Partial vapor pressures of potassium and C60 were measured in all regions of K-C60 phase diagram by Knudsen cell mass spectrometry method; the Gibbs energies of formation of KxC60 (x = 1,3,4,6) compounds were calculated. Based on our and literature data the phase diagram was built for K-C60 system at T = 925 K.
{"title":"PHASE DIAGRAM OF K-C60 SYSTEM","authors":"E. V. Skokan, D. Borisova, L. Sidorov","doi":"10.1081/FST-100107147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/FST-100107147","url":null,"abstract":"Partial vapor pressures of potassium and C60 were measured in all regions of K-C60 phase diagram by Knudsen cell mass spectrometry method; the Gibbs energies of formation of KxC60 (x = 1,3,4,6) compounds were calculated. Based on our and literature data the phase diagram was built for K-C60 system at T = 925 K.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"27 1","pages":"433 - 444"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77822656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Graphite and carbon black samples were laser ablated in an FT-ICR (Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance spectrometer) by Nd-YAG laser under high vacuum in conditions recalling those existing in the interstellar medium. It is shown that graphite gives a regular sequence of polyyne and cyclopolyyne chains from C10 to C27 and additionally produces 2% of C60 fullerene. When carbon black is used in place of graphite under the same conditions, no C60 fullerene was produced and also the sequence of polyyne species generated was very irregular. If really carbon black structure and elemental composition approaches more closely than pure graphite the structure of the carbon dust, we can predict that C60 fullerene should not be produced from the thermal decomposition of this dust in high vacuum.
{"title":"AN FT-ICR STUDY ON LASER ABLATION OF GRAPHITE AND CARBON BLACK TARGETS: COSMOCHEMICAL IMPLICATIONS","authors":"F. Cataldo, Y. Keheyan","doi":"10.1081/FST-100107156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/FST-100107156","url":null,"abstract":"Graphite and carbon black samples were laser ablated in an FT-ICR (Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance spectrometer) by Nd-YAG laser under high vacuum in conditions recalling those existing in the interstellar medium. It is shown that graphite gives a regular sequence of polyyne and cyclopolyyne chains from C10 to C27 and additionally produces 2% of C60 fullerene. When carbon black is used in place of graphite under the same conditions, no C60 fullerene was produced and also the sequence of polyyne species generated was very irregular. If really carbon black structure and elemental composition approaches more closely than pure graphite the structure of the carbon dust, we can predict that C60 fullerene should not be produced from the thermal decomposition of this dust in high vacuum.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"26 1","pages":"553 - 559"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79102088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The solubility of [60]fullerene in various solvents has been correlated to the molar volume ratio of [60]fullerene and the respective solvent. The solubility varies linearly with the molar volume for the alcohol series and the heteroatom containing solvents, though specific interactions of the charge transfer type seem to dominate in the case of aromatic hydrocarbons and the halogenated solvents. The symmetric nature of the [60]fullerene and its clustering behavior could be the reason for the solubility variations observed in the solvents where specific interactions are present. The aggregation behavior of [60]fullerene molecule studied by laser light scattering technique in the solvent mixture of toluene and N,N-dimethyl formamide confirms the cluster formation and its dependence on the volume ratio in the binary solvent mixture.
{"title":"SOLUBILITY CORRELATION OF [60]FULLERENE IN DIFFERENT SOLVENTS","authors":"C. N. Murthy, K. Geckeler","doi":"10.1081/FST-100107150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/FST-100107150","url":null,"abstract":"The solubility of [60]fullerene in various solvents has been correlated to the molar volume ratio of [60]fullerene and the respective solvent. The solubility varies linearly with the molar volume for the alcohol series and the heteroatom containing solvents, though specific interactions of the charge transfer type seem to dominate in the case of aromatic hydrocarbons and the halogenated solvents. The symmetric nature of the [60]fullerene and its clustering behavior could be the reason for the solubility variations observed in the solvents where specific interactions are present. The aggregation behavior of [60]fullerene molecule studied by laser light scattering technique in the solvent mixture of toluene and N,N-dimethyl formamide confirms the cluster formation and its dependence on the volume ratio in the binary solvent mixture.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"477 - 486"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78638722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C60 fullerene has been studied as thermal stabilizer and as antioxidant of both natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) and synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene. The study has been conducted respectively under nitrogen flow and under air flow by simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA) on rubber samples containing known quantities of fullerene in comparison to a “blank” of pure rubber. The results show that C60 fullerene (in absence of oxygen) is a thermal stabilizer of cis-1,4-polyisoprene because it reacts with the polyisoprene macroradicals formed by the thermally-induced chain scission reaction slowing down the degradation reaction. Conversely, under thermo-oxidative degradation conditions (in air flow) fullerene C60 acts as an antioxidant for cis-1,4-polyisoprene, provided that the heating rate of the samples is slow (5°/min). At higher heating rates (20°C/min) C60 does not show any antioxidant effect.
{"title":"ON THE REACTIVITY OF C60 FULLERENE WITH DIENE RUBBER MACRORADICALS. I. THE CASE OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC CIS-1,4-POLYISOPRENE UNDER ANAEROBIC AND THERMOOXIDATIVE DEGRADATION CONDITIONS","authors":"F. Cataldo","doi":"10.1081/FST-100107152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/FST-100107152","url":null,"abstract":"C60 fullerene has been studied as thermal stabilizer and as antioxidant of both natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) and synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene. The study has been conducted respectively under nitrogen flow and under air flow by simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA) on rubber samples containing known quantities of fullerene in comparison to a “blank” of pure rubber. The results show that C60 fullerene (in absence of oxygen) is a thermal stabilizer of cis-1,4-polyisoprene because it reacts with the polyisoprene macroradicals formed by the thermally-induced chain scission reaction slowing down the degradation reaction. Conversely, under thermo-oxidative degradation conditions (in air flow) fullerene C60 acts as an antioxidant for cis-1,4-polyisoprene, provided that the heating rate of the samples is slow (5°/min). At higher heating rates (20°C/min) C60 does not show any antioxidant effect.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"15 1","pages":"497 - 513"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85397600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evidences about the reactivity of cis-1,4-polyisoprene (natural and synthetic origin) with C60 are presented by TGA data and by FT-IR and UV-VIS spectroscopy. At 190°C under nitrogen C60 fullerene causes the crosslinking cis-1,4-polyisoprene. The proposed resulting structure is a three-dimensional network where C60 represents the knots and the rubber chain fragments the filaments connecting the knots.
{"title":"ON THE REACTIVITY OF C60 FULLERENE WITH DIENE RUBBER MACRORADICALS. II. THE REACTIVITY WITH CIS-1,4-POLYISOPRENE UNDER MILDER THERMAL CONDITIONS","authors":"F. Cataldo","doi":"10.1081/FST-100107153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/FST-100107153","url":null,"abstract":"Evidences about the reactivity of cis-1,4-polyisoprene (natural and synthetic origin) with C60 are presented by TGA data and by FT-IR and UV-VIS spectroscopy. At 190°C under nitrogen C60 fullerene causes the crosslinking cis-1,4-polyisoprene. The proposed resulting structure is a three-dimensional network where C60 represents the knots and the rubber chain fragments the filaments connecting the knots.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"103 1","pages":"515 - 524"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80353873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Diky, L. S. Zhura, A. G. Kabo, V. Y. Markov, G. J. Kabo
Heat capacity of C60 fullerene was measured by the scanning calorimetry method in the range 285–640 K and by the adiabatic calorimetry method in the range 99–310 K. The results are in agreement with a prediction made on the basis of the statistical thermodynamics.
{"title":"HIGH-TEMPERATURE HEAT CAPACITY OF C60 FULLERENE","authors":"V. Diky, L. S. Zhura, A. G. Kabo, V. Y. Markov, G. J. Kabo","doi":"10.1081/FST-100107155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/FST-100107155","url":null,"abstract":"Heat capacity of C60 fullerene was measured by the scanning calorimetry method in the range 285–640 K and by the adiabatic calorimetry method in the range 99–310 K. The results are in agreement with a prediction made on the basis of the statistical thermodynamics.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"24 3","pages":"543 - 551"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91501207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jian-Yu Zheng, Shuichi Noguchi, Kenjo Miyauchi, Masahiro Hamada, K. Kinbara, K. Saigo
A series of [60]fullerene bis-adducts having a π-electron-rich aromatic ring as a donor in a face-to-face arrangement were synthesized by the bis-cyclopropanation of [60]fullerene with tether-linked bis-malonates. One of the bis-adducts showed a photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer which caused the dramatic quenching of its fluorescence in a polar solvent.
{"title":"TETHER-LINKED [60]FULLERENE-DONOR DYADS","authors":"Jian-Yu Zheng, Shuichi Noguchi, Kenjo Miyauchi, Masahiro Hamada, K. Kinbara, K. Saigo","doi":"10.1081/FST-100107149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/FST-100107149","url":null,"abstract":"A series of [60]fullerene bis-adducts having a π-electron-rich aromatic ring as a donor in a face-to-face arrangement were synthesized by the bis-cyclopropanation of [60]fullerene with tether-linked bis-malonates. One of the bis-adducts showed a photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer which caused the dramatic quenching of its fluorescence in a polar solvent.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"342 1","pages":"467 - 475"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74098076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C60 was incorporated onto poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(methyl acrylate) and poly(ethyl acrylate). The miscibility of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with the C60-containing polymers was examined. PVDF is miscible with all the six C60-containing polymer samples as shown by the optical clarity of the melt and the existence of a single glass transition temperature in each blend. The polymer-polymer interaction parameters of various blend systems were evaluated by the melting point depression method.
{"title":"MISCIBILITY OF POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) WITH C60-CONTAINING POLY(ETHYL METHACRYLATE), POLY(METHYL ACRYLATE), OR POLY(ETHYL ACRYLATE)","authors":"Jia-Xing Zheng, S. Goh, S. Y. Lee","doi":"10.1081/FST-100107151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/FST-100107151","url":null,"abstract":"C60 was incorporated onto poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(methyl acrylate) and poly(ethyl acrylate). The miscibility of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with the C60-containing polymers was examined. PVDF is miscible with all the six C60-containing polymer samples as shown by the optical clarity of the melt and the existence of a single glass transition temperature in each blend. The polymer-polymer interaction parameters of various blend systems were evaluated by the melting point depression method.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"9 1","pages":"487 - 495"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81550996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tessellated tori, generated here from square-like tiled lattices, are closely related to cylinders and capped tubes. This way of building them enables the orientation of their bonds, and so the geometric proportions of the torus, to be specified for molecular mechanics calculations and, along with their transformation into capped tubes this is illustrated and discussed in the light of their energetic stability.
{"title":"THE ENERGETIC STABILITY OF TORI AND SINGLE-WALL TUBES","authors":"M. Diudea, E. C. Kirby","doi":"10.1081/FST-100107148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/FST-100107148","url":null,"abstract":"Tessellated tori, generated here from square-like tiled lattices, are closely related to cylinders and capped tubes. This way of building them enables the orientation of their bonds, and so the geometric proportions of the torus, to be specified for molecular mechanics calculations and, along with their transformation into capped tubes this is illustrated and discussed in the light of their energetic stability.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"34 1","pages":"445 - 465"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88550869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbonaceous matter containing carbyne has been synthesized by thermal decomposition of diiodoacetylene in boiling xylene or in o-dichlorobenzene. FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy together with powder x-ray diffraction were used to study the structure of the decomposition products and to identify the presence of carbyne domains. Together with carbyne domains, amorphous carbon was produced having residual iodine in its structure as shown by TGA-DTA. Additionally a crystalline charge-transfer complex between diiodoacetylene and o-dichlorobenzene has been identified. Thermodynamic calculations were performed in order to better understand the possible decomposition pattern from diiodoacetylene.
{"title":"EVIDENCES ABOUT CARBYNE FORMATION TOGETHER WITH OTHER CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL BY THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF DIIODOACETYLENE","authors":"F. Cataldo","doi":"10.1081/FST-100107154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/FST-100107154","url":null,"abstract":"Carbonaceous matter containing carbyne has been synthesized by thermal decomposition of diiodoacetylene in boiling xylene or in o-dichlorobenzene. FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy together with powder x-ray diffraction were used to study the structure of the decomposition products and to identify the presence of carbyne domains. Together with carbyne domains, amorphous carbon was produced having residual iodine in its structure as shown by TGA-DTA. Additionally a crystalline charge-transfer complex between diiodoacetylene and o-dichlorobenzene has been identified. Thermodynamic calculations were performed in order to better understand the possible decomposition pattern from diiodoacetylene.","PeriodicalId":12470,"journal":{"name":"Fullerene Science and Technology","volume":"67 1","pages":"525 - 542"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76035131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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