Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10641220009351393
Y. Dubitsky, A. Zaopo, O. Efimov, Y. Korneenkov, E. P. Krinichnaya, A. P. Moravskiǐ, V. Strelets, L. Tkachenko
Abstract It was shown by cyclic voltammetry and preparative electrolysis that electrochemical deposition of alkali fullerides in aprotic media leads to the formation of the conducting films on such electrode supports as Pt, Ni, ITO glass, carbon fibres etc., possessing ordered cubic type structures.
{"title":"Layered Materials by Electrochemical Deposition of Alkali Fullerides","authors":"Y. Dubitsky, A. Zaopo, O. Efimov, Y. Korneenkov, E. P. Krinichnaya, A. P. Moravskiǐ, V. Strelets, L. Tkachenko","doi":"10.1080/10641220009351393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641220009351393","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It was shown by cyclic voltammetry and preparative electrolysis that electrochemical deposition of alkali fullerides in aprotic media leads to the formation of the conducting films on such electrode supports as Pt, Ni, ITO glass, carbon fibres etc., possessing ordered cubic type structures.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"63 1","pages":"17 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75833593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10641220009351396
R. Taylor, A. Abdul-Sada
Abstract Careful re-examination of the Cretacous-Tertiary boundary layer material that was reported earlier to contain C60, confirms that there is a peak in the HPLC of the extract having a retention time similar to that of C60 (the basis of the earlier claim). However, mass spectrometric analysis shows this to be merely a mixture of hydrocarbons. No traces of either C60 or C70 are present under conditions capable of detecting as little as 50 pg (0.001 part per billion in the original material), this sensitivity being four times greater than that given in the earlier report. These findings are entirely consistent with the known high oxidative instability of fullerenes.
{"title":"There are no Fullerenes in the K-T Boundary Layer","authors":"R. Taylor, A. Abdul-Sada","doi":"10.1080/10641220009351396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641220009351396","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Careful re-examination of the Cretacous-Tertiary boundary layer material that was reported earlier to contain C60, confirms that there is a peak in the HPLC of the extract having a retention time similar to that of C60 (the basis of the earlier claim). However, mass spectrometric analysis shows this to be merely a mixture of hydrocarbons. No traces of either C60 or C70 are present under conditions capable of detecting as little as 50 pg (0.001 part per billion in the original material), this sensitivity being four times greater than that given in the earlier report. These findings are entirely consistent with the known high oxidative instability of fullerenes.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"72 1","pages":"47 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73361329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10641220009351395
F. Cataldo
Abstract C70 was photopolymerized in solution of CCl4 under nitrogen flow by an high pressure mercury lamp. The resulting photoproduct was still soluble in common solvents and has been studied by electronic and FT-IR spectroscopy. FT-IR spectroscopy reveals a very peculiar band pattern never reported to date for C70 photoproduct. Since this band pattern is very similar to that of C60 photopolymer, it suggests that C70 photoproduct should have a chemical structure very close to that assigned to C60 photopolymer and piezopolymer. The role played by CCl4 in C70 photopolymerization seems to be comparable to that already reported for C60, i.e. it acts as a polymerization promoter.
{"title":"On the Action of Ultraviolet Light on C70 Fullerene","authors":"F. Cataldo","doi":"10.1080/10641220009351395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641220009351395","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract C70 was photopolymerized in solution of CCl4 under nitrogen flow by an high pressure mercury lamp. The resulting photoproduct was still soluble in common solvents and has been studied by electronic and FT-IR spectroscopy. FT-IR spectroscopy reveals a very peculiar band pattern never reported to date for C70 photoproduct. Since this band pattern is very similar to that of C60 photopolymer, it suggests that C70 photoproduct should have a chemical structure very close to that assigned to C60 photopolymer and piezopolymer. The role played by CCl4 in C70 photopolymerization seems to be comparable to that already reported for C60, i.e. it acts as a polymerization promoter.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"33 1","pages":"39 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81522039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10641220009351397
Xuan Sun, Zhihua Lu, S. Goh, W. Ji
Abstract Nonlinear optical properties of a C60 derivative, benzylaminofullerene [C60Hn(NHCH2C6H5)n] and its copolymers with methyl methacrylate or ethyl methacrylate were observed carefully by using the nanosecond laser pulses at 532 nm. These copolymers have been proved to be promising materials for optical limiting applications.
{"title":"Nonlinear Optical Properties of Copolymers of Benzylaminofullerene with Methyl Methacrylate or Ethyl Methacrylate","authors":"Xuan Sun, Zhihua Lu, S. Goh, W. Ji","doi":"10.1080/10641220009351397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641220009351397","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nonlinear optical properties of a C60 derivative, benzylaminofullerene [C60Hn(NHCH2C6H5)n] and its copolymers with methyl methacrylate or ethyl methacrylate were observed carefully by using the nanosecond laser pulses at 532 nm. These copolymers have been proved to be promising materials for optical limiting applications.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"7 1","pages":"55 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80570830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10641220009351394
B. Todorović-Marković, Z. Marković, T. Nenadovic
Abstract A kinetic model of the formation of stable metal-carbon clusters, which have been designated metallocarbohedrenes, is developed. The metals chosen for the theoretical analysis were titanium and zirconium. An optimum starting composition of composite electrodes was found. The fullerene and Met-Car yields for different metal-to-carbon mass ratios were determined. The maximum yield of Ti8C12 was 0.4% while the maximum yield of Zr8C12 was 0.6%. The theoretical mass spectra of carbon and metallocarbon clusters were explored.
{"title":"Kinetic Model of Metallocarbohedrene Formation in Arc Plasma Generator","authors":"B. Todorović-Marković, Z. Marković, T. Nenadovic","doi":"10.1080/10641220009351394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641220009351394","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A kinetic model of the formation of stable metal-carbon clusters, which have been designated metallocarbohedrenes, is developed. The metals chosen for the theoretical analysis were titanium and zirconium. An optimum starting composition of composite electrodes was found. The fullerene and Met-Car yields for different metal-to-carbon mass ratios were determined. The maximum yield of Ti8C12 was 0.4% while the maximum yield of Zr8C12 was 0.6%. The theoretical mass spectra of carbon and metallocarbon clusters were explored.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"21 1","pages":"27 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84459359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10641220009351392
D. Galván, R. Rangel, E. Adem
Abstract The discovery of multi-walled carbon nanotubes1 and single-walled carbon nanotubes2 has prompted numerous studies of the structure, properties3,4, and potential applications5,6of these materials. For example, nanotubes are expected to have a high strength-to-weight ratio6, which is advantageous in advanced composites to be used in high performance materials such as aircraft frames. The small dimensions of the tubes show promise for use as a gas absorption medium7, a field emitter for use in flat-panel displays8, and nanoscale electronic devices9.
{"title":"WSe2 Nanotubes: Their Formation by Electron Irradiation","authors":"D. Galván, R. Rangel, E. Adem","doi":"10.1080/10641220009351392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641220009351392","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The discovery of multi-walled carbon nanotubes1 and single-walled carbon nanotubes2 has prompted numerous studies of the structure, properties3,4, and potential applications5,6of these materials. For example, nanotubes are expected to have a high strength-to-weight ratio6, which is advantageous in advanced composites to be used in high performance materials such as aircraft frames. The small dimensions of the tubes show promise for use as a gas absorption medium7, a field emitter for use in flat-panel displays8, and nanoscale electronic devices9.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"15 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81042254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10641220009351403
Z. Slanina
The book is a new and fresh contributed volume on fullerene chemistry, consisting of six individual chapters. The chapters are devoted to selected attractive topics from fullerene organic chemistry and materials science. The volume deals primarily with fullerene derivatives rather than with pristine fullerenes. The book opens with a chapter on principles of fullerene reactivity written by A. Hirsch. The chapter surveys present knowledge and reactivity principles linked to the geometric and electronic properties. The principles are summarized into six reactivity rules (pyramidalization, electronegativity, bond alternation, regiochemistry of additions, higher adducts, inert concave surface chemical Faraday cage). Y. Rubin discusses ring opening reactions of fullerenes and designed approaches to endohedral metal complexes. He argues that ring opening reactions actually have the potential to provide easy access to endohedral metttllofullerenes on a large scale (including those with transition metals). Although several problems still have to be addressed in order to form widely open orifices, they do not seem insurmountable. The state of the art in heterofullerene chemistry is reviewed by J. C. Hummelen, C. Bellavia-Lund and F. Wudl. They in particular deal with azafullerenes the synthetic routes towards aza[60]fullerene and aza"i;O]fullerene and their derivatives. Physicochemical properties of azafullerenes are also
{"title":"Andreas Hirsch, Ed.: Fullerenes and Related Structures Springer-Verlag, Berlin — Heidelberg, 1999","authors":"Z. Slanina","doi":"10.1080/10641220009351403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641220009351403","url":null,"abstract":"The book is a new and fresh contributed volume on fullerene chemistry, consisting of six individual chapters. The chapters are devoted to selected attractive topics from fullerene organic chemistry and materials science. The volume deals primarily with fullerene derivatives rather than with pristine fullerenes. The book opens with a chapter on principles of fullerene reactivity written by A. Hirsch. The chapter surveys present knowledge and reactivity principles linked to the geometric and electronic properties. The principles are summarized into six reactivity rules (pyramidalization, electronegativity, bond alternation, regiochemistry of additions, higher adducts, inert concave surface chemical Faraday cage). Y. Rubin discusses ring opening reactions of fullerenes and designed approaches to endohedral metal complexes. He argues that ring opening reactions actually have the potential to provide easy access to endohedral metttllofullerenes on a large scale (including those with transition metals). Although several problems still have to be addressed in order to form widely open orifices, they do not seem insurmountable. The state of the art in heterofullerene chemistry is reviewed by J. C. Hummelen, C. Bellavia-Lund and F. Wudl. They in particular deal with azafullerenes the synthetic routes towards aza[60]fullerene and aza\"i;O]fullerene and their derivatives. Physicochemical properties of azafullerenes are also","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"50 1","pages":"125 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89937556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10641220009351398
G. E. Gadd, M. Collela, M. Blackford, A. Dixon, P. Evans, D. Mcculloch, S. Bulcock, D. Cockayne
Abstract We have shown that Ni metal particles when melted in the presence of C60 form graphitic layers around themselves with the Ni remaining as pure metal and without any evidence of carbide formation. We have successfully encapsulated particles over several orders of magnitude of size from ∼10 nm to several microns. The process has been observed taking place in real time using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The process was not observed when graphite powder was used instead of C60 powder and the Ni similarly heated to melting point, using the electron beam. Heating a mixture of Ni and C60 powders together in a conventional manner also produced encapsulated Ni particles. This suggests that the encapsulation method is thermal in nature although the electron beam does offer the ability to control the process for individual particles. Further research has shown that the encapsulation process can also occur at temperatures as low as 800° C by a catalytic route. We have extended the work of heating a metal in the presence of fullerenes and have effectively encapsulated other metals such as Fe, Co, Ho, Cu and Au.
{"title":"Fullerenes as precursors for nanocapsule formation","authors":"G. E. Gadd, M. Collela, M. Blackford, A. Dixon, P. Evans, D. Mcculloch, S. Bulcock, D. Cockayne","doi":"10.1080/10641220009351398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641220009351398","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We have shown that Ni metal particles when melted in the presence of C60 form graphitic layers around themselves with the Ni remaining as pure metal and without any evidence of carbide formation. We have successfully encapsulated particles over several orders of magnitude of size from ∼10 nm to several microns. The process has been observed taking place in real time using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The process was not observed when graphite powder was used instead of C60 powder and the Ni similarly heated to melting point, using the electron beam. Heating a mixture of Ni and C60 powders together in a conventional manner also produced encapsulated Ni particles. This suggests that the encapsulation method is thermal in nature although the electron beam does offer the ability to control the process for individual particles. Further research has shown that the encapsulation process can also occur at temperatures as low as 800° C by a catalytic route. We have extended the work of heating a metal in the presence of fullerenes and have effectively encapsulated other metals such as Fe, Co, Ho, Cu and Au.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"14 1","pages":"65 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84372316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10641220009351399
Lixin Xiao, M. Ozawa, Mituhiro Iwaya, Jian Wang, H. Shimotani, N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Kitazawa
Abstract A series of regioisomeric bis-methanofullerenes (diethyl [60]fullerenobisacetate) were prepared by reaction of the sulfonium ylide with C60. Seven stable resultant regioisomers were completely isolated on a preparative HPLC and identified by FT-IR, UV-vis, TOF-MS, and 1H and 13C NMR measurements. The structures of these bisadducts were assigned based on 1) the relationship of the polarities of the regioisomers with the elution order from HPLC; 2) a comparison of their UV-vis spectra with those of corresponding Bingel-Hirsch bisadducts; and 3) the identification of their molecular symmetries by their 1H and 13C NMR spectra. The electrochemical properties of the resultant regioisomeric bismethanofullerene, derivatives were investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV). The bisadducts exhibited more negative reduction potential than the pristine C60. Trans-2- and cis-3- bisadducts had the least negative potential E1 1/2 of all the other bisadducts.
{"title":"Synthesis and Electrochemical Behavior of Regioisomeric Bismethanofullerene Derivatives","authors":"Lixin Xiao, M. Ozawa, Mituhiro Iwaya, Jian Wang, H. Shimotani, N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Kitazawa","doi":"10.1080/10641220009351399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641220009351399","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A series of regioisomeric bis-methanofullerenes (diethyl [60]fullerenobisacetate) were prepared by reaction of the sulfonium ylide with C60. Seven stable resultant regioisomers were completely isolated on a preparative HPLC and identified by FT-IR, UV-vis, TOF-MS, and 1H and 13C NMR measurements. The structures of these bisadducts were assigned based on 1) the relationship of the polarities of the regioisomers with the elution order from HPLC; 2) a comparison of their UV-vis spectra with those of corresponding Bingel-Hirsch bisadducts; and 3) the identification of their molecular symmetries by their 1H and 13C NMR spectra. The electrochemical properties of the resultant regioisomeric bismethanofullerene, derivatives were investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV). The bisadducts exhibited more negative reduction potential than the pristine C60. Trans-2- and cis-3- bisadducts had the least negative potential E1 1/2 of all the other bisadducts.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"77 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83586676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10641229909350300
H. Patney, Christina Nordlund, A. Moy, H. Rose, B. Young, Michael A. Wilson
Abstract Graphite has normally been used to synthesise fullerenes and nanotubes. However, coal is a cheaper and more suitable industrial material. Because coal is a molecular solid, unlike graphite, the mechanism by which fullerene and nanotubes are formed is different. Moreover, other products such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and microfibres are also formed. In this review, the mechanism of formation of fullerene and nanotubes from coal is discussed. It is shown that the pathway involved is other than through the C1 intermediate route. The influence of other elements in coal such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and iron is also discussed. It appears that, hydrogen, oxygen, iron and sulfur affect the yield and type of fullerenes and nanotubes formed.
{"title":"Fullerenes and Nanotubes from Coal","authors":"H. Patney, Christina Nordlund, A. Moy, H. Rose, B. Young, Michael A. Wilson","doi":"10.1080/10641229909350300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641229909350300","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Graphite has normally been used to synthesise fullerenes and nanotubes. However, coal is a cheaper and more suitable industrial material. Because coal is a molecular solid, unlike graphite, the mechanism by which fullerene and nanotubes are formed is different. Moreover, other products such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and microfibres are also formed. In this review, the mechanism of formation of fullerene and nanotubes from coal is discussed. It is shown that the pathway involved is other than through the C1 intermediate route. The influence of other elements in coal such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and iron is also discussed. It appears that, hydrogen, oxygen, iron and sulfur affect the yield and type of fullerenes and nanotubes formed.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"59 1","pages":"941-971"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78679571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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