Geoderma最新文献

{"title":"Investigating the effect of animal manure on colloidal-facilitated phosphorus transport","authors":"Kritika Malhotra ,&nbsp;Jasmeet Lamba ,&nbsp;Thomas R. Way ,&nbsp;Colleen Williams ,&nbsp;K.G. Karthikeyan ,&nbsp;Rishi Prasad ,&nbsp;Puneet Srivastava ,&nbsp;Jingyi Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Preferential flow via soil macropores can enhance phosphorus (P) loss in leachate. The application of animal manure can further exacerbate P losses in leachate in various forms. Limited work has been done to quantify colloidal-facilitated-P loss in leachate as a function of manure type. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the impact of three manure types, namely, poultry litter, swine lagoon effluent, and dairy manure, on P leaching in various forms using column-based rainfall simulation experiments. Intact-undisturbed soil columns were collected from a pasture field located in Alabama, USA. The overall experimental design included four treatments with two replications each (poultry litter (solid) at rate 1, poultry litter (solid) at rate 2, dairy manure (semi-solid), and swine lagoon effluent (liquid) and unamended control). The bromide breakthrough curves showed evidence of preferential flow. The flow-weighted mean total P concentrations for treatment columns ranged from 5.4 to 6 mg L⁻¹, 6.22 to 12.18 mg L⁻¹, 0.95 to 1.42 mg L⁻¹, and 0.29 to 1.1 mg L⁻¹ for columns treated with solid poultry litter at rate 1, solid poultry litter at rate 2, swine lagoon effluent, and dairy manure, respectively. Colloidal P accounted for 5 to 49 % of the total P leaching from the treatment columns. Therefore, the results of this study show that colloidal-facilitated migration of P can be significant and should be considered when elucidating P transport in agricultural systems fertilized with animal manure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"455 ","pages":"Article 117203"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agricultural crop rotations control dissemination of antibiotics in soil-earthworm-crop continuums","authors":"Fangkai Zhao ,&nbsp;Lei Yang ,&nbsp;Li Fang ,&nbsp;Qingyu Feng ,&nbsp;Min Li ,&nbsp;Liding Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotics are extensively utilized worldwide and are introduced into agroecosystems primarily through manure application and wastewater irrigation. This study provides a novel examination of the fate of antibiotics within soil-earthworm-crop continuums under different crop rotations—fritillary to peanut (F-P), maize (F-M), and eggplant (F-E). We found earthworms and crops showed substantial antibiotic bioaccumulation, underscoring their role in systemic soil-to-biota transfer. The F-M rotation system exhibited higher antibiotic concentrations in soils and earthworms but lower levels in crop fruits compared to F-P and F-E systems. The study revealed that landscape patterns and soil physicochemical properties, particularly the percentage of cropland area and soil pH, significantly influence antibiotic concentrations, accounting for 41.8% of variability in soils and 42.4% in earthworms, while agricultural practices primarily influence edible crops (37.0%). These findings emphasize the importance of crop rotation in managing antibiotic contamination and advocate for optimizing cropland layouts and soil management to enhance agroecosystem sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"455 ","pages":"Article 117234"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introducing a volume change function in process-based modelling of soil development due to land management: A proof of concept","authors":"Hamza Chaif ,&nbsp;Saba Keyvanshokouhi ,&nbsp;Peter Finke ,&nbsp;Cédric Nouguier ,&nbsp;Nicolas Moitrier ,&nbsp;Nicolas Beudez ,&nbsp;Sophie Cornu","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most process-based models of soil development with explicit water transfer are based on an assumption of constant soil volume over time. Nevertheless, the consequences of this simplification on model outputs are not negligible when used on a several decades to a century time scale since, over such a time scale, soils experience strain due to multiple processes, which results in significant change in soil volume over depth and time. We propose in this paper a new approach to considering volume change in a process-based model of soil evolution over short to medium time scales (10 to 70 years). The model takes into account the feedbacks among processes responsible for soil evolution including soil organic carbon dynamics as well as transfer of water, heat and gas while considering the impacts of climate change as well as human activities on soil. To replace the constant volume hypothesis, we introduce in the model an estimation, by a pedotransfer function, of the bulk density that was then used to estimate soil volume in the model. The feasibility of this approach was demonstrated using a simple bulk density pedotransfer function based on soil organic carbon content for three long-term experiment sites with different scenarios of land use or tillage practices on Haplic Luvisols in the north of France. Both versions of the model (constant and changing volume) were tested. Soil dilation was predicted over the top soil (&lt;15 cm) when the tillage practices were reduced. Conversion from agriculture to pasture induced an expansion of all layers of the soil profile. Hydraulic properties of the soil were also impacted by the volume change. Over longer time scales, other pedotransfer functions accounting for the impact of various pedological processes on bulk density should be implemented along with the inclusion of other processes responsible for volume change in order to accurately represent the retroactions between the soil volume and the processes affecting its development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"455 ","pages":"Article 117228"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree species richness affects the trophic structure of soil oribatid mites via litter functional diversity and canopy cover: Evidence from stable isotope analysis (15N, 13C)","authors":"Yannan Chen ,&nbsp;Xue Pan ,&nbsp;Jing-Ting Chen ,&nbsp;Ming-Qiang Wang ,&nbsp;Chenglin Liu ,&nbsp;Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Zhijing Xie ,&nbsp;Chao-Dong Zhu ,&nbsp;Jun Chen ,&nbsp;Stefan Scheu ,&nbsp;Mark Maraun","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tree species richness affects biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Investigating its effect on soil animals and their trophic ecology is crucial for understanding soil food web functioning. Despite this, the relationship between tree species richness and soil microarthropods trophic structure has rarely been evaluated. Here, we investigated the effects of tree species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 species) on soil oribatid mites at an experimental field site in the subtropics (BEF-China). We measured the impacts of tree species richness and oribatid mite functional traits, including body mass and reproductive mode, on oribatid mite trophic ecology using stable isotopes (¹⁵N, ¹³C). Moreover, we inspected if litter functional diversity, litter quality (C/N ratio) and canopy cover affect oribatid mites. The results highlighted that tree species richness influenced oribatid mite trophic ecology through litter functional diversity and canopy cover. High litter functional diversity increased the average and range of Δ¹⁵N signatures indicating an increase in trophic position and trophic plasticity of oribatid mites with increasing litter diversity. More open canopy was associated with lower Δ¹³C signatures and a larger range in Δ¹³C signatures indicating that soil food webs become more complex when light conditions are more variable. Further, high litter C/N ratio increased the average and range of ¹⁵N signatures indicating that low litter quality results in less taxa living as decomposers and more taxa living as fungal feeders or predators. Maximum Δ¹⁵N values were generally lower in parthenogenetic than sexual taxa indicating that parthenogenetic taxa more often function as primary decomposers feeding on plant litter, whereas sexual species more often function as secondary decomposers feeding on microorganisms. The Δ¹⁵N range was also higher in sexual than in parthenogenetic species indicating that sexual taxa cover a broader range of feeding types than parthenogenetic taxa. Oribatid mite species with a larger body mass had lower Δ¹⁵N and Δ¹³C signatures indicting that they feed on plant litter more intensively than smaller species which feed on microorganisms or live as predators more intensively. Overall, the results indicate that litter functional diversity and data on canopy cover should be included in forest management practices to modulate soil microarthropod trophic structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"455 ","pages":"Article 117233"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Securing the future of soil science: Addressing global demographic barriers to engage youth and accelerate early careers","authors":"Axel Cerón-González ,&nbsp;Huiying Ng ,&nbsp;Jorge Ivelic-Saez ,&nbsp;Arabela Vega-Aguilar ,&nbsp;David T. Agbor ,&nbsp;Sena Pacci ,&nbsp;Bartłomiej Glina","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The future of soil science depends on cultivating a diverse, well-equipped generation of scientists and citizens with strong soil connections. The demographic factors and structural barriers that influence youth engagement in soil science remain underexplored despite their importance in creating a more inclusive future of soil science. This discussion paper briefly examines some sociodemographic conditions that shape the landscape of early-career soil scientists, focusing on binary gender, age and regional disparities. The analysis draws on data from a structured questionnaire conducted with Young and Early Career Scientists Working Group (YECS) members of the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) from 2022 to 2024. Results indicate increasing participation by young females in Latin America and the Caribbean and near gender equality in the European Union. However, persistent regional inequalities include gender-age gaps in the Near East and Northern Africa and delayed engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa. The limited YECS outreach in regions, such as North America (small sample size), combined with the absence of additional demographic indicators, such as queer identities and ethnic diversity, may lead to biased interpretations and hinder comprehensive understanding. In this regard, YECS has initiated key actions to address these demographic challenges, promoting international partnerships and culturally inclusive soil education. This discussion invites an exploration of sociodemographic implications that affect soil scientists globally. It offers actionable steps to envision a more connected and inclusive soil science community capable of addressing future environmental challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"455 ","pages":"Article 117220"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing soil organic carbon prediction by unraveling the role of crop residue coverage using interpretable machine learning","authors":"Yi Dong ,&nbsp;Xinting Wang ,&nbsp;Sheng Wang ,&nbsp;Baoguo Li ,&nbsp;Junming Liu ,&nbsp;Jianxi Huang ,&nbsp;Xuecao Li ,&nbsp;Yelu Zeng ,&nbsp;Wei Su","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate regional mapping of soil organic carbon (SOC) in croplands is essential for assessing soil carbon sequestration potential. However, accurate SOC mapping of cropland at a regional scale is challenging due to numerous natural and anthropogenic management factors. The impact of covered crop residue remains undervalued when mapping surface SOC, despite the significant impact of crop residue coverage (CRC) on SOC. In particular, the agricultural management practice of returning crop residues to the soil significantly alters the spatio temporal patterns of SOC in northeast China. Given these issues, we used the Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) approach to interpret the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on SOC estimation using the random forest model. Our results show the high SHAP values of air temperature, CRC, and clay content due to their significant influence on SOC estimation. Interestingly, our analysis showed a significant increase in SHAP values when the CRC reached 0.30, which refers to the CRC threshold of conservation tillage. Furthermore, our results revealed that integrating crop residue coverage significantly improved the accuracy of SOC mapping as the Lin Concordance Correlation Coefficient (LCCC) increased from 0.75 to 0.83 and the root mean squared error (RMSE) decreased from 6.70 g kg⁻¹ to 5.60 g kg⁻¹. This study provides actionable insights for optimizing CRC management practices for SOC sequestration in Northeast China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"455 ","pages":"Article 117225"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative evaluation of carbon dioxide emissions from the subsoils of volcanic and non-volcanic ash soils in temperate forest ecosystems","authors":"Yukiko Abe ,&nbsp;Masataka Nakayama ,&nbsp;Mariko Atarashi-Andoh ,&nbsp;Takeshi Tange ,&nbsp;Haruo Sawada ,&nbsp;Naishen Liang ,&nbsp;Jun Koarashi","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subsoils (typically below a depth of 30 cm) contain more than half of global soil carbon (C) as soil organic C (SOC). However, the extent to which subsoil SOC contributes to the global C cycle and the factors that control it are unclear because quantitative evaluation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission from subsoils through direct observations is limited. This study aimed to quantify CO₂ emission from subsoils and determine factors that control CO₂ emission, focusing on the decomposability of soil organic matter (SOM) and the characteristics of the mineral–SOM association in soils. Therefore, a laboratory incubation experiment was conducted using surface soils (0–10 cm and 10–25 cm depth) and subsoils (30–45 cm and 45–60 cm depth) collected from four Japanese forest sites with two different soil types (volcanic ash and non-volcanic ash soils). The CO₂ emission from the subsoils was found to be responsible for 6 %–23 % of total CO₂ emission from the upper 60-cm mineral soil across all sites. Radiocarbon signatures of CO₂ released from the subsoils indicated the decomposition of decades-old SOM in the subsoils. The correlations between CO₂ emission rate and soil factors across both soil types suggested that the CO₂ emission from the subsoils is mainly controlled by the amounts of SOC easily available to soil microbes and microbial biomass C, not by the amounts of reactive minerals. Given the potential active participation of subsoils in terrestrial C cycling, most of the current soil C models that ignore subsoil C cycling are likely to underestimate the response of soil C to future climate change. The quantitative and mechanistic understanding of C cycling through a huge subsoil C pool is critical to accurately evaluating the role of soil C in the global C balance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"455 ","pages":"Article 117221"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of tree fall on soil Collembola: Disentangling the role of gap formation and deadwood addition","authors":"Yan Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhou Zheng ,&nbsp;André Junggebauer ,&nbsp;Melanie M. Pollierer ,&nbsp;Stefan Scheu","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increased frequency of climate extremes causes large scale forest decline associated with gap formation and input of deadwood to the forest floor, which largely changes soil systems. However, for disentangling the effects of gap formation and deadwood addition, experimental manipulations allowing to separate the effects of each are needed. Based on a large-scale full-factorial forest gap and deadwood addition experiment, we analyzed the response of soil invertebrates (Collembola) to gap formation and deadwood addition across three geographical regions in Germany i.e., the Alb, Hainich and Schorfheide. Both gap formation and deadwood addition altered the taxonomic richness, density and traits of Collembola communities. The effects of gap formation and deadwood addition were independent of each other but varied among regions, reflecting the importance of both geographic and historical context, as well as environmental changes such as variations in climate. Gap formation strongly decreased total density of Collembola in the Hainich but increased it in the Schorfheide, indicating that the effect is negative in regions with high precipitation and deep soils but positive in regions with low precipitation and shallow soils. Deadwood addition little affected Collembola density but restructured the community composition and increased overall functional and species taxonomic richness, presumably by expanding niche space by increased habitat heterogeneity. Gap formation filtered for small-sized and soil-living species via decreased soil moisture, but did not affect other traits such as number of ocelli and reproduction mode. The results suggest that gap formation and deadwood addition affect Collembola communities and traits in an independent way. Overall, the results indicate that deadwood is pivotal for soil diversity conservation, and forest gaps detrimentally affect animals deeper in soil being adapted to moist conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"455 ","pages":"Article 117217"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infiltration mechanism and source of soil water in alpine meadows based on stable isotope tracing","authors":"Li Zongjie ,&nbsp;Xu Bin ,&nbsp;Liu Xiaoying ,&nbsp;Li Zongxing ,&nbsp;Feng Qi ,&nbsp;Wang Dongpeng ,&nbsp;Zhang Wenbao ,&nbsp;Li Hao ,&nbsp;Liu Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To strengthen the management and protection of soil water resources in the Yellow River source area(SRYR), this study conducted a quantitative analysis of the infiltration of soil water in alpine meadows. Meanwhile, the recharge source and mode of soil water in the SRYR were analyzed. The results indicated that both piston flow mode and priority flow mode were present, with the piston flow mode being predominant. The contributions of priority flow mode to deep soil water in different parts of the SRYR were as follows: South &gt; West &gt; North &gt; East. The contributions of piston flow mode to deep soil water were as follows: East &gt; North &gt; West &gt; South. In the heavy ablation period in 2021, precipitation was identified as the primary recharge source of soil water in the SRYR. The contribution rates of precipitation to soil water decreased with the increase in soil depth. The contribution rate of precipitation to soil water on the sunny slope was slightly higher than that on the shady slope. Different vegetation types had obvious effects on the recharge proportions of soil water. In addition, the contribution rates of precipitation to soil water decreased with the increase in altitude, while the contribution rates of ground ice increased with the increase in altitude. This study can provide theoretical support for soil water management and protection in the SRYR, which is conducive to the sustainable development of soil water resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"455 ","pages":"Article 117224"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and improvement of spatiotemporal estimation and transferability of multi-layer and profile soil moisture in the Qinghai Lake and Heihe River basins using multi-strategy constraints","authors":"Jiaxin Qian ,&nbsp;Jie Yang ,&nbsp;Weidong Sun ,&nbsp;Lingli Zhao ,&nbsp;Lei Shi ,&nbsp;Hongtao Shi ,&nbsp;Lu Liao ,&nbsp;Chaoya Dang ,&nbsp;Qi Dou","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The machine learning regression (MLR) algorithms have brought new insights into soil moisture (SM) estimation. However, few studies have explored the potential of MLR algorithms for multi-layer and profile SM modeling, as well as their spatiotemporal transferability, which are important for practical deployment and application. In this study, the dual-polarization C-band radar data was used as the core to construct a multi-layer and profile SM estimation framework, constrained by multi-source auxiliary data (optical vegetation descriptors, soil properties, and terrain factors). Validation was carried out in two new SM observation networks: the Qinghai Lake basin (QLB-NET) and Heihe River basin (WATERNET). The results shown that the multi-output and multi-input stacking strategy regression (SSR) model demonstrated excellent spatiotemporal extensibility (RMSE = 0.027–0.044 cm³/cm³) and interannual transferability (RMSE = 0.031–0.055 cm³/cm³) in multi-layer and profile SM estimation. However, the cross-spatial transfer accuracy of the SSR model was poor (RMSE &gt; 0.060 cm³/cm³). To address this, two improvement schemes were proposed, focusing on the accessibility of in-situ observation data. The first involved introducing a small number of samples from the target domain to update the hyperparameters in the SSR model. The second method used initial estimates from a scattering model, namely the modified change detection model, to constrain the SSR model and improve cross-spatial transfer accuracy. Both schemes achieved satisfactory transfer accuracy. The former strategy reduced SM estimation errors by 40.8–72.8 % and 24.1–68.1 % across various soil depths for two study areas, while the latter strategy achieved reductions of 30.3–67.2 % and 22.4–68.8 %, respectively. Additionally, factors influencing SM estimation and transfer accuracy were identified, including station difference, SM variability, vegetation cover, soil properties, and imaging orbits. Surprisingly, due to relatively low temporal variability and sensitive to vegetation productivity, the spatiotemporal estimation and transfer accuracy of deeper SM (10–30 cm) was better than that of surface SM (0–10 cm) at most observation stations. The SSR model outperformed deep learning algorithms of different architectures in terms of spatiotemporal estimation and transfer accuracy, operating efficiency, and computational overhead. In conclusion, the framework proposed in this study offers new perspectives and application prospects for remote sensing estimation of multi-layer and profile SM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12511,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma","volume":"455 ","pages":"Article 117222"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}