Pub Date : 2025-02-05DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1468734
Juul E. H. Kusters, Ferry M. G. van Kann, Christian Zuidema
As activities in the North Sea are steadily increasing in both size and number, spatial conflicts are becoming increasingly inevitable. Marine Spatial Planning is widely adopted as an area-based planning approach to manage competing claims for maritime space, but spatial conflicts are also managed through permitting procedures for maritime activities. To explore how Denmark, England and the Netherlands resolve, minimize or mitigate spatial conflicts, this paper identifies what conflict resolution measures are adopted in marine spatial plans and permitting procedures, and analyzes how national institutional capacities shape their deployment. Collected data includes marine spatial plans and permitting documents as well as interviews with involved policy- and decision-makers. The findings demonstrate a common set of guiding principles for conflict resolution in their marine spatial plans across countries, including spatial reservation, multi- or co-use, ecosystem-based planning, and financial compensation. Within permitting procedures, a wide variety of spatial, physical-technical, logistic, and financial conflict resolution measures are adopted to minimize or mitigate spatial conflicts on project-specific levels. However, large differences exist in the degree to which decision-makers prescribe what conflicts must be addressed in what manner during project development. A lack of ecological and spatial knowledge and fragmented governmental responsibilities hinder decision-makers’ freedom to deviate from established types of conflict resolution measures. Overall, this paper presents valuable insights on how conflicts are addressed across the North Sea region as well as how institutional capacities, and institutional space in particular, shape the adoption of conflict resolution measures.
{"title":"Spatial conflict resolution in marine spatial plans and permitting procedures for offshore wind energy: an analysis of measures adopted in Denmark, England and the Netherlands","authors":"Juul E. H. Kusters, Ferry M. G. van Kann, Christian Zuidema","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1468734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1468734","url":null,"abstract":"As activities in the North Sea are steadily increasing in both size and number, spatial conflicts are becoming increasingly inevitable. Marine Spatial Planning is widely adopted as an area-based planning approach to manage competing claims for maritime space, but spatial conflicts are also managed through permitting procedures for maritime activities. To explore how Denmark, England and the Netherlands resolve, minimize or mitigate spatial conflicts, this paper identifies what conflict resolution measures are adopted in marine spatial plans and permitting procedures, and analyzes how national institutional capacities shape their deployment. Collected data includes marine spatial plans and permitting documents as well as interviews with involved policy- and decision-makers. The findings demonstrate a common set of guiding principles for conflict resolution in their marine spatial plans across countries, including spatial reservation, multi- or co-use, ecosystem-based planning, and financial compensation. Within permitting procedures, a wide variety of spatial, physical-technical, logistic, and financial conflict resolution measures are adopted to minimize or mitigate spatial conflicts on project-specific levels. However, large differences exist in the degree to which decision-makers prescribe what conflicts must be addressed in what manner during project development. A lack of ecological and spatial knowledge and fragmented governmental responsibilities hinder decision-makers’ freedom to deviate from established types of conflict resolution measures. Overall, this paper presents valuable insights on how conflicts are addressed across the North Sea region as well as how institutional capacities, and institutional space in particular, shape the adoption of conflict resolution measures.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143192410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to investigate the risks posed by climate change and anthropogenic activities on ecosystem services in the Barents Sea, Norway. Using an expert assessment approach, we identify which ecosystem services are at high risk and the human activities and pressures contributing to these risks. The findings indicate that risks vary across ecosystem services, activities, and pressures; however, most are categorized as medium or low. Biodiversity, as a cultural service, and fish/shellfish, as a provisioning service, are identified as the two most threatened ecosystem services. In contrast, educational services are perceived as the least impacted. Temperature change is found to have the greatest impact on the services. Experts are generally uncertain about the risk levels; however, fish/shellfish and biodiversity are the two services associated with the least uncertainty. The results highlight the limited knowledge regarding risks to ecosystem services in the Barents Sea. The study emphasizes the need for future research to address these knowledge gaps and discusses where management efforts should be focused.
{"title":"Risk assessment to Barents Sea ecosystem services: an expert-based approach","authors":"Thuy Thi Thanh Pham, Claire W. Armstrong, Hiroko Kato Solvang, Mette Skern-Mauritzen","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1493592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1493592","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to investigate the risks posed by climate change and anthropogenic activities on ecosystem services in the Barents Sea, Norway. Using an expert assessment approach, we identify which ecosystem services are at high risk and the human activities and pressures contributing to these risks. The findings indicate that risks vary across ecosystem services, activities, and pressures; however, most are categorized as medium or low. Biodiversity, as a cultural service, and fish/shellfish, as a provisioning service, are identified as the two most threatened ecosystem services. In contrast, educational services are perceived as the least impacted. Temperature change is found to have the greatest impact on the services. Experts are generally uncertain about the risk levels; however, fish/shellfish and biodiversity are the two services associated with the least uncertainty. The results highlight the limited knowledge regarding risks to ecosystem services in the Barents Sea. The study emphasizes the need for future research to address these knowledge gaps and discusses where management efforts should be focused.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143192575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-05DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1530224
Yi Lu, Eric Amenyogbe, Ye- Yang, Zhong-liang Wang, Jing-hui Jin, Rui-tao Xie, Eric Kwabena Droepenu, Jian-sheng Huang
This study evaluated the effects of hypoxia on the heart of juvenile four-finger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) through physiological and transcriptome analysis. Juveniles with an average weight of 122.82 g and length of 24.60 cm were used. Hypoxia significantly increased serum myocardial enzyme activities, including creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HDBH). These indicators initially rose and then declined, reflecting cardiac stress and suggesting their potential as early hypoxia biomarkers for real-time aquaculture monitoring. Histological analysis revealed structural damage in myocardial fibers under hypoxia, with increasing severity over time. This underscores the need to minimize oxygen fluctuations to prevent cardiac tissue degeneration. Transcriptome analysis identified upregulated genes involved in cell communication, immune responses, and intracellular signaling, offering potential targets for breeding hypoxia-tolerant species. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis highlighted key pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), endocytosis, and phagosome formation. The MAPK pathway plays a critical role in cellular stress responses, including survival, proliferation, and apoptosis. Hypoxia-induced activation of MAPKs like ERK, JNK, and p38 regulates stress-responsive genes. HIF-1 signaling regulates oxygen homeostasis, with HIF-1α stabilizing hypoxia-responsive genes such as VEGFA, which promotes vascular remodeling and enhances oxygen delivery. These findings collectively offer practical applications for enhancing aquaculture management, such as monitoring biochemical markers, adopting hypoxia-tolerant breeding, and adjusting environmental conditions to mitigate stress, ensuring better productivity and sustainability. This research provides a foundation for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia stress in aquaculture species.
{"title":"Effects of hypoxia on the heart of the juvenile four-finger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) based on physiological indicators and transcriptome analysis","authors":"Yi Lu, Eric Amenyogbe, Ye- Yang, Zhong-liang Wang, Jing-hui Jin, Rui-tao Xie, Eric Kwabena Droepenu, Jian-sheng Huang","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1530224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1530224","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the effects of hypoxia on the heart of juvenile four-finger threadfin (<jats:italic>Eleutheronema tetradactylum</jats:italic>) through physiological and transcriptome analysis. Juveniles with an average weight of 122.82 g and length of 24.60 cm were used. Hypoxia significantly increased serum myocardial enzyme activities, including creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HDBH). These indicators initially rose and then declined, reflecting cardiac stress and suggesting their potential as early hypoxia biomarkers for real-time aquaculture monitoring. Histological analysis revealed structural damage in myocardial fibers under hypoxia, with increasing severity over time. This underscores the need to minimize oxygen fluctuations to prevent cardiac tissue degeneration. Transcriptome analysis identified upregulated genes involved in cell communication, immune responses, and intracellular signaling, offering potential targets for breeding hypoxia-tolerant species. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis highlighted key pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), endocytosis, and phagosome formation. The MAPK pathway plays a critical role in cellular stress responses, including survival, proliferation, and apoptosis. Hypoxia-induced activation of MAPKs like ERK, JNK, and p38 regulates stress-responsive genes. HIF-1 signaling regulates oxygen homeostasis, with HIF-1α stabilizing hypoxia-responsive genes such as VEGFA, which promotes vascular remodeling and enhances oxygen delivery. These findings collectively offer practical applications for enhancing aquaculture management, such as monitoring biochemical markers, adopting hypoxia-tolerant breeding, and adjusting environmental conditions to mitigate stress, ensuring better productivity and sustainability. This research provides a foundation for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia stress in aquaculture species.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143192576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The northeast Atlantic Ocean contains multiple habitats considered critical for shark conservation, including nursery areas, migratory corridors and aggregation sites. In this context, updating knowledge on shark diversity and the threats affecting them in this region is essential to defining priorities and implementing the right management and conservation measures. Here, we show that Macaronesian and Cabo Verde marine ecoregions are home to 78 shark species (comprising 26 families), and 56% are threatened with extinction. The Canary Islands revealed the greatest richness (with 56 species), followed by Cabo Verde (53), Madeira (52), and the Azores (45). Cabo Verde presents fewer similarities with the rest of the islands. We also found that: i) Azores share more species with the Canary Islands than Madeira (despite the greater geographical proximity with the latter), and ii) there are no oviparous species in the Cabo Verde archipelago, contrary to the Canary Islands (5), the Azores (4), and Madeira (3). Fishing and habitat degradation are the most relevant anthropogenic pressures for the region, with Cabo Verde having the highest number of endangered species (66%) and a greater magnitude and diversity of threats. As such, this archipelago presents the highest priority area for shark conservation due to the intense industrial fishing in its waters, poor management measures in combination with its greater vulnerability to climate change.
{"title":"Sharks in Macaronesia and Cabo Verde: species richness, conservation status and anthropogenic pressures","authors":"Jaquelino Varela, Catarina Pereira Santos, Emanuel Nunes, Vasco Pissarra, Stiven Pires, Bárbara P. Ribeiro, Eduarda Vieira, Tiago Repolho, Nuno Queiroz, Rui Freitas, Rui Rosa","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1490317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1490317","url":null,"abstract":"The northeast Atlantic Ocean contains multiple habitats considered critical for shark conservation, including nursery areas, migratory corridors and aggregation sites. In this context, updating knowledge on shark diversity and the threats affecting them in this region is essential to defining priorities and implementing the right management and conservation measures. Here, we show that Macaronesian and Cabo Verde marine ecoregions are home to 78 shark species (comprising 26 families), and 56% are threatened with extinction. The Canary Islands revealed the greatest richness (with 56 species), followed by Cabo Verde (53), Madeira (52), and the Azores (45). Cabo Verde presents fewer similarities with the rest of the islands. We also found that: i) Azores share more species with the Canary Islands than Madeira (despite the greater geographical proximity with the latter), and ii) there are no oviparous species in the Cabo Verde archipelago, contrary to the Canary Islands (5), the Azores (4), and Madeira (3). Fishing and habitat degradation are the most relevant anthropogenic pressures for the region, with Cabo Verde having the highest number of endangered species (66%) and a greater magnitude and diversity of threats. As such, this archipelago presents the highest priority area for shark conservation due to the intense industrial fishing in its waters, poor management measures in combination with its greater vulnerability to climate change.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143192415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-04DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1425362
Adam G. Pollack, Eric R. Hoffmayer, Theodore S. Switzer, David S. Hanisko, Jill M. Hendon, John Mareska, Fernando Martinez-Andrade, Jeff Rester, Zachary C. Zuckerman, Gilmore Pellegrin
Long-term fishery-independent surveys provide a wealth of information on fisheries stocks that inform stock assessments. One of the strengths of these surveys is that the design and methods are consistent through time. However, maintaining an unchanged time series can pose several potential issues as management needs change resulting in the need to alter either the survey design or its spatial extent. In the United States Gulf of Mexico, bottom trawl surveys targeting groundfish and shrimp (hereafter, groundfish surveys) have been conducted since the 1950s, with standardized surveys beginning in 1972. The resulting data can provide a great deal of information on commercially and recreationally important species. However, many of the alterations to the survey design have been buried in gray literature or otherwise poorly noted. The history of these surveys is discussed, along with the rationale behind these changes and the impacts they had on stock assessments in the region. Starting in 1981, the Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program began groundfish surveys, continuing the time series. Over time, the survey’s spatial extent and design have been altered to meet changing management needs. Delta-lognormal models are used to draw inferences concerning the effects of the survey design change on the relative abundance and their associated coefficients of variation for several commercially and recreationally important species. The expansion of the surveys across the Gulf of Mexico is examined in relation to stock assessments. Overall, the design changes and spatial expansion have been beneficial from a stock assessment standpoint, resulting in an increase in the number of indices used for single-species stock assessments and the utility of survey data in support of ecosystem modeling efforts. Finally, a discussion around the lesson learned (i.e., the critical need for overlap of survey designs), emphasizing the potential impacts of these changes on the overall time series concerning stock assessments, is presented.
{"title":"Assessing survey design changes of long-term fishery-independent groundfish trawl surveys in the Gulf of Mexico","authors":"Adam G. Pollack, Eric R. Hoffmayer, Theodore S. Switzer, David S. Hanisko, Jill M. Hendon, John Mareska, Fernando Martinez-Andrade, Jeff Rester, Zachary C. Zuckerman, Gilmore Pellegrin","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1425362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1425362","url":null,"abstract":"Long-term fishery-independent surveys provide a wealth of information on fisheries stocks that inform stock assessments. One of the strengths of these surveys is that the design and methods are consistent through time. However, maintaining an unchanged time series can pose several potential issues as management needs change resulting in the need to alter either the survey design or its spatial extent. In the United States Gulf of Mexico, bottom trawl surveys targeting groundfish and shrimp (hereafter, groundfish surveys) have been conducted since the 1950s, with standardized surveys beginning in 1972. The resulting data can provide a great deal of information on commercially and recreationally important species. However, many of the alterations to the survey design have been buried in gray literature or otherwise poorly noted. The history of these surveys is discussed, along with the rationale behind these changes and the impacts they had on stock assessments in the region. Starting in 1981, the Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program began groundfish surveys, continuing the time series. Over time, the survey’s spatial extent and design have been altered to meet changing management needs. Delta-lognormal models are used to draw inferences concerning the effects of the survey design change on the relative abundance and their associated coefficients of variation for several commercially and recreationally important species. The expansion of the surveys across the Gulf of Mexico is examined in relation to stock assessments. Overall, the design changes and spatial expansion have been beneficial from a stock assessment standpoint, resulting in an increase in the number of indices used for single-species stock assessments and the utility of survey data in support of ecosystem modeling efforts. Finally, a discussion around the lesson learned (i.e., the critical need for overlap of survey designs), emphasizing the potential impacts of these changes on the overall time series concerning stock assessments, is presented.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-04DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1476524
Santiago Hernández-León, M. Loreto Torreblanca, Inma Herrera, Laia Armengol, Gara Franchy, Alejandro Ariza, Juan Carlos Garijo, María Couret
The short-term variability of plankton communities in the oceanic realm is still poorly known due to the paucity of high-resolution time-series in the open ocean. Among these few studies, there is compelling evidence of a lunar cycle of epipelagic zooplankton biomass in subtropical waters during the late winter bloom. However, there is few information about lower trophic levels and zooplankton physiological changes related to this lunar cycle. Here, we studied the short-term variability of pico-, nano-, micro-, and mesoplankton in relation to the lunar cycle in subtropical waters. Weekly sampling was carried out at four stations located north of the Canary Islands from November 2010 to June 2011. Zooplankton abundance and biomass, gut fluorescence (GF), electron transfer system (ETS), and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (AARS) activities were measured before, during, and after the winter vertical mixing in these waters in a wide range of size classes. Chlorophyll a, primary production, and zooplankton biomass were low, showing a rather weak late winter bloom event due to the high temperature and stratification observed. Chlorophyll, nanoplankton, diatoms, and mesozooplankton proxies for grazing (GF), respiration (ETS), and growth (AARS) varied monthly denoting a lunar pattern. Chlorophyll a, nanoplankton, diatoms, and mesozooplankton proxies for grazing and respiration peaked between 4 and 6 days after the new moon, followed by an enhancement of the mesozooplankton index of growth between 8 to 9 days after the new moon. However, mesozooplankton biomass only increased during the productive period when supposedly growth exceeded mortality. Coupled with previous results in pico-, nano-, and microplankton, we suggest that the lunar cycle governs the development of planktonic communities in the high turnover warm subtropical ocean. This study provides further evidence of the match of plankton communities with the predatory cycle exerted by diel vertical migrants, adding essential information to understand the short-term functioning of the open ocean.
{"title":"Variability of plankton communities in relation to the lunar cycle in oceanic waters","authors":"Santiago Hernández-León, M. Loreto Torreblanca, Inma Herrera, Laia Armengol, Gara Franchy, Alejandro Ariza, Juan Carlos Garijo, María Couret","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1476524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1476524","url":null,"abstract":"The short-term variability of plankton communities in the oceanic realm is still poorly known due to the paucity of high-resolution time-series in the open ocean. Among these few studies, there is compelling evidence of a lunar cycle of epipelagic zooplankton biomass in subtropical waters during the late winter bloom. However, there is few information about lower trophic levels and zooplankton physiological changes related to this lunar cycle. Here, we studied the short-term variability of pico-, nano-, micro-, and mesoplankton in relation to the lunar cycle in subtropical waters. Weekly sampling was carried out at four stations located north of the Canary Islands from November 2010 to June 2011. Zooplankton abundance and biomass, gut fluorescence (GF), electron transfer system (ETS), and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (AARS) activities were measured before, during, and after the winter vertical mixing in these waters in a wide range of size classes. Chlorophyll <jats:italic>a</jats:italic>, primary production, and zooplankton biomass were low, showing a rather weak late winter bloom event due to the high temperature and stratification observed. Chlorophyll, nanoplankton, diatoms, and mesozooplankton proxies for grazing (GF), respiration (ETS), and growth (AARS) varied monthly denoting a lunar pattern. Chlorophyll a, nanoplankton, diatoms, and mesozooplankton proxies for grazing and respiration peaked between 4 and 6 days after the new moon, followed by an enhancement of the mesozooplankton index of growth between 8 to 9 days after the new moon. However, mesozooplankton biomass only increased during the productive period when supposedly growth exceeded mortality. Coupled with previous results in pico-, nano-, and microplankton, we suggest that the lunar cycle governs the development of planktonic communities in the high turnover warm subtropical ocean. This study provides further evidence of the match of plankton communities with the predatory cycle exerted by diel vertical migrants, adding essential information to understand the short-term functioning of the open ocean.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143125414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-04DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1527598
Suyong Zhang, Xiyan Song
In order to realize a win-win situation between economic development and environmental benefits, this paper constructs a four-party evolutionary game model including the government, two homogeneous ports and shipping companies based on evolutionary game theory. By calculating the payoff matrices of the four parties and replicating the dynamic equations, according to the Jacobi matrix, we study and discuss the possible stabilization points of the model under five different scenarios. The game is simulated using MATLAB and the relevant parameters are selected for sensitivity analysis. The results show that the environmental benefits are maximized when the government does not implement the policy and the port and shipping companies use the shore electricty system (i.e., the stability point E12 (0,1,1,1)). Meanwhile, by analyzing the port size sensitivity, when t=1.116, the large-scale port evolution tends to 0, while the small-scale port fluctuates up and down, which leads to the conclusion that the small-scale ports have more potential to implement shore electricty and are able to gain benefits faster. This study provides theoretical support for the implementation of shore electricty systems, while pointing out the key role of the government in promoting the development of shore electricty. It provides a reference for effectively promoting the use of shore electricty in the context of carbon emission reduction, which is especially important for the implementation of shore electricty in small-scale ports and helps to maximize the environmental benefits of port operations.
{"title":"Carbon emissions reduction in shipping based on four-party evolutionary game","authors":"Suyong Zhang, Xiyan Song","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1527598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1527598","url":null,"abstract":"In order to realize a win-win situation between economic development and environmental benefits, this paper constructs a four-party evolutionary game model including the government, two homogeneous ports and shipping companies based on evolutionary game theory. By calculating the payoff matrices of the four parties and replicating the dynamic equations, according to the Jacobi matrix, we study and discuss the possible stabilization points of the model under five different scenarios. The game is simulated using MATLAB and the relevant parameters are selected for sensitivity analysis. The results show that the environmental benefits are maximized when the government does not implement the policy and the port and shipping companies use the shore electricty system (i.e., the stability point E12 (0,1,1,1)). Meanwhile, by analyzing the port size sensitivity, when t=1.116, the large-scale port evolution tends to 0, while the small-scale port fluctuates up and down, which leads to the conclusion that the small-scale ports have more potential to implement shore electricty and are able to gain benefits faster. This study provides theoretical support for the implementation of shore electricty systems, while pointing out the key role of the government in promoting the development of shore electricty. It provides a reference for effectively promoting the use of shore electricty in the context of carbon emission reduction, which is especially important for the implementation of shore electricty in small-scale ports and helps to maximize the environmental benefits of port operations.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143125415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-04DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1500646
Robert Fernández-Vilert, Vanessa Arranz, Marta Martín-Huete, José Carlos Hernández, Sara González-Delgado, Rocío Pérez-Portela
Ocean acidification (OA) stands out as one of the main threats to marine ecosystems. OA leads to a reduction in the availability of carbonate ions, which are essential for marine calcifiers such as echinoderms. We aim to understand the physiological responses of two sea urchin species, Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula to low pH conditions and determine whether their responses result from phenotypic plasticity or local adaptation. The study is divided into two parts: plasticity response over time, measuring respiration rates of individuals from the Mediterranean Sea exposed to low pH over seven days, and adaptation and plasticity under changing pH, analyzing individuals inhabiting a pH gradient in a natural CO2 vent system located in La Palma Island, Spain. Over the seven days of low pH exposure, distinct patterns in respiration rates were revealed, with both species demonstrating potential for acclimatization. Notably, P. lividus and A. lixula displayed unsynchronized acidosis/alkalosis cycles, suggesting different physiological mechanisms. Additionally, environmental history seemed to influence adaptive capacity, as specimens from fluctuating pH environments exhibited respiration rates similar to those from stable environments with heightened phenotypic plasticity. Overall, our results suggest that both species possess the capacity for metabolic plasticity, which may enhance their resilience to future OA scenarios but likely involve energetic costs. Moreover, CO2 vent systems may serve as OA refugia, facilitating long-term survival. Understanding the plastic responses versus adaptations is crucial for predicting the effects of OA on species distribution and abundance of marine organisms in response to ongoing climate change.
{"title":"Effect of ocean acidification on the oxygen consumption of the sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) and Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus, 1758) living in CO2 natural gradients","authors":"Robert Fernández-Vilert, Vanessa Arranz, Marta Martín-Huete, José Carlos Hernández, Sara González-Delgado, Rocío Pérez-Portela","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1500646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1500646","url":null,"abstract":"Ocean acidification (OA) stands out as one of the main threats to marine ecosystems. OA leads to a reduction in the availability of carbonate ions, which are essential for marine calcifiers such as echinoderms. We aim to understand the physiological responses of two sea urchin species, <jats:italic>Paracentrotus lividus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Arbacia lixula</jats:italic> to low pH conditions and determine whether their responses result from phenotypic plasticity or local adaptation. The study is divided into two parts: plasticity response over time, measuring respiration rates of individuals from the Mediterranean Sea exposed to low pH over seven days, and adaptation and plasticity under changing pH, analyzing individuals inhabiting a pH gradient in a natural CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> vent system located in La Palma Island, Spain. Over the seven days of low pH exposure, distinct patterns in respiration rates were revealed, with both species demonstrating potential for acclimatization. Notably, <jats:italic>P. lividus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>A. lixula</jats:italic> displayed unsynchronized acidosis/alkalosis cycles, suggesting different physiological mechanisms. Additionally, environmental history seemed to influence adaptive capacity, as specimens from fluctuating pH environments exhibited respiration rates similar to those from stable environments with heightened phenotypic plasticity. Overall, our results suggest that both species possess the capacity for metabolic plasticity, which may enhance their resilience to future OA scenarios but likely involve energetic costs. Moreover, CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> vent systems may serve as OA refugia, facilitating long-term survival. Understanding the plastic responses versus adaptations is crucial for predicting the effects of OA on species distribution and abundance of marine organisms in response to ongoing climate change.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143125413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-03DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1455803
Pratha Sivasamy, Magdalena Diak, Aleksandra Winogradow, Hermann W. Bange, Marta Borecka, Przemysław Makuch, Katarzyna Koziorowska-Makuch, Karol Kuliński, Anna Mackiewicz, Beata Szymczycha
To determine the excess of dissolved dinitrogen gas (ΔN2 > 0 indicates the loss of bioavailable dissolved nitrogen) in the water column of the Baltic Proper, we measured N2/Ar ratios below the halocline at 19 stations during different seasons between 2017 and 2021. ΔN2 concentrations below the halocline ranged from 1.0 to 32.6 µmol L-1 for all seasons and sites. A significant spatial difference in ΔN2 (p = 0.0001) was observed, with the highest values found in the Gotland Deep. The seasonal changes in ΔN2 were statistically significant (p = 0.005) with the highest concentrations observed in winter. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing the variability of ΔN2 on a large scale in the Baltic Proper. Our findings suggest that the cumulative loss of bioavailable nitrogen via denitrification and anammox is an important mechanism in the Baltic Sea nitrogen cycle. The accumulated signal of N2 production is, however, not uniform across the Baltic Proper, exhibiting significant seasonal and spatial variabilities. This calls for future, investigations on a broad spatial scale and a seasonal resolution which focus on denitrification and anammox rates in the water column, by utilizing a consistent methodological approach. It is essential to ensure an accurate representation of the nitrogen loss, which in turn is important for managing eutrophication and maintaining a good environmental status in the Baltic Sea.
{"title":"Spatial and seasonal variability of excess dinitrogen gas in the Baltic Sea","authors":"Pratha Sivasamy, Magdalena Diak, Aleksandra Winogradow, Hermann W. Bange, Marta Borecka, Przemysław Makuch, Katarzyna Koziorowska-Makuch, Karol Kuliński, Anna Mackiewicz, Beata Szymczycha","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1455803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1455803","url":null,"abstract":"To determine the excess of dissolved dinitrogen gas (ΔN<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> &gt; 0 indicates the loss of bioavailable dissolved nitrogen) in the water column of the Baltic Proper, we measured N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>/Ar ratios below the halocline at 19 stations during different seasons between 2017 and 2021. ΔN<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> concentrations below the halocline ranged from 1.0 to 32.6 µmol L<jats:sup>-1</jats:sup> for all seasons and sites. A significant spatial difference in ΔN<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> (p = 0.0001) was observed, with the highest values found in the Gotland Deep. The seasonal changes in ΔN<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> were statistically significant (p = 0.005) with the highest concentrations observed in winter. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing the variability of ΔN<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> on a large scale in the Baltic Proper. Our findings suggest that the cumulative loss of bioavailable nitrogen via denitrification and anammox is an important mechanism in the Baltic Sea nitrogen cycle. The accumulated signal of N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> production is, however, not uniform across the Baltic Proper, exhibiting significant seasonal and spatial variabilities. This calls for future, investigations on a broad spatial scale and a seasonal resolution which focus on denitrification and anammox rates in the water column, by utilizing a consistent methodological approach. It is essential to ensure an accurate representation of the nitrogen loss, which in turn is important for managing eutrophication and maintaining a good environmental status in the Baltic Sea.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143084163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-03DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1530555
Yunfei Du, Daidu Fan, Jicai Zhang
The turbidity front is susceptible to rapid changes in ocean hydrodynamics. Understanding its variability is crucial for elucidating material transport on continental shelves in light of evolving land-ocean interactions. However, the long-term frontal variability and its controlling mechanism over the shelf sea scale still need further study. Using a decade of satellite observations, this study assesses the interannual variability of turbidity fronts in the Eastern China Seas and their responses to local processes and rapid ocean warming. A gradient-based front detection algorithm and frontal probability are used to identify the geographical locations of turbidity fronts and their variability at the interannual scale, respectively. Regional heterogeneities in interannual variations and controlling mechanisms of frontal activity are observed. Specifically, the significant (p<0.05) and strongest correlations show that wind wave, horizontal temperature gradient, and mixed layer depth are identified as the most important drivers of interannual variations in frontal activity in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas, respectively. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation influences frontal anomalies through a delayed wind-response mechanism (>=4 months). Notably, the recent increase in frontal probability (+0.07%/year) in offshore areas of the Yellow and East China Seas is primarily attributed to an intensified horizontal temperature (density) gradient (+0.0005 °C/km/year) resulting from ocean warming. As ocean warming continues, the offshore transport of terrigenous materials is expected to increase, potentially enhancing ocean primary productivity and carbon sequestration, and altering ecosystem function and fisheries.
{"title":"Linking interannual variability of turbidity fronts in the Eastern China Seas to local processes and ocean warming","authors":"Yunfei Du, Daidu Fan, Jicai Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1530555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1530555","url":null,"abstract":"The turbidity front is susceptible to rapid changes in ocean hydrodynamics. Understanding its variability is crucial for elucidating material transport on continental shelves in light of evolving land-ocean interactions. However, the long-term frontal variability and its controlling mechanism over the shelf sea scale still need further study. Using a decade of satellite observations, this study assesses the interannual variability of turbidity fronts in the Eastern China Seas and their responses to local processes and rapid ocean warming. A gradient-based front detection algorithm and frontal probability are used to identify the geographical locations of turbidity fronts and their variability at the interannual scale, respectively. Regional heterogeneities in interannual variations and controlling mechanisms of frontal activity are observed. Specifically, the significant (p&lt;0.05) and strongest correlations show that wind wave, horizontal temperature gradient, and mixed layer depth are identified as the most important drivers of interannual variations in frontal activity in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas, respectively. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation influences frontal anomalies through a delayed wind-response mechanism (&gt;=4 months). Notably, the recent increase in frontal probability (+0.07%/year) in offshore areas of the Yellow and East China Seas is primarily attributed to an intensified horizontal temperature (density) gradient (+0.0005 °C/km/year) resulting from ocean warming. As ocean warming continues, the offshore transport of terrigenous materials is expected to increase, potentially enhancing ocean primary productivity and carbon sequestration, and altering ecosystem function and fisheries.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143084166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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