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THE FORMULA “GOVERNMENT OF TRUST” IN THE PERCEPTIONS OF THE PUBLIC. FROM THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL CONCEPTS ON THE EVE OF 1917 公众对“信任政府”的看法。从1917年前夕的政治观念史来看
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.28995/2686-7249-2021-7-74-82
A. Astashov
The article, based on archival materials, deals with the transformation of the power formula in Russia during World War I from the “government of trust” to the “government responsible to the people”. The evolution of that political strategy is analyzed in relation to the objective requirements for all warring countries to a new type of war, which were the national unity, including the widest strata of the population, and the national economy regulation, limiting market mechanisms and leading to the transition of the economy to the rails of comprehensive regulation right up to planning. The article focuses on the specifics in the formation of representation for public and democratic elements in the public organizations of All-Russian unions of zemstvos ( system of local administration) and cities, which provided support for the change of the formula of power depending on the socio-political processes during the war. The author comes to the conclusion that in the Russia conditions it occurred within the framework of the change of the power formula: from the “trust government”, responsible to the “Progressive bloc” of the census State Duma (1915), to the concept of the government responsible to the bloc of census public elements within the “trust government before the country” (1915–1916) and then under the pressure of a broad bloc of democratic public elements in the city and the countryside involved in the organization of the country for defense and of the national economy to the formula of “government responsible to the people” (1916 – early 1917).
本文以档案资料为基础,论述了第一次世界大战期间俄国政权模式从“信任政府”向“对人民负责的政府”的转变。这一政治战略的演变是根据所有交战国家对一种新型战争的客观要求来分析的,这些要求是民族团结,包括最广泛的人口阶层,以及国家经济管制,限制市场机制并导致经济过渡到全面管制直至计划的轨道。本文的重点是在全俄地方行政系统和城市工会的公共组织中形成公共和民主因素代表的具体情况,这为战争期间根据社会政治进程改变权力公式提供了支持。作者得出结论,在俄罗斯的条件下,它发生在权力公式变化的框架内:从对人口普查国家杜马(1915年)的“进步集团”负责的“信托政府”,从“信任政府先于国家”(1915-1916)的政府对人口普查的公共要素集团负责的概念,到在城市和农村广泛的民主公共要素集团的压力下参与国家国防和国民经济的组织,再到“政府对人民负责”的公式(1916 - 1917年初)。
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引用次数: 0
ON THE PRINCIPLES OF DEPICTING INTERNAL SPACE IN RUSSIAN ICONOGRAPHY 论俄国肖像学中描绘内部空间的原则
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.28995/2686-7249-2021-5-69-92
D. Antonov
The article discusses four key principles of demonstrating the inner space in Russian iconography. The first three techniques are different variations of framing the characters with an architectural or geometric ‘border’. These are: placing the figures against the background of buildings that in such case themselves play the role of a frame that bringing the characters inside the depicted house; a ‘retractable’ architectural element– a colonnade or wall that frames the characters from behind and brings them into the interior space; finally, the nutrovye palaty (inner chambers) – a frame that ‘cuts’ the building with high arches and allows the painter to show both the interior of the building and fragments of its exterior. Similar principles of ‘cutting’ the composition with frames, ‘bordering’ a number of characters with a geometric line, were used to demonstrate scenes related to another time or space (visions, events of the past or future, etc.). The fourth technique was the partial overlap of the depicted figure with an architectural element (a person looking out from behind a column, from a window, from a doorway). It is based on the impression of an outside observer and refers no longer to the conventional, but to realistic techniques in painting. As shown in the article, all four variants coexisted in Russian iconography and could easily complement each other in a composition. The paper demonstrates the functioning of each of those techniques based on the corpus of Russian icons and miniatures.
本文论述了俄罗斯肖像学中表现内在空间的四个关键原则。前三种技巧是用建筑或几何“边界”来框定角色的不同变体。这些方法是:将人物放在建筑物的背景上,在这种情况下,这些建筑物本身起着框架的作用,将人物带入所描绘的房屋;一个“可伸缩”的建筑元素——一个柱廊或墙壁,从后面塑造人物,并将他们带入室内空间;最后,nutrovye palaty(内室)——一个用高拱门“切割”建筑的框架,允许画家展示建筑的内部和外部的碎片。类似的用框架“切割”构图的原则,用几何线“边界”一些人物,被用来展示与另一个时间或空间相关的场景(愿景,过去或未来的事件等)。第四种技巧是将所描绘的人物与建筑元素部分重叠(一个人从柱子后面、从窗户、从门口向外看)。它基于外部观察者的印象,不再是传统的,而是绘画中的现实主义技术。如本文所示,这四种变体在俄罗斯图像中共存,并且可以很容易地在构图中相互补充。本文以俄文图标和微缩图的语料库为基础,对这些技术的功能进行了论证。
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引用次数: 0
"NOT FAT BUT BODY POSITIVE": WORD-FORMATION ACTIVITY OF THE LATEST LOAN WORDS IN TEXTS OF MEDIA “不胖而体正”:媒体文本中最新借词的构词活动
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.28995/2686-7249-2019-9-151-159
Y. Yakovleva
. Article is devoted to the one of the debatable linguistic issues – the emergence in the Russian language of foreign loanwords and their adaptation in media. Media-centric quality of the modern culture makes the journalistic text the basic platform for linguistic innovation, including emergence of derivative words. The purpose of this article – to establish whether some latest loanwords functioning in texts of media match the criteria elaborated by linguists for words which are capable to take the place among terminological lexicon. One of indicators for the viability of the latest loanwords is their word-formation potential. The author draws a conclusion that using those words in the media text journalists seek to give to the issue considered by them a legal status. At the same time using the derivative of those lexemes of various parts of speech in media demonstrates the viability of the latest loanwords in the Russian-speaking environment and allows predicting their further absorption by Russian language, in particular – in publicistic style.
。本文探讨了俄语中外来词的出现及其在媒体中的适应问题,这是语言学中一个颇有争议的问题。现代文化的媒介中心性使新闻文本成为语言创新的基本平台,衍生词的出现也成为语言创新的基本平台。本文的目的是确定媒体语篇中一些最新的外来词是否符合语言学家所制定的术语词汇中能够占据一席之地的标准。最新外来词的生存能力指标之一是其构词潜力。作者认为,记者在媒体文本中使用这些词语是为了使他们所考虑的问题具有法律地位。同时,在媒体中使用这些词性词汇的衍生词表明了最新的外来词在俄语环境中的生存能力,并可以预测它们在俄语语言中的进一步吸收,特别是在宣传风格中。
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引用次数: 0
VISUALIZATION OF THE IMAGE OF A “BIRD SPREADING ITS WINGS OVER ITS NESTLINGS” (MAT. 23:37–38) IN WESTERN CHRISTIAN ART 西方基督教艺术中“鸟在雏鸟上展开翅膀”(太23:37-38)形象的形象化
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.28995/2686-7249-2022-1-211-226
Anna V. Pozhidaeva
The allegorical painting by Frans Floris (Louvre collection) was given a number of names, including ‘Allegory of the Trinity’. There are some unconventional elements in the composition of the ‘Adoration of the Trinity’, including the wings flanking the cross, and a hen with her chicks underneath it. Several quotations from both the Old and the New Testaments are used to clarify the message of the painting. In this article an attempt is made to review the significance of the image of a bird spreading its wings over its nestlings. Old and New Testament traditions, both textual and iconographic, will be reviewed. Recent analysis by Edward W. Wouk will be complemented with several texts and relating to the Holy Mother in the Franciscan tradition. These images and texts come from late medieval miscellanies of “exempla”, and are believed by Wouk to be inspired by the poem ‘Gallina’ by Alardus of Amsterdam and for the conception of Floris’ painting of the Trinity
弗朗斯·弗洛里斯的这幅讽喻画(卢浮宫收藏)被赋予了许多名字,包括“三位一体的寓言”。在“三位一体崇拜”的构图中有一些非常规的元素,包括十字架两侧的翅膀,以及一只母鸡和她的小鸡在它下面。从旧约和新约中引用了几句话来阐明这幅画的信息。在这篇文章中,我们试图回顾一只鸟在它的雏鸟上展开翅膀的形象的意义。旧约和新约传统,文本和图像,将进行审查。爱德华W.沃克最近的分析将补充一些文本,并与方济各会传统中的圣母有关。这些图像和文本来自中世纪晚期的“范例”杂记,沃克认为这些图像和文本的灵感来自阿姆斯特丹的Alardus的诗“Gallina”和弗洛里斯的三位一体画的概念
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引用次数: 0
THE IDENTITY OF THE AUTHOR OF A SCIENTIFIC TEXT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE SENDER AND RECIPIENT 从发送者和接收者的角度看科学文本的作者身份
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.28995/2686-7249-2022-8-253-265
I. Baklanova
The subject of the article is the linguistic means of reflecting in a scientific text the personality of its author in terms of, firstly, the communicative intentions of the author, and secondly, the perception of the recipient of this text. The article also considers the degree of objectivity in the construction of a scientific text. It is shown that the image of the author of a scientific text, revealed in terms of the communicative intentions of the sender of the text, and the image of the author, perceived by its recipient, may not coincide. As a theoretical basis of the study, the observations of M.Yu. Fedosyuk about different types of implicit information were used. On the basis of so-called “subtext” implicit information, i.e. information, the transmission of which was a part of the hidden communicative intentions of the sender of the text, the so-called “intentional” image of the author can be deduced. On the basis of so-called “non-text” implicit information, i.e. information, the transmission of which was not included in the communicative intentions of the sender of the text, the “perceptual” image of the author can be deduced. In addition, as a basis for determining the degree of objectivity of the construction of the text the typology of the observer’s points of view, developed by B.A. Uspensky, was used. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the coincidence of the intentional and perceptual images of the author testifies to the objectivity of the construction of the text, the discrepancy – to its subjectivity.
本文的主题是在科学文本中反映作者个性的语言手段,首先是作者的交际意图,其次是文本接受者的感知。文章还探讨了科学文本构建中的客观性程度。研究表明,科学文本的作者形象,从文本发送者的交际意图来看,与作者形象,由其接受者感知,可能不一致。作为本研究的理论基础,本文采用了于先生的观察结果。使用了Fedosyuk关于不同类型的隐性信息。根据所谓的“潜台词”隐含信息,即信息的传递是文本发送者隐藏的交际意图的一部分,可以推断出作者的所谓“有意”形象。在所谓“非文本”隐含信息的基础上,即不包含在文本发送者交际意图中的信息的传递,可以推断出作者的“感性”形象。此外,作为确定文本结构客观性程度的基础,采用了由乌斯宾斯基(b.a Uspensky)开发的观察者观点类型学。分析发现,作者意向性形象与感性形象的重合证明了文本建构的客观性,差异则证明了文本建构的主体性。
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引用次数: 0
THE RESOLUTION OF EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT "ON THE IMPORTANCE OF EUROPEAN REMEMBRANCE FOR THE FUTURE OF EUROPE" FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF WEB PORTAL "SPUTNIK ESTONIA" 从门户网站“sputnik爱沙尼亚”的角度看欧洲议会“关于欧洲纪念对欧洲未来的重要性”的决议。
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.28995/2686-7249-2020-6-38-44
D. I. Buldakova
The article is about the coverage of European Parliament’s resolution “On the importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe” in the articles of web portal “Sputnik Estonia” which is a part of IIA “Rossiya segodnya” and is focused on the Baltic countries. The attitude on the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (that was signed in 1939 by USSR and the Hitler’s Germany) is analysed; this treaty is deeply condemned in the resolution and, oppositely, is justified by Russian politics and media. The articles of other Russian media contextually related to the topic are contemplated. The conclusion is about “Sputnik Estonia”’s propagandic matrix: the European countries are trying to rewrite the history what eventually may lead to the rehabilitation of Nazism. Russia is standing opposite to that and interpreting the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and the consequences the right way. It seems that this matrix geared towards the senior generation of the Baltics’ citizens grown up on Soviet traditions.
这篇文章是关于欧洲议会决议“关于欧洲纪念对欧洲未来的重要性”在门户网站“Sputnik Estonia”上的报道,该网站是IIA“Rossiya segodnya”的一部分,主要关注波罗的海国家。分析了对《苏德互不侵犯条约》(Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939年由苏联和希特勒领导的德国签订)的态度;该条约在决议中受到严重谴责,相反,俄罗斯政治和媒体为该条约辩护。其他俄罗斯媒体与该主题相关的文章也在考虑之中。结论是关于“爱沙尼亚卫星”的宣传矩阵:欧洲国家正试图改写历史,最终可能导致纳粹主义的复兴。俄罗斯站在对立面,以正确的方式解释《苏德互不侵犯条约》及其后果。这个矩阵似乎是针对在苏联传统下长大的波罗的海国家的老一代公民的。
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引用次数: 0
"WHAT ARE THEY WORRIED ABOUT? WHY ARE THEY SMILING?": EMOTIONAL REPERTOIRE IN MAGAZINES’ PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE THAW “他们在担心什么?”他们为什么在笑?:杂志上冰雪融化照片中的情感曲目
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.28995/2686-7249-2019-5-129-147
Ekaterina I. Vikulina
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引用次数: 0
THE BELT OF BISHOP CAESARIUS OF ARLES. BETWEEN THE "THING" AND THE "SYMBOL" 阿尔勒凯撒留斯主教的腰带。在"物"和"符号"之间
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.28995/2686-7249-2021-5-10-30
Darya M. Omelchenko
The article studies the question whether bishop Caesarius of Arles (503–542) could be the owner of a leather belt with an ivory buckle from the Museum of Antique Arles. The issue is the absence of narrative sources directly proving that idea. High price of the object did not match the bishop’s ascetic reputation. Still that did not preclude that someone from the closest circle of his associates or supporters could make that gift to Caesarius. The article studies the ornament of the movable ring of the buckle and the iconographic type of the plot of the Resurrection of Christ carved on its surface. Some parts of the belt, its decoration and manufacturing techniques find parallels with various artifacts (buckles, sarcophagi, diptychs) stored in other museums or discovered during archaeological excavations in Gaul. A review of the elements of the liturgical vestments of the clergy of Late Antiquity led to the conclusion that the belt could not have a liturgical status. On the basis of narrative sources related to the life and work of Caesarius, the author makes assumptions about the possible extra-liturgical contexts of wearing such a belt. The data presented in the study make it possible not only to attribute the belt to the period of bishop Caesarius’s life, but also to consider the latter as the most likely owner of the thing.
本文研究了阿尔勒主教凯撒留斯(503-542)是否可能是阿尔勒古董博物馆中象牙扣皮带的主人。问题是缺乏直接证明这一观点的叙述来源。这件物品的高价与主教的苦行僧名声不相称。但这并不排除他的亲信或支持者圈子里的人会给凯撒留斯送礼物。本文研究了扣环活动环的装饰及其表面雕刻的耶稣复活情节的肖像类型。腰带的某些部分,其装饰和制造技术与其他博物馆或高卢考古发掘中发现的各种文物(扣、石棺、双联画)相似。对古代晚期神职人员的礼拜服要素的回顾得出结论,腰带不可能具有礼拜地位。根据与凯撒留斯的生活和工作有关的叙述来源,作者对佩戴这种腰带可能的礼仪外背景进行了假设。研究中提供的数据不仅可以将腰带归因于凯撒留斯主教的生活时期,而且可以认为后者最有可能是腰带的主人。
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引用次数: 0
THE ASPIRATION FOR INTERNAL DIALOGUE AS LYRICAL SUBJECTS’ SELF-REFLECTION FORM IN WORKS OF V. TSOI AND I. KORMIL’TSEV 蔡国强与柯密采夫作品中作为抒情主体自我反思形式的内心对话诉求
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.28995/2686-7249-2021-3-84-91
Z. Stankovich
The article examines the issue of internal dialogue possibility as a way to oneself in the form of literary self-reflection on the material of V. Tsoi’s and I. Kormil’tsev’s works. For that purpose, a comparative analysis of the songs’ texts “Ya – asfal’t” by V. Tsoi and “Nikomunikabelnost” by I. Kormil’tsev is carried out. The lyrical subjects of both authors use such “auxiliary means” as letter (Tsoi) and telephone (Kormil’tsev) in order to reach internal dialog. It is revealed that those means of communication and contact with oneself create an effect of maximal defamiliarization, the ability to look at oneself as at different subject and thus enter the space of self-reflection which is a characteristic feature of Russian rock poetry’s authors worldview. Both poets somehow raise the issue of loneliness. The lyrical subject of Tsoi is closed in his own world where he plays various life roles but at the same time he thinks about the possibility of access to other people. Kormil’tsev’s text, on the contrary, presents excessive communication with other individuals which ultimately hampers the internal dialogue of the lyrical subject. Hence the hero gets into a tragic situation: he has no time and opportunity to communicate with himself but also no desire to open his soul to abstract interlocutors. The self-reflection attempt in the work of Tsoi can be considered largely successful, while the lyrical subject of Kormil’tsev despite repeated efforts can not establish contact with himself.
本文以蔡氏和柯密采夫的作品为素材,以文学自我反思的形式,探讨内在对话可能性作为一种自我途径的问题。为此,本文对V. Tsoi的《Ya - asfal ' t》和I. Kormil ' tsev的《Nikomunikabelnost》这两首歌的歌词进行了比较分析。两位作者的抒情主体都使用书信、电话等“辅助手段”来达到内心对话。这些与自己的交流和接触的方式产生了一种最大程度的陌生化效果,使人们能够把自己看作不同的主体,从而进入自我反思的空间,这是俄罗斯摇滚诗歌作者的世界观的一个特征。两位诗人都在某种程度上提出了孤独的问题。蔡氏的抒情主题是封闭在自己的世界里,他扮演着各种各样的生活角色,但同时他也在思考与他人接触的可能性。相反,科尔米尔采夫的文本呈现出与其他个体的过度交流,最终阻碍了抒情主体的内部对话。因此,主人公陷入了一种悲剧的境地:他既没有时间和机会与自己交流,也没有意愿向抽象的对话者敞开心扉。蔡氏作品中的自我反思尝试在很大程度上可以说是成功的,而柯米尔采夫的抒情主体尽管一再努力,却无法与自己建立联系。
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引用次数: 1
SOME NOTES ON ARTISTIC LIFE IN THESSALONICA DURING THE LATIN RULE (1204-1224) 关于拉丁统治时期(1204-1224)塞萨洛尼卡艺术生活的一些注释
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.28995/2686-7249-2023-1-99-116
M. I. Yakovleva
The article summarizes opinions and hypotheses put forward in the research literature regarding the activities of Thessalonian workshops in the time of the Latin kingdom of Thessaloniki (1204–1224). The material under consideration covers works of enamel art, eulogies associated with the veneration of the city’s patron, St. Demetrius, and icons and fragments of monumental paintings preserved in the city and its environs. These works of art, which are remarkable for their stylistic diversity and have not been assigned firm dates, hardly allow us to reconstruct the artistic life of this period in clear outlines. Nevertheless, they provide rich material for further discussion of the interactions of Thessalonian artists with artisans from other regions (both of the Byzantine world and of the West), as well as of their participation in the development of a new pictorial language in Byzantine art.
本文总结了研究文献中关于塞萨洛尼基拉丁王国(1204-1224)时期塞萨洛尼基工场活动的观点和假设。正在考虑的材料包括珐琅艺术作品,与城市赞助人圣德米特里乌斯的崇敬有关的悼词,以及保存在城市及其周边地区的纪念性绘画的图标和碎片。这些艺术作品因其风格的多样性而引人注目,并且没有确定的日期,很难让我们清晰地重建这一时期的艺术生活。然而,它们为进一步讨论帖撒罗尼亚艺术家与来自其他地区(拜占庭世界和西方)的工匠的互动,以及他们参与拜占庭艺术中新的绘画语言的发展提供了丰富的材料。
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引用次数: 0
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RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series
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