestation in non-OECD countries, in consideration of the potential trade-offs between economic objectives and environmental concerns and the pollution haven hypothesis. The study applies a multilevel fixed effects estimator to an original panel dataset of more than 4500 locations that received FDI across 120 countries between 2003 and 2019 and considers the sectors and sub-sectors of investment projects to examine heterogeneous land intensity in agricultural and food activities. Three main conclusions emerge. First, the food sector is primarily responsible for FDI-driven forest loss, while FDI projects in other sectors do not seem to significantly contribute to deforestation. Second, forest loss induced by food FDI is driven by specific sub-sectors; in particular, FDI projects in the food trade and services sub-sector seem to be significant, which is likely attributable to increased demand for local agricultural production. Third, animal industry FDI has the most significant impact on forest loss where the forest land cover is dominant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 103353"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142422303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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