Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1771231
Shuwen Wang, Zikang Zhang, Yang Shi, Xiujun Sun, Ying Zhou, Yihang Shu, Fan Yang, Hongzhe Zhu, Kunde Yang
Formed by humidity stratification in the marine atmospheric boundary layer, evaporation ducts serve as critical natural channels for maritime over-the-horizon (OTH) wireless communication. Their unique structure effectively confines electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation, substantially enhancing the link stability and transmission quality of long-range maritime communication while exerting notable impact on OTH EM wave propagation. Tropical cyclones profoundly alter near-surface meteorological conditions and disrupt the distribution uniformity of evaporation ducts, directly inducing fluctuations in communication link path loss (PL), intensified signal attenuation, and even short-term outages, severely impairing maritime broadband communication. However, direct and mobile observations of evaporation ducts within typhoon interiors remain limited. This study investigated the evolution of evaporation duct height (EDH) during Typhoon Koinu (202314) through analysis of 108 hours of continuous observations by three clustered wave gliders. One glider traversed the typhoon eye, while the other two monitored regions of high wind speed (WS). The maximum recorded WS reached 26.5 m/s, accompanied by EDH of 11.9 m, whereas within the eye region, WS was 4.36 m/s with EDH of 5.7 m. The presence of the typhoon’s eye caused a 6.2-m reduction in EDH. Relative humidity (RH) fluctuated from 70% to 95% before the typhoon’s arrival and remained at around 90% during the typhoon’s passage. Correlation analysis indicated that RH was the dominant factor influencing EDH before the typhoon’s arrival, showing negative correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient: −0.83). In contrast, WS was the main driver of EDH variation during the typhoon’s passage, exhibiting strong positive correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient: 0.82). Sensitivity analysis confirmed that the inhibitory effect of elevated RH outweighed the contribution of high WS to EDH enhancement, leading to lower EDH values during the passage of the typhoon than in the pre-typhoon period. Analysis of the spatial distribution of EM wave propagation indicated that the low EDH induced by low WS in the typhoon’s eye caused PL that was 24 dB greater than under high-WS scenarios; overall, the presence of the typhoon’s eye caused greater PL.
{"title":"Continuous observation of evaporation ducts in Super Typhoon Koinu (202314) using clustered wave gliders: mechanisms and maritime communication implications","authors":"Shuwen Wang, Zikang Zhang, Yang Shi, Xiujun Sun, Ying Zhou, Yihang Shu, Fan Yang, Hongzhe Zhu, Kunde Yang","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1771231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1771231","url":null,"abstract":"Formed by humidity stratification in the marine atmospheric boundary layer, evaporation ducts serve as critical natural channels for maritime over-the-horizon (OTH) wireless communication. Their unique structure effectively confines electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation, substantially enhancing the link stability and transmission quality of long-range maritime communication while exerting notable impact on OTH EM wave propagation. Tropical cyclones profoundly alter near-surface meteorological conditions and disrupt the distribution uniformity of evaporation ducts, directly inducing fluctuations in communication link path loss (PL), intensified signal attenuation, and even short-term outages, severely impairing maritime broadband communication. However, direct and mobile observations of evaporation ducts within typhoon interiors remain limited. This study investigated the evolution of evaporation duct height (EDH) during Typhoon Koinu (202314) through analysis of 108 hours of continuous observations by three clustered wave gliders. One glider traversed the typhoon eye, while the other two monitored regions of high wind speed (WS). The maximum recorded WS reached 26.5 m/s, accompanied by EDH of 11.9 m, whereas within the eye region, WS was 4.36 m/s with EDH of 5.7 m. The presence of the typhoon’s eye caused a 6.2-m reduction in EDH. Relative humidity (RH) fluctuated from 70% to 95% before the typhoon’s arrival and remained at around 90% during the typhoon’s passage. Correlation analysis indicated that RH was the dominant factor influencing EDH before the typhoon’s arrival, showing negative correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient: −0.83). In contrast, WS was the main driver of EDH variation during the typhoon’s passage, exhibiting strong positive correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient: 0.82). Sensitivity analysis confirmed that the inhibitory effect of elevated RH outweighed the contribution of high WS to EDH enhancement, leading to lower EDH values during the passage of the typhoon than in the pre-typhoon period. Analysis of the spatial distribution of EM wave propagation indicated that the low EDH induced by low WS in the typhoon’s eye caused PL that was 24 dB greater than under high-WS scenarios; overall, the presence of the typhoon’s eye caused greater PL.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"317 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1737002
Belén Martín Míguez, Emma Heslop, Narissa Bax, Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi, Gabrielle Canonico, Kim Currie, Karen Evans, Albert S. Fischer, Véronique Garçon, Maria Hood, Johannes Karstensen, Ana Lara-López, David Legler, Frank E. Muller-Karger, Balakrishnan Nair Thayannur Mullachery, Lina Mtwana Nordlund, Artur P. Palacz, Joanna Post, Samantha E. Simmons, Sabrina Speich, Laura Stukonytė, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Maciej Telszewski, Karina von Schuckmann, Anya M. Waite, Weidong Yu
The need for ocean information has never been greater. From climate change to food security and extreme events, we need to understand the role of the ocean and better predict change and impact. This is only possible with the sustained collection of a key set of ocean observations. The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) coordinates international efforts to collect these Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs), which span physics, biogeochemistry, biology and ecosystem realms. Guided by three expert panels, these EOVs are used to define the needs and design of a sustained, fit for purpose global ocean observing system, aimed at maximizing investments in observing infrastructure. As the GOOS EOVs are increasingly used, it has become important to discuss and refine the understanding of this framework, to ensure that the right balance is struck between their essential nature and the need to expand to new domains and integrate with key global policies. In this paper we provide a description of the EOV framework, discuss some of the challenges in implementing it, and identify a set of recommendations for GOOS and the ocean observing community to take forward. These recommendations include increasing the transparency of the EOV adoption process, and the need to periodically assess the EOVs in consultation with observing communities and with the entities managing other global essential variable frameworks in cross cutting realms such as climate and biodiversity. This will contribute to building a useful and responsive global ocean observing system that delivers the observations required to meet societal needs.
{"title":"GOOS Essential Ocean Variables: the backbone of a sustained and evolving global ocean observing system","authors":"Belén Martín Míguez, Emma Heslop, Narissa Bax, Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi, Gabrielle Canonico, Kim Currie, Karen Evans, Albert S. Fischer, Véronique Garçon, Maria Hood, Johannes Karstensen, Ana Lara-López, David Legler, Frank E. Muller-Karger, Balakrishnan Nair Thayannur Mullachery, Lina Mtwana Nordlund, Artur P. Palacz, Joanna Post, Samantha E. Simmons, Sabrina Speich, Laura Stukonytė, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Maciej Telszewski, Karina von Schuckmann, Anya M. Waite, Weidong Yu","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1737002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1737002","url":null,"abstract":"The need for ocean information has never been greater. From climate change to food security and extreme events, we need to understand the role of the ocean and better predict change and impact. This is only possible with the sustained collection of a key set of ocean observations. The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) coordinates international efforts to collect these Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs), which span physics, biogeochemistry, biology and ecosystem realms. Guided by three expert panels, these EOVs are used to define the needs and design of a sustained, fit for purpose global ocean observing system, aimed at maximizing investments in observing infrastructure. As the GOOS EOVs are increasingly used, it has become important to discuss and refine the understanding of this framework, to ensure that the right balance is struck between their essential nature and the need to expand to new domains and integrate with key global policies. In this paper we provide a description of the EOV framework, discuss some of the challenges in implementing it, and identify a set of recommendations for GOOS and the ocean observing community to take forward. These recommendations include increasing the transparency of the EOV adoption process, and the need to periodically assess the EOVs in consultation with observing communities and with the entities managing other global essential variable frameworks in cross cutting realms such as climate and biodiversity. This will contribute to building a useful and responsive global ocean observing system that delivers the observations required to meet societal needs.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1761703
Kristina M. Barclay, Helen J. Gurney-Smith, Mohamed Ahmed, James R. Christian, Frédéric Cyr, Patrick J. Duke, Brent G. T. Else, Iria Gimenez, Martine Lizotte, M. Catherine Reader, Myron Roth, Krysten Rutherford, Michel Starr, Nadja S. Steiner, Jessie Turner, David L. VanderZwaag, Wiley Evans
Ocean acidification (OA) generally receives far less consideration than other climate stressors and related hazards, such as global warming and extreme weather events. Canada is uniquely vulnerable to OA given its extensive coastal oceans, the oceanographic processes in its three basins, accelerated warming and sea-ice melt, and extensive coastal communities and maritime economic sectors. Canada’s coastline is also home to extensive and diverse First Nations peoples with distinct histories, rights, title, laws, governance and whose traditions and cultures are extrinsically linked to the sea. However, there are currently very limited pathways to support OA action, mitigation, and/or adaptation in Canada, particularly at the policy level. Here, we present a first synthesis of the current state of OA knowledge across Canada's Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic regions, including monitoring, modelling, biological responses, socioeconomic and policy perspectives, and examples of existing OA actions and efforts at local and provincial levels. We also suggest a step-wise pathway for actions to enhance the coordinated filling of OA knowledge gaps and integration of OA knowledge into decision-making frameworks. The goals of these recommendations are to improve our ability to respond to OA in Canada, and minimize risks to coastal marine environments and ecosystems, vulnerable sectors, and communities.
{"title":"Ocean acidification in Canada: the current state of knowledge and pathways for action","authors":"Kristina M. Barclay, Helen J. Gurney-Smith, Mohamed Ahmed, James R. Christian, Frédéric Cyr, Patrick J. Duke, Brent G. T. Else, Iria Gimenez, Martine Lizotte, M. Catherine Reader, Myron Roth, Krysten Rutherford, Michel Starr, Nadja S. Steiner, Jessie Turner, David L. VanderZwaag, Wiley Evans","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1761703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1761703","url":null,"abstract":"Ocean acidification (OA) generally receives far less consideration than other climate stressors and related hazards, such as global warming and extreme weather events. Canada is uniquely vulnerable to OA given its extensive coastal oceans, the oceanographic processes in its three basins, accelerated warming and sea-ice melt, and extensive coastal communities and maritime economic sectors. Canada’s coastline is also home to extensive and diverse First Nations peoples with distinct histories, rights, title, laws, governance and whose traditions and cultures are extrinsically linked to the sea. However, there are currently very limited pathways to support OA action, mitigation, and/or adaptation in Canada, particularly at the policy level. Here, we present a first synthesis of the current state of OA knowledge across Canada's Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic regions, including monitoring, modelling, biological responses, socioeconomic and policy perspectives, and examples of existing OA actions and efforts at local and provincial levels. We also suggest a step-wise pathway for actions to enhance the coordinated filling of OA knowledge gaps and integration of OA knowledge into decision-making frameworks. The goals of these recommendations are to improve our ability to respond to OA in Canada, and minimize risks to coastal marine environments and ecosystems, vulnerable sectors, and communities.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1733628
Min Wang, Shijun Zhang, M. Jahanzeb Butt, Khadija Zulfiqar
Recently, international judicial forums have issued landmark advisory opinions on the subject of the ocean–climate nexus. The opinions are based on the recognition of the interconnection between the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). All judicial forums stated that Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a distinct focus due to their disproportionate vulnerability to climate change, as reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). According to the opinions, SIDS could become uninhabitable in the coming years, necessitating urgent global climate action. The United Nations (UN) has acknowledged the unique challenges of SIDS through various resolutions, which emphasise the need for climate justice and adherence to the 1.5 C climate target. Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG 14) brought attention to the direct impacts of climate change on oceans and the issues faced by SIDS. This paper reviews the historical and legal developments necessary for the sustainable development of SIDS, emphasising the nexus between climate change, ocean governance, and human rights. It highlights the potential for further advocacy and the interconnected nature of SDG 14 with judicial opinions.
{"title":"Advisory opinion of the ITLOS on climate change and International Law on the Request of Small Island Developing States (SIDS): a Sustainable Development Goal - 14 (SDG 14) perspective","authors":"Min Wang, Shijun Zhang, M. Jahanzeb Butt, Khadija Zulfiqar","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1733628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1733628","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, international judicial forums have issued landmark advisory opinions on the subject of the ocean–climate nexus. The opinions are based on the recognition of the interconnection between the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). All judicial forums stated that Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a distinct focus due to their disproportionate vulnerability to climate change, as reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). According to the opinions, SIDS could become uninhabitable in the coming years, necessitating urgent global climate action. The United Nations (UN) has acknowledged the unique challenges of SIDS through various resolutions, which emphasise the need for climate justice and adherence to the 1.5 C climate target. Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG 14) brought attention to the direct impacts of climate change on oceans and the issues faced by SIDS. This paper reviews the historical and legal developments necessary for the sustainable development of SIDS, emphasising the nexus between climate change, ocean governance, and human rights. It highlights the potential for further advocacy and the interconnected nature of SDG 14 with judicial opinions.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"314 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction The microbiome is crucial for the health and resilience of marine species; however, in most cases its complexity and host-specific dynamics remain poorly understood. Methods This study provides a multi-year and multi-seasonal analysis of eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbiomes in three ecologically important bivalves - mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ), clams ( Ruditapes philippinarum ), and cockles ( Cerastoderma edule ) – coexisting within the same coastal ecosystem in the Rı́a of Vigo (NW Spain). Results High-throughput sequencing of the V9 region of 18S rRNA and the V4 region of 16S rRNA genes revealed distinct microbiomes for each bivalve species, demonstrating significant host specificity and a stable microbial composition across seasons. Prevalent eukaryotic parasites, including Mytilicola intestinalis in mussels and trematodes such as Bucephalus minimus in cockles, were identified. Perkinsus olseni and Marteilia cochilia , protozoans associated with bivalve mortality and ecosystem disruption under environmental stress, were also detected. Endozoicomonas and Vibrio dominated the prokaryotic communities of all the three bivalves; however, species-specific bacteriomes were observed due to the presence of other distinct taxa. A meta-analysis comparing bivalve and environmental microbiomes, revealed that despite the microbial diversity in the water column and sediment, each bivalve maintained its own stable and specific microbiome, exceeding the habitat effect. We identified Vibrio, Woeseia and Lutimonas as keystone genera that shape these microbiomes through both competitive and cooperative interactions. Functional predictions suggest that mutualistic relationships enhance host health through metabolic and defensive roles, including the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that host identity is the primary determinant of bivalve microbiome composition, with different keystone taxa that could serve as biomarkers for ecosystem and health monitoring in Rı́a de Vigo.
微生物群对海洋物种的健康和复原力至关重要；然而，在大多数情况下，其复杂性和宿主特有的动态仍然知之甚少。本研究对三种生态上重要的双壳类——贻贝（Mytilus galloprovincialis）、蛤蜊（Ruditapes philippinarum）和蛤贝（Cerastoderma edule）——共存于西班牙西北部维哥河沿岸的同一生态系统中的真核和原核微生物群进行了多年和多季节的分析。结果对18S rRNA基因的V9区和16S rRNA基因的V4区进行高通量测序，发现不同双壳类动物的微生物组不同，具有明显的宿主特异性和不同季节稳定的微生物组成。发现了常见的真核寄生虫，包括贻贝中的肠密螺旋体和贝蛤中的小Bucephalus等吸虫。在环境胁迫下，还发现了与双壳类动物死亡和生态系统破坏相关的原生动物——奥氏珀金苏斯（Perkinsus olseni）和辣椒马提利亚（Marteilia cochilia）。三种双壳类动物的原核生物群落均以内生单胞菌和弧菌为主；然而，由于存在其他不同的分类群，因此观察到物种特异性细菌组。对双壳类与环境微生物组的meta分析表明，尽管水体和沉积物中的微生物多样性，但每种双壳类都保持了自己稳定和特定的微生物组，超过了栖息地效应。我们确定弧菌，Woeseia和Lutimonas是通过竞争和合作相互作用塑造这些微生物群的关键属。功能预测表明，互惠关系通过代谢和防御作用（包括次生代谢物的生物合成）增强宿主健康。结论宿主身份是双壳类微生物组成的主要决定因素，不同的关键类群可作为rbi - a de Vigo生态系统和健康监测的生物标志物。
{"title":"Unveiling the specific microbiome of bivalves: insights into host microbial dynamics and pathogen interactions in a shared environment","authors":"Miriam Muñoz-Martínez, Magalí Rey-Campos, Raquel Aranguren, Raquel Ríos-Castro, Beatriz Novoa, Antonio Figueras","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1731630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1731630","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction The microbiome is crucial for the health and resilience of marine species; however, in most cases its complexity and host-specific dynamics remain poorly understood. Methods This study provides a multi-year and multi-seasonal analysis of eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbiomes in three ecologically important bivalves - mussels ( <jats:italic>Mytilus galloprovincialis</jats:italic> ), clams ( <jats:italic>Ruditapes philippinarum</jats:italic> ), and cockles ( <jats:italic>Cerastoderma edule</jats:italic> ) – coexisting within the same coastal ecosystem in the Rı́a of Vigo (NW Spain). Results High-throughput sequencing of the V9 region of 18S rRNA and the V4 region of 16S rRNA genes revealed distinct microbiomes for each bivalve species, demonstrating significant host specificity and a stable microbial composition across seasons. Prevalent eukaryotic parasites, including <jats:italic>Mytilicola intestinalis</jats:italic> in mussels and trematodes such as <jats:italic>Bucephalus minimus</jats:italic> in cockles, were identified. <jats:italic>Perkinsus olseni</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Marteilia cochilia</jats:italic> , protozoans associated with bivalve mortality and ecosystem disruption under environmental stress, were also detected. <jats:italic>Endozoicomonas</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Vibrio</jats:italic> dominated the prokaryotic communities of all the three bivalves; however, species-specific bacteriomes were observed due to the presence of other distinct taxa. A meta-analysis comparing bivalve and environmental microbiomes, revealed that despite the microbial diversity in the water column and sediment, each bivalve maintained its own stable and specific microbiome, exceeding the habitat effect. We identified <jats:italic>Vibrio, Woeseia</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Lutimonas</jats:italic> as keystone genera that shape these microbiomes through both competitive and cooperative interactions. Functional predictions suggest that mutualistic relationships enhance host health through metabolic and defensive roles, including the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that host identity is the primary determinant of bivalve microbiome composition, with different keystone taxa that could serve as biomarkers for ecosystem and health monitoring in Rı́a de Vigo.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1687771
Chen Li, Chengxi Yin, Pengcheng Wang
The development of marine fisheries is critical to China’s food security and national livelihoods, although many fishermen face limited income growth due to resource and operational constraints. Smart fishery technologies have the potential to transform production and increase fishermen’s income, yet their socio-economic impacts remain underexplored. Using panel data from China’s marine fisheries (2011–2023), this paper empirically examines the impact of fishery intelligence on fishermen’s income. The results show that fishery intelligence significantly increases income by promoting technological progress, improving talent quality, and enhancing ecological conditions. This positive effect is stronger in regions with higher levels of regional fisheries innovation. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that income growth is significant in southern regions, large-scale fisheries, and areas with high trade volumes, while it is insignificant in northern regions, small-scale operations, and areas with low trade volumes. These findings suggest that policymakers should prioritize smart fishery adoption, invest in training programs to enhance fishermen’s skills, support ecological management, and implement region-specific interventions to promote high-quality development in marine fisheries.
{"title":"Promoting or inhibiting? The impact of smart fishery on fishermen’s income in China’s marine fisheries","authors":"Chen Li, Chengxi Yin, Pengcheng Wang","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1687771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1687771","url":null,"abstract":"The development of marine fisheries is critical to China’s food security and national livelihoods, although many fishermen face limited income growth due to resource and operational constraints. Smart fishery technologies have the potential to transform production and increase fishermen’s income, yet their socio-economic impacts remain underexplored. Using panel data from China’s marine fisheries (2011–2023), this paper empirically examines the impact of fishery intelligence on fishermen’s income. The results show that fishery intelligence significantly increases income by promoting technological progress, improving talent quality, and enhancing ecological conditions. This positive effect is stronger in regions with higher levels of regional fisheries innovation. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that income growth is significant in southern regions, large-scale fisheries, and areas with high trade volumes, while it is insignificant in northern regions, small-scale operations, and areas with low trade volumes. These findings suggest that policymakers should prioritize smart fishery adoption, invest in training programs to enhance fishermen’s skills, support ecological management, and implement region-specific interventions to promote high-quality development in marine fisheries.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-06DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1752067
Lara Maleen Beckmann, Lova Eveborn, Ellen Kenchington, Rhian G. Waller
The Corner Rise Seamounts (CRS), located in an area beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), are recognized biodiversity hotspots protected from bottom-contact fishing by the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO). These seamounts are registered as an Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measure. The Western Central Atlantic Fisheries Commission (WECAFC) has also recommended protection for the southern CRS. While Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem (VME) indicators like corals and sponges are known to occur here, the environmental drivers of their distribution and the status of structure-forming VME habitats remain poorly characterized. We analyzed high-resolution remotely-operated vehicle video from NOAA’s 2021 Okeanos Explorer expedition across eight CRS (940-4,189 m depth). Coral and sponge community composition was assessed using multivariate analysis, and VMEs were identified using internationally recognized spatial criteria. Community structure was primarily driven by depth-related oceanographic gradients, with secondary longitudinal zonation. Assemblages formed three distinct clusters on the seamounts: (1) upper-mid bathyal sites (900-1,900 m) influenced by upper intermediate North Atlantic waters; (2) lower bathyal sites (2,000-2,600 m) associated with Labrador Sea Water; and (3) an abyssal site on Rockaway Seamount (~4,100 m) under Denmark Strait Overflow Water influence. Six habitats down to 2,495 m depth met VME indicator density thresholds for significant concentrations. Our results demonstrate that depth and water mass structure are key drivers of coral and sponge biogeography on the CRS. VME identification provides scientific support for maintaining existing NAFO and WECAFC closures. With NAFO protections due for review in 2027, these findings offer timely evidence to inform conservation and management decisions for CRS and similar ABNJ seamount ecosystems.
{"title":"Hotspots beyond borders: quantitative assessment of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems on the Corner Rise seamounts with implications for conservation planning","authors":"Lara Maleen Beckmann, Lova Eveborn, Ellen Kenchington, Rhian G. Waller","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1752067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1752067","url":null,"abstract":"The Corner Rise Seamounts (CRS), located in an area beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), are recognized biodiversity hotspots protected from bottom-contact fishing by the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO). These seamounts are registered as an Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measure. The Western Central Atlantic Fisheries Commission (WECAFC) has also recommended protection for the southern CRS. While Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem (VME) indicators like corals and sponges are known to occur here, the environmental drivers of their distribution and the status of structure-forming VME habitats remain poorly characterized. We analyzed high-resolution remotely-operated vehicle video from NOAA’s 2021 Okeanos Explorer expedition across eight CRS (940-4,189 m depth). Coral and sponge community composition was assessed using multivariate analysis, and VMEs were identified using internationally recognized spatial criteria. Community structure was primarily driven by depth-related oceanographic gradients, with secondary longitudinal zonation. Assemblages formed three distinct clusters on the seamounts: (1) upper-mid bathyal sites (900-1,900 m) influenced by upper intermediate North Atlantic waters; (2) lower bathyal sites (2,000-2,600 m) associated with Labrador Sea Water; and (3) an abyssal site on Rockaway Seamount (~4,100 m) under Denmark Strait Overflow Water influence. Six habitats down to 2,495 m depth met VME indicator density thresholds for significant concentrations. Our results demonstrate that depth and water mass structure are key drivers of coral and sponge biogeography on the CRS. VME identification provides scientific support for maintaining existing NAFO and WECAFC closures. With NAFO protections due for review in 2027, these findings offer timely evidence to inform conservation and management decisions for CRS and similar ABNJ seamount ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146121858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-06DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1754764
Sofia Correia, Inês Ribeiro, Andreia Braga-Henriques, Pedro N. Leão, Ralph Urbatzka, Maria F. Carvalho
The constant need to search for new drugs is a major driver for the discovery of new molecules of pharmaceutical interest. Natural products (NPs) of microbial origin have been recognized for their therapeutic properties, with Actinomycetota being one of the leading groups in terms of their production. Due to the fact that Actinomycetota contain in their genomes a high number of biosynthetic gene clusters that may not be expressed under common cultures conditions, the strategy known as “one strain many compounds” (OSMAC) has emerged as an important approach to expand the chemical diversity of actinobacterial metabolites. In this work, 8 OSMAC conditions were applied to 10 actinobacterial isolates previously obtained from deep-sea samples collected at Madeira and Azores archipelagos, Portugal, in an attempt to activate silent biosynthetic gene clusters capable of producing new NPs. Organic extracts from the isolates grown under the different conditions (80 in total) were tested for their antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities, revealing 11 extracts that inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium or Candida albicans , and 9 extracts that reduced the cellular viability of T-47D or HepG2 cancer cells, while no anti-inflammatory activity was observed. Metabolomic profile of the actinobacterial extracts revealed metabolites matching known NPs, as well as features suggestive of previously unreported compounds (15 in total). This study demonstrated that the OSMAC approach is effective in modulating secondary metabolism in Actinomycetota and is consequently a useful resource for the discovery of new molecules with biotechnological potential.
{"title":"Exploring deep-sea Actinomycetota chemical diversity by using the OSMAC approach","authors":"Sofia Correia, Inês Ribeiro, Andreia Braga-Henriques, Pedro N. Leão, Ralph Urbatzka, Maria F. Carvalho","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1754764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1754764","url":null,"abstract":"The constant need to search for new drugs is a major driver for the discovery of new molecules of pharmaceutical interest. Natural products (NPs) of microbial origin have been recognized for their therapeutic properties, with Actinomycetota being one of the leading groups in terms of their production. Due to the fact that Actinomycetota contain in their genomes a high number of biosynthetic gene clusters that may not be expressed under common cultures conditions, the strategy known as “one strain many compounds” (OSMAC) has emerged as an important approach to expand the chemical diversity of actinobacterial metabolites. In this work, 8 OSMAC conditions were applied to 10 actinobacterial isolates previously obtained from deep-sea samples collected at Madeira and Azores archipelagos, Portugal, in an attempt to activate silent biosynthetic gene clusters capable of producing new NPs. Organic extracts from the isolates grown under the different conditions (80 in total) were tested for their antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities, revealing 11 extracts that inhibited the growth of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium</jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Candida albicans</jats:italic> , and 9 extracts that reduced the cellular viability of T-47D or HepG2 cancer cells, while no anti-inflammatory activity was observed. Metabolomic profile of the actinobacterial extracts revealed metabolites matching known NPs, as well as features suggestive of previously unreported compounds (15 in total). This study demonstrated that the OSMAC approach is effective in modulating secondary metabolism in Actinomycetota and is consequently a useful resource for the discovery of new molecules with biotechnological potential.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"364 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-06DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1765685
Erchun He, HoGeun Jang, Chunfeng Zhang
Marine fisheries play a dual role in global warming as both a “carbon source” and “carbon sink.” This study analyzed carbon emissions from marine fisheries in Shandong Province from 2010 to 2022 by integrating carbon accounting, extended Kaya-LMDI decomposition, and System Dynamics (SD) modeling. The results reveal a distinct temporal trend characterized by an initial increase followed by a gradual decline in net carbon emissions, while marine carbon sinks increased steadily over the study period. Marine capture fisheries consistently remained the dominant source of total carbon emissions. Decomposition analysis reveals that economic scale and population were the primary drivers of carbon emission growth, while carbon intensity exerted a smaller but positive effect, whereas improvements in energy intensity and industrial structure contribute to emission reduction, highlighting the importance of energy efficiency improvement and industrial structural adjustment. Using a validated SD model to project trends from 2023 to 2035, we simulated three scenarios: Baseline (BS), High-Growth (HG), and Low-Carbon Development (LD) scenarios. The results show that the low-carbon development scenario achieves the most pronounced reduction in net carbon emissions, driven by simultaneous declines in capture emissions and a strong enhancement of carbon sink capacity from shellfish and algae aquaculture. In contrast, the baseline and high-growth scenarios exhibit relatively weaker mitigation effects. Overall, this study provides quantitative evidence and a strategic roadmap for advancing the green, sustainable transition of marine fisheries in Shandong Province, China.
{"title":"Integrated carbon emissions modelling and scenario analysis of marine fisheries in Shandong Province, China","authors":"Erchun He, HoGeun Jang, Chunfeng Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1765685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1765685","url":null,"abstract":"Marine fisheries play a dual role in global warming as both a “carbon source” and “carbon sink.” This study analyzed carbon emissions from marine fisheries in Shandong Province from 2010 to 2022 by integrating carbon accounting, extended Kaya-LMDI decomposition, and System Dynamics (SD) modeling. The results reveal a distinct temporal trend characterized by an initial increase followed by a gradual decline in net carbon emissions, while marine carbon sinks increased steadily over the study period. Marine capture fisheries consistently remained the dominant source of total carbon emissions. Decomposition analysis reveals that economic scale and population were the primary drivers of carbon emission growth, while carbon intensity exerted a smaller but positive effect, whereas improvements in energy intensity and industrial structure contribute to emission reduction, highlighting the importance of energy efficiency improvement and industrial structural adjustment. Using a validated SD model to project trends from 2023 to 2035, we simulated three scenarios: Baseline (BS), High-Growth (HG), and Low-Carbon Development (LD) scenarios. The results show that the low-carbon development scenario achieves the most pronounced reduction in net carbon emissions, driven by simultaneous declines in capture emissions and a strong enhancement of carbon sink capacity from shellfish and algae aquaculture. In contrast, the baseline and high-growth scenarios exhibit relatively weaker mitigation effects. Overall, this study provides quantitative evidence and a strategic roadmap for advancing the green, sustainable transition of marine fisheries in Shandong Province, China.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-06DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1632093
Jiajun Yuan, Yongze Li, Zhaohui Cheng, Xiong Sun, Dazhao Liu
Mangrove forests in southern China’s Gaoqiao Mangrove National Nature Reserve (Guangdong–Guangxi border) have undergone significant decline followed by partial recovery, driven by human activities and conservation efforts. Traditional monitoring methods struggle to capture their complex spatiotemporal dynamics. This study develops a practical two-stage deep learning framework: an enhanced U-Net with Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) and Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) first extracts high-quality annual mangrove masks from multi-temporal Landsat imagery (1993–2023), achieving IoU = 0.815 and F1-score = 0.928. These masks are then used for spatiotemporal forecasting, with U-Net–ConvLSTM recommended as the primary architecture due to its excellent balance of accuracy, simplicity, and computational efficiency. An optional asymmetric Ecological Constraint Loss (ECOLOSS) can be added to form the ConvLSTM+ECOLOSS variant, providing marginal additional accuracy (IoU = 0.793 vs. 0.787, MAE = 6.70% vs. 6.83%) on the test period (2019–2023) by acting mainly as an ecological safeguard against unrealistic long-term runaway trends. Forecasts for 2024–2026 indicate continued slow recovery under current management. The U-Net–ConvLSTM pipeline offers a transparent and efficient tool for operational mangrove monitoring and conservation planning in subtropical China.
在人类活动和保护努力的推动下，中国南部高桥红树林国家级自然保护区（粤桂交界）的红树林经历了明显的减少和部分恢复。传统的监测方法很难捕捉到它们复杂的时空动态。本研究开发了一个实用的两阶段深度学习框架：首先，采用压缩激励（SE）和卷积块注意模块（CBAM）的增强型U-Net从1993-2023年的多时段Landsat图像中提取高质量的年度红树林掩模，获得IoU = 0.815和F1-score = 0.928。然后将这些掩模用于时空预测，由于U-Net-ConvLSTM在准确性、简单性和计算效率方面取得了良好的平衡，因此推荐将其作为主要架构。可选择的不对称生态约束损失（ECOLOSS）可以加入到ConvLSTM+ECOLOSS变体中，在测试期间（2019-2023年）提供边际额外精度（IoU = 0.793 vs. 0.787, MAE = 6.70% vs. 6.83%），主要作为对不现实的长期失控趋势的生态保障。对2024-2026年的预测表明，在目前的管理下，复苏将继续缓慢。U-Net-ConvLSTM管道为中国亚热带红树林的监测和保护规划提供了一个透明和有效的工具。
{"title":"Deep learning for mangrove change prediction: Gaoqiao Mangrove, China","authors":"Jiajun Yuan, Yongze Li, Zhaohui Cheng, Xiong Sun, Dazhao Liu","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2026.1632093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1632093","url":null,"abstract":"Mangrove forests in southern China’s Gaoqiao Mangrove National Nature Reserve (Guangdong–Guangxi border) have undergone significant decline followed by partial recovery, driven by human activities and conservation efforts. Traditional monitoring methods struggle to capture their complex spatiotemporal dynamics. This study develops a practical two-stage deep learning framework: an enhanced U-Net with Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) and Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) first extracts high-quality annual mangrove masks from multi-temporal Landsat imagery (1993–2023), achieving IoU = 0.815 and F1-score = 0.928. These masks are then used for spatiotemporal forecasting, with U-Net–ConvLSTM recommended as the primary architecture due to its excellent balance of accuracy, simplicity, and computational efficiency. An optional asymmetric Ecological Constraint Loss (ECOLOSS) can be added to form the ConvLSTM+ECOLOSS variant, providing marginal additional accuracy (IoU = 0.793 vs. 0.787, MAE = 6.70% vs. 6.83%) on the test period (2019–2023) by acting mainly as an ecological safeguard against unrealistic long-term runaway trends. Forecasts for 2024–2026 indicate continued slow recovery under current management. The U-Net–ConvLSTM pipeline offers a transparent and efficient tool for operational mangrove monitoring and conservation planning in subtropical China.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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