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The implementation of agroforestry in Namibia: A street-level bureaucracy perspective 纳米比亚农林业的实施:从街道官僚机构的角度看问题
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103299

Street Level Bureaucrats (SLBs) play a crucial role as frontline public officials tasked with implementing policies on the ground. Despite their significance, the specific challenges that they face in the context of agroforestry policy implementation remain understudied. This research aims to fill this gap by investigating the challenges and coping strategies of the SLBs who implement agroforestry policies in Namibia. In addition, we aim to understand how these coping strategies hinder or facilitate the implementation of agroforestry. Drawing upon Lipsky’s theory of Street Level Bureaucracy, a qualitative research approach was employed which included document analysis, on-field observation, and interviews. We interviewed eighteen (18) SLBs from the Forestry and Agriculture departments across five regions in Namibia. The findings show that organisational settings, personal norms, and coping strategies of rationing, husbanding and ambidexterity influence policy implementation and consequently the outcomes of agroforestry initiatives. The study emphasizes the critical role of government support, clear policy formulation, resource alignment, and creating an enabling environment to empower SLBs in their implementation activities. Furthermore, this study contributes to exploring Lipsky’s Street-Level Bureaucracy theory within the context of agroforestry policy implementation, and in settings that are similar to Namibia. We conclude that while the theory offers valuable insights, it may not fully capture the complexity of policy implementation in these contexts, especially considering the influence of informal factors. Acknowledging this, future research should consider integrating the informal and cultural context to better address these complexities.

街道办事处官员 (SLB) 作为负责实地执行政策的一线公职人员,发挥着至关重要的作用。尽管他们非常重要,但他们在农林政策实施过程中面临的具体挑战仍未得到充分研究。本研究旨在通过调查在纳米比亚执行农林政策的 SLB 所面临的挑战和应对策略来填补这一空白。此外,我们还旨在了解这些应对策略如何阻碍或促进农林业的实施。借鉴利普斯基的 "街道官僚制 "理论,我们采用了定性研究方法,包括文件分析、实地观察和访谈。我们采访了纳米比亚五个地区林业和农业部门的十八(18)名基层官员。研究结果表明,组织环境、个人规范以及定量配给、厉行节约和灵活变通的应对策略影响了政策的实施,进而影响了农林业举措的成果。本研究强调了政府支持、明确的政策制定、资源调整以及创造有利环境以增强可持续土地管理机构在其实施活动中的能力所发挥的关键作用。此外,本研究还有助于在农林业政策实施的背景下,在与纳米比亚相似的环境中探索利普斯基的街道官僚机构理论。我们的结论是,虽然该理论提供了宝贵的见解,但它可能无法完全反映这些背景下政策实施的复杂性,特别是考虑到非正式因素的影响。有鉴于此,未来的研究应考虑将非正式因素和文化背景结合起来,以更好地应对这些复杂性。
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引用次数: 0
The influence of the competition amongst pressure groups to provide ecosystem services on the optimal rotation length of forest stands 提供生态系统服务的压力群体之间的竞争对林分最佳轮伐期的影响
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103300

A significant segment of the variety of forest ecosystem services is neither demanded nor supplied through market exchange, but is provided essentially through political processes. In this paper, we present an economic analysis of forest stand management under consideration of politically provided ecosystem services. In this, competition between pressure groups seeking to grasp privileges plays an important role. We extend the Hartman model with elements of the pressure group models. We incorporate the amount of the reward derived from the political contest, the effectiveness factor of the forest owner in the political competition and the lobbying investment made by the forest owner. We show that the competition amongst pressure groups has a profound impact on the optimal rotation length compared to the classical solution by Faustmann. We discuss, how the competition amongst pressure groups shapes the optimal rotation length when forest stand management provides multiple forest ecosystem services. We also address the levels of the reward derived from the political contest and the effectiveness factor in the context of the urban–rural interface.

在各种森林生态系统服务中,有很大一部分既不是通过市场交换来需求,也不是通过市场交换来提供,而是主要通过政治过程来提供。在本文中,我们在考虑政治提供的生态系统服务的情况下对林分管理进行了经济分析。在此过程中,寻求特权的压力集团之间的竞争发挥了重要作用。我们扩展了哈特曼模型,加入了压力集团模型的元素。我们纳入了政治竞争所带来的奖励金额、森林所有者在政治竞争中的效率因素以及森林所有者所做的游说投资。我们表明,与福斯特曼的经典解决方案相比,压力集团之间的竞争对最佳轮伐长度有着深远的影响。我们讨论了当林分管理提供多种森林生态系统服务时,压力集团之间的竞争如何影响最佳轮伐期。我们还讨论了在城乡接合部背景下,政治竞争和有效性因素所带来的回报水平。
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引用次数: 0
Forest carbon under increasing product demand and land use change in the US Southeast 美国东南部产品需求增长和土地利用变化条件下的森林碳排放
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103296

Increased demands for timber products remove carbon from forests, however previous literature has suggested that higher resulting prices could spur forestland expansion, ameliorating the forest carbon impacts. We examine the impacts on forest carbon from harvest increases with an empirical forest sector model, coupled with an econometric model of endogenous land use change that differentiates the impacts of population, income, and pine plantation rents among forest management types and non-forest land uses. We explore the sensitivity of forest area and carbon to a suite of scenarios by varying timber product demands combined with a sensitivity analysis on pine plantation responses to pine plantation rents. The econometric results show that pine plantation rents lead to increases in pine plantation area and that all non-urban land uses are negatively related to both per capita income and population. Scenario projections show that (1) higher pulpwood demands driven by wood pellets lead to lower forest carbon outcomes; (2) higher sawtimber demands exacerbate the known cycles in sawtimber prices and result in corresponding cycles in forest area and carbon. All scenarios show increases in forest carbon over time, though some scenarios increase faster than others. Within the study period, the highest forest carbon level is achieved by the high sawtimber demand and low pulpwood demand scenario. Long term growth cycles over the course of the projection period, however, lead to alternating forest carbon outcomes, indicating that conclusions about forest carbon depend on the projection length.

对木材产品需求的增加会清除森林中的碳,但以往的文献表明,由此产生的较高价格可能会刺激林地扩张,从而减轻对森林碳的影响。我们通过一个实证森林部门模型,结合一个内生土地利用变化的计量经济模型,研究了采伐量增加对森林碳的影响,该模型区分了人口、收入和松树种植园租金对森林管理类型和非森林土地利用的影响。我们通过改变木材产品需求,结合松树种植对松树种植租金的敏感性分析,探讨了森林面积和碳对一系列情景的敏感性。计量经济学结果表明,松林租金会导致松林种植面积的增加,而所有非城市土地利用都与人均收入和人口呈负相关。情景预测显示:(1) 木质颗粒燃料对纸浆材需求的增加导致森林碳排放结果的降低;(2) 锯材需求的增加加剧了已知的锯材价格周期,并导致相应的森林面积和碳排放周期。随着时间的推移,所有情景下的森林碳排放量都会增加,但某些情景下的增加速度要快于其他情景。在研究期内,高锯材需求和低浆材需求情景的森林碳含量最高。然而,预测期内的长期增长周期会导致不同的森林碳结果,这表明有关森林碳的结论取决于预测期的长短。
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引用次数: 0
Deciphering the plot preferences of forest contractors when purchasing stumpage through conjoint analysis 通过联合分析解读森林承包商在购买立木时的地块偏好
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103283
Laura Alonso , Juan Picos , Maria del Carmen Iglesias-Pérez , David Iglesias-González , Julia Armesto

In order to have sustainable wood value chains, it is essential to understand the factors that determine the incorporation of wood resources into them. Forest contractors are among the key players in this process. This study evaluates the preferences of forest contractors when purchasing forest parcels. The variables considered are: slope of the terrain, distance to the nearest road, parcel size, parcel shape, and the fragmentation of the surrounding land. The study area is Galicia, a region in northwestern Spain that is dominated by small-scale family forestry. An Attribute Levels Survey was designed to establish threshold values of the considered variables to afterwards perform a Choice Based Conjoint Analysis (CBCA). The CBCA allowed to analyze the preferences of forest contractors in relation to the values of these variables and their relative importance. Also, it allowed to generate a map of the level of preference for all the Galician forest parcels with individual, private ownership. The most noteworthy result of this survey was that size greatly impacts the preference of timber contractors, preceded by slope and followed by distance to roads. These results will aid in the design of landscape-scale policies in a geospatial dimension, like the promotion of forest associations, and will lead to an improvement in the sustainability of wood supply.

要建立可持续的木材价值链,就必须了解决定将木材资源纳入价值链的各种因素。森林承包商是这一过程中的关键参与者之一。本研究评估了森林承包商在购买林地时的偏好。考虑的变量包括:地形坡度、与最近公路的距离、地块大小、地块形状以及周围土地的破碎程度。研究区域为加利西亚,该地区位于西班牙西北部,以小规模家庭林业为主。 我们设计了一项属性水平调查,以确定所考虑变量的临界值,然后进行基于选择的联合分析 (CBCA)。通过 CBCA,可以分析森林承包商对这些变量值及其相对重要性的偏好。此外,它还能绘制出加利西亚所有个人私有林地的偏好程度图。此次调查最值得注意的结果是,面积对木材承包商的偏好有很大影响,其次是坡度,再次是与道路的距离。这些结果将有助于设计地理空间维度的景观尺度政策,如促进森林协会的发展,从而提高木材供应的可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing economic benefits and costs of carbon sinks in boreal rotation forestry 评估北方轮伐林碳汇的经济效益和成本
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103249
Vesa-Pekka Parkatti , Antti Suominen , Olli Tahvonen , Pekka Malo

We study the optimal enhancement of forest carbon sinks via forest management changes in boreal even-aged Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests. The economic–ecological stand-level optimization model integrates a statistical–empirical individual-tree growth model with a comprehensive model for carbon in living trees, wood products, and soil. We use reinforcement learning to optimize for rotation length, thinning timing, and thinning intensity. Carbon dioxide (CO2) pricing has a notable effect on the optimal solutions and on the corresponding CO2 flows and carbon stocks. Under a 1% interest rate, increasing the CO2 price from zero to €100 increases the discounted carbon sink by 83% and the total steady-state carbon stock by 122%. Increasing the CO2 price decreases the economic significance of thinning, and, with a high enough CO2 price, the stand is harvested only with clear-cuts, which are further postponed by CO2 price increases. Decreasing stand volume or total C stock cannot be taken as a sign of an overly mature stand. Depending on the CO2 price and interest rate, the economic benefit–cost ratio of additional carbon sinks via forest management changes varies between 1.9 and 3.7. Overall, the results reveal a high potential to increase the role of boreal managed forests in climate change mitigation.

我们研究了北方偶龄苏格兰松()森林碳汇森林管理变化的优化提升。经济-生态林分级优化模型将统计-经验个体树木生长模型与活体树木、木制品和土壤中的碳综合模型整合在一起。我们利用强化学习来优化轮伐长度、间伐时间和间伐强度。二氧化碳(CO)定价对最优解以及相应的二氧化碳流量和碳储量有显著影响。在利率为 1%的情况下,二氧化碳价格从零增加到 100 欧元,贴现碳汇增加了 83%,稳态总碳储量增加了 122%。二氧化碳价格上涨会降低间伐的经济意义,在二氧化碳价格足够高的情况下,林地只能进行净伐,而净伐又会因二氧化碳价格上涨而进一步推迟。林地面积或总蓄积量的减少不能被视为林地过于成熟的标志。根据二氧化碳价格和利率的不同,额外碳汇森林管理变化的经济效益成本比在 1.9 到 3.7 之间。总之,研究结果表明,提高北方管理林在减缓气候变化方面的作用具有很大潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the impact of tenure arrangements and incentives on sustainable forest use: Evidence from a framed-field experiment in Ethiopia 探索权属安排和激励措施对可持续森林利用的影响:埃塞俄比亚框架实地试验的证据
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103280
Yeshimebet Ayele Tegenie , Robert Sparrow , Erwin Bulte , Frans Bongers

The types of tenurial arrangements and incentives appropriate for the sustainable management of common pool resources (CPRs), such as forests, remain a topic of debate. In this study, we aim to (i) investigate the extraction level of forest resources under short and long-term property rights, and (ii) evaluate the effectiveness of introducing mechanisms that leverage reputation and feelings of guilt in promoting cooperation among CPR users with short-term property rights to reduce over-harvesting. We develop a simple theoretical model to predict the optimal extraction level of a shared forest resource and validate the predictions using data from a framed field experiment conducted in rural Ethiopia. Our findings demonstrate that extraction levels under short-term property rights are higher compared to long-term property rights, aligning with the model predictions. Leveraging reputation and feelings of guilt is effective in bridging the gap in extraction intensity between short- and long-term property rights. However, as implementing reputation requires reliable monitoring that can be costly and challenging in the study context, we propose extending the duration of property rights over shared forest resources as a preferred strategy for curtailing over-extraction.

对于森林等共有资源(CPR)的可持续管理而言,适合的保有权安排和激励措施类型仍是一个争论不休的话题。在本研究中,我们旨在(i)调查短期和长期产权下森林资源的开采水平,以及(ii)评估引入声誉和负罪感机制在促进拥有短期产权的共有资源使用者之间的合作以减少过度采伐的有效性。我们建立了一个简单的理论模型来预测共享森林资源的最佳采伐量,并利用在埃塞俄比亚农村地区进行的框架实地实验数据对预测结果进行了验证。我们的研究结果表明,与长期产权相比,短期产权下的采伐量更高,这与模型的预测一致。利用声誉和负罪感可以有效缩小短期产权和长期产权在开采强度上的差距。然而,由于实施声誉需要可靠的监测,而在研究背景下,监测成本高昂且具有挑战性,因此我们建议延长共享森林资源产权的期限,以此作为遏制过度采伐的首选策略。
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引用次数: 0
Structural policy coordination for forest ecosystem services management in the legal accountability system 法律问责制度中森林生态系统服务管理的结构性政策协调
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103282
Suyeon Min , Hansol Lee , Jeongeun Son , Mi Sun Park

Forests play a pivotal role in delivering diverse ecosystem services, underscoring the need for effective care and management. Ecosystem service management recognizes the importance of integrating forestry within a broader framework that encompasses rural development, agriculture, landscape management, and environmental protection. This study focuses on structural policy coordination for forest management in the legal system requiring multiple actors' obligations with the case of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) by examining the relevant laws. We examined the selected 223 forest-related articles from 56 laws. Forest-related articles were categorized into three ecosystem services—provisioning, supporting and regulating, and cultural services— and analyzed focusing on deontic and actor-oriented meaning based on the concept of legal accountability. The results demonstrated structural policy coordination between the forest and agricultural sectors dominantly to enhance provisioning services for optimizing agricultural productivity while preserving productive forest resources. Policy coordination between the forest and urban sectors was developed dominantly to enhance cultural services of forests through collaborative endeavors for forest and green space planning and management in urban areas. Policy coordination between the forest and environmental sectors was developed dominantly to enhance supporting and regulating services through undertaking collaborative actions for habitat preservation, wildlife protection and soil conservation. This research revealed that structural policy coordination occurred to manage multiple ecosystem services between forest and non-forest sectors in the DPRK. The findings enrich our understanding of coordinated legislation based on the design of legal accountability in forest ecosystem services management.

森林在提供各种生态系统服务方面发挥着举足轻重的作用,因此需要进行有效的养护和管理。生态系统服务管理认识到将林业纳入包括农村发展、农业、景观管理和环境保护在内的更广泛框架的重要性。本研究以朝鲜民主主义人民共和国(DPRK)为例,通过研究相关法律,重点探讨了法律体系中需要多方参与的森林管理结构性政策协调问题。我们从 56 部法律中选取了 223 条与森林相关的条款进行研究。我们将与森林相关的条款分为三种生态系统服务--提供、支持和调节以及文化服务--并根据法律责任的概念,重点分析了以义务和行为者为导向的含义。研究结果表明,森林与农业部门之间的结构性政策协调主要是为了在保护生产性森林资源的同时,加强提供服务,优化农业生产力。森林部门与城市部门之间的政策协调主要是为了通过合作开展城市地区的森林和绿地规划与管理来增强森林的文化服务。森林与环境部门之间的政策协调主要是通过开展栖息地保护、野生动物保护和土壤保持方面的合作行动来加强支持和调节服务。这项研究表明,朝鲜的结构性政策协调是为了管理森林和非森林部门之间的多种生态系统服务。研究结果丰富了我们对基于森林生态系统服务管理法律责任设计的协调立法的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Determining the effectiveness of the forest load capacity factor in assisting decarbonization in India 确定森林负载能力系数在协助印度实现脱碳方面的有效性
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103281
Ugur Korkut Pata , Selin Karlilar Pata

The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased dramatically due to various human activities, with deforestation playing an important role. Forests act as carbon sinks and have the capacity to absorb CO2 and other harmful emissions from the atmosphere. In particular, the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-15 (Life on Land) addresses the importance of reforestation and forest management. Accordingly, this study analyzes the impact of the forest load capacity factor and renewable energy on CO2 emissions in the context of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. For this purpose, the study focuses on India from 1990 to 2021. The empirical results indicate that (i) the EKC hypothesis is valid; (ii) the forest load capacity factor has an inhibitory effect on CO2 emissions; and (iii) renewable energy consumption has no significant effect on ecological degradation. This study points to the crucial role of forest load capacity for ecological sustainability. Moreover, renewable energy sources do not seem to be a viable option to achieve India's environmental goals. Therefore, the Indian government should focus on improving afforestation and forest conservation policies to improve ecological conditions.

由于人类的各种活动,大气中的二氧化碳(CO2)浓度急剧上升,其中森林砍伐发挥了重要作用。森林是碳汇,有能力吸收大气中的二氧化碳和其他有害气体。可持续发展目标(SDG)-15(陆地生活)尤其强调了重新造林和森林管理的重要性。因此,本研究以环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)假设为背景,分析了森林负载能力因子和可再生能源对二氧化碳排放的影响。为此,本研究以 1990 年至 2021 年的印度为研究对象。实证结果表明:(i) EKC 假设成立;(ii) 森林负载能力系数对二氧化碳排放有抑制作用;(iii) 可再生能源消费对生态退化没有显著影响。这项研究指出了森林负载能力对生态可持续性的关键作用。此外,可再生能源似乎并不是实现印度环境目标的可行选择。因此,印度政府应重点改善植树造林和森林保护政策,以改善生态条件。
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引用次数: 0
Innovativeness of Japanese forest owners and municipalities regarding the valorization of forest ecosystem services: Quantitative evaluation of mutual influences 日本森林所有者和市政当局在森林生态系统服务价值化方面的创新性:相互影响的定量评估
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103269
Takuya Takahashi , Yasuto Hori , Ikumi Otsuka , Shingo Shibata , Takahiro Tsuge

The valorization of forest ecosystem services requires actors to innovate and tackle difficulties in realization. We conducted two questionnaire survey series in Japan with forest owners and municipalities—important actors in implementing valorization—to investigate their innovativeness. We measured owners' innovativeness regarding valorization by asking whether they were interested in, planning for, or had implemented four types of valorization: (1) multifunctional payments, (2) habitat payments, (3) non-wood forest products (NWFP) marketing, and (4) forest service industries. Based on spatial autoregressive regression (SAR) analyses of 312 responses, we found that ownership type, age, holding size, and purpose of forest ownership were associated with owners' innovativeness indices. For example, younger owners and the ones with NWFP ownership purpose are more innovative in one or several types of valorization. We also asked municipalities how innovative they were toward using forest environmental transfer tax, a national funding scheme, for implementing or assisting the valorization methods mentioned above. Based on the SAR analyses of 664–670 responses, we identified correlations between innovativeness and several municipal factors such as population size, population changes, areas of private plantation forest ownership, forest ratios, and the importance of agriculture and forestry. Specifically, the coefficients for forest ratio and agriculture/forestry/fishery added value variables were positive in the NWFP model. Relying on the results of the SAR analyses, we evaluated the influences of regional systems of innovation on respondents' innovativeness and found that the influences are statistically and substantially significant.

森林生态系统服务的价值评估需要参与者创新并解决实现过程中的困难。我们在日本对森林所有者和市政当局(实施价值评估的重要参与者)进行了两次系列问卷调查,以调查他们的创新能力。我们通过询问业主是否对以下四种价值评估方式感兴趣、是否正在计划或已经实施,来衡量他们在价值评估方面的创新能力:(1)多功能支付;(2)栖息地支付;(3)非木材林产品(NWFP)营销;(4)森林服务业。基于对 312 个回答的空间自回归分析,我们发现所有权类型、年龄、持有规模和森林所有权的目的与所有者的创新指数相关。例如,年轻的所有者和以西北森林方案为所有权目的的所有者在一种或几种类型的价值评估中更具创新性。我们还询问了市政当局在利用森林环境转让税(一项国家资助计划)实施或协助上述价值评估方法方面的创新程度。根据对 664-670 份答复的 SAR 分析,我们确定了创新性与多个市政因素之间的相关性,如人口规模、人口变化、私人种植林所有权面积、森林比率以及农业和林业的重要性。具体而言,在西北边境省模型中,森林比率和农业/林业/渔业附加值变量的系数为正。根据特区分析的结果,我们评估了区域创新体系对受访者创新能力的影响,发现这些影响在统计上具有显著性。
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引用次数: 0
Forest certification and its impact on business management and market performance: The key role of motivations 森林认证及其对企业管理和市场绩效的影响:动机的关键作用
IF 4 2区 农林科学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103266
Mikel Zubizarreta , Germán Arana-Landín , Waleska Siguenza , Jesús Cuadrado

The impact of forest certification standards on firm management and market performance is analysed in this paper, so as to isolate the influence of internal (moral and learning) and external (market and signalling) sources of motivation. To do so, three propositions are formulated and then empirically tested on a sample of Spanish companies certified by the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC). In the structural model, the association of the external motivations with management performance was not confirmed, although the one of internal motivations was significant and companies certified due to internal reasons yielded greater benefits. Our results suggested that the implementation of forest certification per se will not improve overall performance. Moreover, when the standard is internally driven, it is reasonable to expect the implementation of the necessary measures to improve management performance, using the guidelines prescribed by such standard. The findings may be used to characterize certified firms and to anticipate the benefits of both the implementation and the certification of the standard, shedding light on the associations between the motivational factors and the benefits of forest certification standards, a field which has yet to be addressed.

本文分析了森林认证标准对企业管理和市场绩效的影响,以区分内部(道德和学习)和外部(市场和信号)动力源的影响。为此,本文提出了三个命题,并以获得森林认证认可计划(PEFC)认证的西班牙公司为样本进行了实证检验。在结构模型中,外部动机与管理绩效之间的关联没有得到证实,但内部动机之间的关联显著,因内部原因获得认证的公司收益更大。我们的研究结果表明,实施森林认证本身并不会提高整体绩效。此外,当标准是由内部驱动的时候,我们有理由期待企业利用该标准所规定的准则来实施必要的措施,以提高管理绩效。这些研究结果可用于描述认证企业的特点,并预测标准的实施和认证所带来的益处,从而揭示森林认证标准的动机因素与益处之间的关联,而这一领域的研究尚有待深入。
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引用次数: 0
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