This paper explored the effects of various amounts of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), namely 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% of binder weight, on the rheology, pore structure, mechanical properties, and 3D distribution of fibers of an engineered cementitious composite (ECC). The two rheological parameters, namely the yield stress and plastic viscosity, of the matrix containing the CNCs increased. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) analysis, as a non-destructive method, proved that the addition of the CNCs to the ECC could reduce the porosity of the material and refine its pore size distribution. The addition of the CNCs enhanced the compressive strength of the ECC by 19.6%–33%. The results from uniaxial tensile tests showed incorporating the CNCs into the matrix could enhance the initial cracking strength and ultimate tensile strength of the ECC but reduce their tensile strain-hardening capacity. The optimal addition of 0.1% CNCs could effectively offset the decrease in strength due to increasing FA content, and maintain a relatively high level of tensile strain capacity of over 3%. Finally, X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) with ORS Dragonfly software was employed to reconstruct 3D images of the ECC to present the improvement in the fiber distribution due to the addition of the CNCs.
{"title":"A preliminary investigation of incorporating cellulose nanocrystals into engineered cementitious composites","authors":"Xiao Yang, Jian-Guo Ren, Lian-Xu Li, Zhen Wang, Qi-Hang Zhang, Qiao-Ling Liu","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1443517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1443517","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explored the effects of various amounts of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), namely 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% of binder weight, on the rheology, pore structure, mechanical properties, and 3D distribution of fibers of an engineered cementitious composite (ECC). The two rheological parameters, namely the yield stress and plastic viscosity, of the matrix containing the CNCs increased. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) analysis, as a non-destructive method, proved that the addition of the CNCs to the ECC could reduce the porosity of the material and refine its pore size distribution. The addition of the CNCs enhanced the compressive strength of the ECC by 19.6%–33%. The results from uniaxial tensile tests showed incorporating the CNCs into the matrix could enhance the initial cracking strength and ultimate tensile strength of the ECC but reduce their tensile strain-hardening capacity. The optimal addition of 0.1% CNCs could effectively offset the decrease in strength due to increasing FA content, and maintain a relatively high level of tensile strain capacity of over 3%. Finally, X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) with ORS Dragonfly software was employed to reconstruct 3D images of the ECC to present the improvement in the fiber distribution due to the addition of the CNCs.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2024.1452773
Bo Wang, Wangyun Li, Kailin Pan, Wei Huang, Yubing Gong
The shear fatigue performance and fracture behavior of microscale ball grid array (BGA) structure Cu/Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/Cu solder joints with different heights (500 μm, 300 μm, and 100 μm) with increasing current density (from 6.0 × 103 to 1.1 × 104 A/cm2) were investigated systematically. The results reveal that the fatigue life of solder joints decreases with increasing current density, while increasing with decreasing the height of solder joints. The location of fatigue fracture shifts from solder matrix to the interface between solder and intermetallic compound (IMC) layer for those with heights of 500 μm and 300 μm with increasing current density, in which the interfacial fracture is triggered by current crowding at the groove of the IMC layer and driven by mismatch strain at the solder/IMC layer interface; while, the fatigue fracture all occurs in the solder matrix for solder joints with a height of 100 μm. Moreover, the fracture in solder matrix of solder joints with heights of 500 μm and 300 μm exhibits an arc-shape fracture path, while a linear path for those with a height of 100 μm. These fracture paths are consistent with the concentration distribution region of plastic strain energy in solder joints.
{"title":"Size dependence on shear fatigue and fracture behavior of ball grid array structure Cu/Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu/Cu solder joints under current stressing","authors":"Bo Wang, Wangyun Li, Kailin Pan, Wei Huang, Yubing Gong","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1452773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1452773","url":null,"abstract":"The shear fatigue performance and fracture behavior of microscale ball grid array (BGA) structure Cu/Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/Cu solder joints with different heights (500 μm, 300 μm, and 100 μm) with increasing current density (from 6.0 × 10<jats:sup>3</jats:sup> to 1.1 × 10<jats:sup>4</jats:sup> A/cm<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>) were investigated systematically. The results reveal that the fatigue life of solder joints decreases with increasing current density, while increasing with decreasing the height of solder joints. The location of fatigue fracture shifts from solder matrix to the interface between solder and intermetallic compound (IMC) layer for those with heights of 500 μm and 300 μm with increasing current density, in which the interfacial fracture is triggered by current crowding at the groove of the IMC layer and driven by mismatch strain at the solder/IMC layer interface; while, the fatigue fracture all occurs in the solder matrix for solder joints with a height of 100 μm. Moreover, the fracture in solder matrix of solder joints with heights of 500 μm and 300 μm exhibits an arc-shape fracture path, while a linear path for those with a height of 100 μm. These fracture paths are consistent with the concentration distribution region of plastic strain energy in solder joints.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2024.1401816
Peng Wang, Fei Wang, Mingquan Ma
Ordinary cement mortar is commonly used in building engineering due to its high strength, affordability, and easy access to raw materials. However, it suffers from high shrinkage and poor impermeability, which result in reduced building service life and significant carbon dioxide emissions during production. Polymer additives have been found to enhance the mechanical properties of cement mortar, leading to increased interest in polymer cement mortar by researchers. This study collected and analyzed 420 papers published between 1995 and 2023 in the field of polymer cement mortar. The analysis included publication trends, author cooperation networks, national cooperation networks, published journals, co-citation of references, and keywords. The findings reveal a rapid publication growth from 2018 to 2023, with China making the most significant contribution in this field. Among the scholars, Ru Wang has published the highest number of articles in the field of polymer cement mortar, while Ohama’s papers have been cited the most. The journal with the most articles is Construction and Building Materials. Research in polymer cement mortar focuses on mechanical properties, performance, hydration process, microstructure, and other related aspects. The reinforcement effect of polymer-modified cement mortar on reinforced concrete and applying superabsorbent polymer-modified cement mortar and polymer fiber in cement mortar have emerged as recent research frontiers. This study can help scholars quickly identify high-quality references and research frontiers in the field of polymer cement mortar while also providing research directions and ideas.
{"title":"The research progress and Hotspot analysis of polymer cement mortar based on bibliometrics","authors":"Peng Wang, Fei Wang, Mingquan Ma","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1401816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1401816","url":null,"abstract":"Ordinary cement mortar is commonly used in building engineering due to its high strength, affordability, and easy access to raw materials. However, it suffers from high shrinkage and poor impermeability, which result in reduced building service life and significant carbon dioxide emissions during production. Polymer additives have been found to enhance the mechanical properties of cement mortar, leading to increased interest in polymer cement mortar by researchers. This study collected and analyzed 420 papers published between 1995 and 2023 in the field of polymer cement mortar. The analysis included publication trends, author cooperation networks, national cooperation networks, published journals, co-citation of references, and keywords. The findings reveal a rapid publication growth from 2018 to 2023, with China making the most significant contribution in this field. Among the scholars, Ru Wang has published the highest number of articles in the field of polymer cement mortar, while Ohama’s papers have been cited the most. The journal with the most articles is Construction and Building Materials. Research in polymer cement mortar focuses on mechanical properties, performance, hydration process, microstructure, and other related aspects. The reinforcement effect of polymer-modified cement mortar on reinforced concrete and applying superabsorbent polymer-modified cement mortar and polymer fiber in cement mortar have emerged as recent research frontiers. This study can help scholars quickly identify high-quality references and research frontiers in the field of polymer cement mortar while also providing research directions and ideas.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this groundbreaking study, we unveil the remarkable structural, electronic, and optical Properties of the newly discovered double perovskite material, K2AgBiI6, presenting a paradigm shift in materials science. The unique crystal structure and diverse atomic interactions inherent in this double perovskite make it an up-and-coming candidate for various technological applications, particularly in photovoltaics; owing to its stability and resistance to heat and humidity, we aim to shed light on the extraordinary potential of K2AgBiI6. Our study provides valuable insights for researchers engaged in tailored material design. We anticipate that the exceptional electronic properties of K2AgBiI6 will not only redefine the boundaries of materials engineering but also catalyze unprecedented advances in sustainable technology. Employing the powerful computational tool CASTEP, we conducted detailed electronic structure calculations within the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT) to unravel the electronic properties of the double perovskite K2AgBiI6. Our investigation thoroughly explored structural properties, band structure, total density of states (DOS), and partial density of states (PDOS). Furthermore, we systematically examined the influence of different exchange-correlation functionals, including LDA, GGA, and m-GGA, on the electronic and optical features of the material by presenting a comparative analysis of these approximations.
{"title":"Investigating the structural, electronic, and optical properties of the novel double perovskite K2AgBiI6 using DFT","authors":"Mohamed Karouchi, Abdelkebir Ejjabli, Omar Bajjou, Jamal Guerroum, Mohamed Al-Hattab, Mohamed A. Basyooni-M. Kabatas, Khalid Rahmani, Youssef Lachtioui","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1448400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1448400","url":null,"abstract":"In this groundbreaking study, we unveil the remarkable structural, electronic, and optical Properties of the newly discovered double perovskite material, K<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>AgBiI<jats:sub>6</jats:sub>, presenting a paradigm shift in materials science. The unique crystal structure and diverse atomic interactions inherent in this double perovskite make it an up-and-coming candidate for various technological applications, particularly in photovoltaics; owing to its stability and resistance to heat and humidity, we aim to shed light on the extraordinary potential of K<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>AgBiI<jats:sub>6</jats:sub>. Our study provides valuable insights for researchers engaged in tailored material design. We anticipate that the exceptional electronic properties of K<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>AgBiI<jats:sub>6</jats:sub> will not only redefine the boundaries of materials engineering but also catalyze unprecedented advances in sustainable technology. Employing the powerful computational tool CASTEP, we conducted detailed electronic structure calculations within the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT) to unravel the electronic properties of the double perovskite K<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>AgBiI<jats:sub>6</jats:sub>. Our investigation thoroughly explored structural properties, band structure, total density of states (DOS), and partial density of states (PDOS). Furthermore, we systematically examined the influence of different exchange-correlation functionals, including LDA, GGA, and m-GGA, on the electronic and optical features of the material by presenting a comparative analysis of these approximations.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
2.5D package realizes the interconnection of multiple dies through Si interposers, which can greatly improve the data transmission rate between dies. However, its multi-layer structure and high package density also place higher reliability requirements on the interconnection structure. As a key structure for interconnection, copper pillar bump (CPB) has small size, high heat generation, and thermal mismatch with silicon chips. The thermal fatigue failure of CPB has gradually become the main failure mode in 2.5D package. Due to the small size of CPB and the large proportion of intermetallic compound (IMC) layers, the lifetime prediction method of spherical solder joints is no longer suitable for CPB. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a fatigue lifetime prediction method for CPB. This paper establishes a method for obtaining the lifetime of CPB based on the basic theory of fatigue crack propagation. Using the extended finite element simulation method, the crack propagation lifetime of CPB under thermal cycling was obtained, and the influence of different IMC layer thickness on the fatigue lifetime of CPB was analyzed. The results indicated that the fatigue lifetime of cracks propagating in the IMC layer is lower than that of cracks propagating in the solder layer, and an increase in the thickness of the IMC layer leads to a significant decrease in the fatigue lifetime of CPB. The lifetime prediction method for CPB proposed in this paper can be used for reliability evaluation of 2.5D package, and has certain reference value for the study of the lifetime of CPB.
{"title":"Lifetime prediction of copper pillar bumps based on fatigue crack propagation","authors":"Yuege Zhou, Qingsheng Liu, Tengfei Ma, Shupeng Li, Xinyu Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1470365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1470365","url":null,"abstract":"2.5D package realizes the interconnection of multiple dies through Si interposers, which can greatly improve the data transmission rate between dies. However, its multi-layer structure and high package density also place higher reliability requirements on the interconnection structure. As a key structure for interconnection, copper pillar bump (CPB) has small size, high heat generation, and thermal mismatch with silicon chips. The thermal fatigue failure of CPB has gradually become the main failure mode in 2.5D package. Due to the small size of CPB and the large proportion of intermetallic compound (IMC) layers, the lifetime prediction method of spherical solder joints is no longer suitable for CPB. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a fatigue lifetime prediction method for CPB. This paper establishes a method for obtaining the lifetime of CPB based on the basic theory of fatigue crack propagation. Using the extended finite element simulation method, the crack propagation lifetime of CPB under thermal cycling was obtained, and the influence of different IMC layer thickness on the fatigue lifetime of CPB was analyzed. The results indicated that the fatigue lifetime of cracks propagating in the IMC layer is lower than that of cracks propagating in the solder layer, and an increase in the thickness of the IMC layer leads to a significant decrease in the fatigue lifetime of CPB. The lifetime prediction method for CPB proposed in this paper can be used for reliability evaluation of 2.5D package, and has certain reference value for the study of the lifetime of CPB.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"297 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigated the dynamic mechanical properties of CO2-cured foam concrete under varying conditions, focusing on the effects of foam admixture and fiber reinforcement. The study tends to enrich the knowledge regarding the performance of CO2-cured foam concrete under different loading rates, especially in relation to density and matrix strength. The foam admixture of the specimens ranges from 26% to 55%, achieving density from 600 kg/m3 to 1,000 kg/m3. The specimens were loaded at strain rates from 80 s-1 to 398 s-1. Experimental results revealed the dynamic elastic modulus, dynamic compressive strength, and Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF) showed a strong correlation with the foam admixture and density. In addition, the incorporation of polypropylene (PP) fibers effectively improved the mechanical behavior of the foam concrete, achieving up to a 17% increase in dynamic compressive strength. This comprehensive analysis highlights the critical role of foam admixture and fiber reinforcement in determining the dynamic properties of CO2-cured foam concrete and provides valuable insights for optimizing the dynamic performance of foam concrete in various construction applications.
{"title":"Dynamic properties of CO2-cured foam concrete at different loading rates: Effect of the foam admixtures and addition of polypropylene fiber","authors":"Yunlin Liu, Shangwei Huo, Jiali Fu, Tingbo Shi, Dong Guo","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1445848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1445848","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigated the dynamic mechanical properties of CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>-cured foam concrete under varying conditions, focusing on the effects of foam admixture and fiber reinforcement. The study tends to enrich the knowledge regarding the performance of CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>-cured foam concrete under different loading rates, especially in relation to density and matrix strength. The foam admixture of the specimens ranges from 26% to 55%, achieving density from 600 kg/m<jats:sup>3</jats:sup> to 1,000 kg/m<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>. The specimens were loaded at strain rates from 80 s<jats:sup>-1</jats:sup> to 398 s<jats:sup>-1</jats:sup>. Experimental results revealed the dynamic elastic modulus, dynamic compressive strength, and Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF) showed a strong correlation with the foam admixture and density. In addition, the incorporation of polypropylene (PP) fibers effectively improved the mechanical behavior of the foam concrete, achieving up to a 17% increase in dynamic compressive strength. This comprehensive analysis highlights the critical role of foam admixture and fiber reinforcement in determining the dynamic properties of CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>-cured foam concrete and provides valuable insights for optimizing the dynamic performance of foam concrete in various construction applications.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tunnel construction in central and western China presents significant challenges primarily due to the complex geological conditions. The presence of water-rich zones compromises the stability of excavation faces, leading to potential safety risks and economic losses. This study investigates the Yingpan Mountain extra-long tunnel through numerical simulations, focusing on stress and displacement variations under varying conditions. The primary focus is on assessing the influence of water on tunnel stability, particularly under water-rich conditions. The study proposes effective evaluation methods for different construction stages. The findings offer valuable guidance for future engineering projects, thereby enhancing safety and efficiency in tunnel construction.
{"title":"Numerical simulation analysis of the stability of the construction face of a super long tunnel under conditions of precipitation and abundant water","authors":"Huoda Dun, Song Chen, Haitao Liu, Chen Chen, Yuansheng Zhang, Ying Yuan","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1461308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1461308","url":null,"abstract":"Tunnel construction in central and western China presents significant challenges primarily due to the complex geological conditions. The presence of water-rich zones compromises the stability of excavation faces, leading to potential safety risks and economic losses. This study investigates the Yingpan Mountain extra-long tunnel through numerical simulations, focusing on stress and displacement variations under varying conditions. The primary focus is on assessing the influence of water on tunnel stability, particularly under water-rich conditions. The study proposes effective evaluation methods for different construction stages. The findings offer valuable guidance for future engineering projects, thereby enhancing safety and efficiency in tunnel construction.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2024.1410277
Haitham A. Mahmoud, G. Shanmugasundar, Swapnil Vyavahare, Rakesh Kumar, Robert Cep, Sachin Salunkhe, Sharad Gawade, Emad S. Abouel Nasr
IntroductionAdditive manufacturing (AM) is a revolutionary technology transforming traditional production processes by providing exceptional mechanical characteristics.MethodsThe present study aims explicitly to predict the hardness of Polycarbonate (PC) parts produced using AM. The objectives of this study are: (1) To investigate the process parameters that impact the ability to estimate the hardness of PC materials accurately, and (2) To develop a best-performing ML model from a range of models that can reliably predict the hardness of additively manufactured PC parts. Initially, fused filament fabrication (FFF), the most affordable AM technique, was used for the manufacturing of parts. Four process parameters, infill density, print direction, raster angle, and layer thickness, are selected for investigation. A heatmap is generated to obtain the influence of process parameters on hardness. Then, machine learning (ML) techniques create a range of predictive models that can predict hardness value considering the level of process parameters.ResultsThe developed ML models include Linear Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, K-nearest neighbor, Support Vector Regression, AdaBoost, and Artificial Neural Network. Further, an investigation has been done that includes choosing and improving ML algorithms and assessing the models’ performance.DiscussionPrediction plots, residual plots, and evaluation metrics plots are prepared to gauge the performance of the developed models. Thus, the research enhances AM capabilities by applying predictive modeling to process parameters and improving the quality and reliability of fabricated components.
导言增材制造（AM）是一项革命性技术，它通过提供优异的机械特性改变了传统的生产工艺。方法本研究旨在明确预测使用增材制造技术生产的聚碳酸酯（PC）部件的硬度。本研究的目标是(1) 研究影响准确估算 PC 材料硬度的工艺参数；(2) 从一系列模型中开发出性能最佳的 ML 模型，从而可靠地预测快速成型 PC 零件的硬度。起初，我们使用最经济实惠的快速成型技术--熔融长丝制造（FFF）来制造零件。研究选择了四个工艺参数：填充密度、打印方向、光栅角度和层厚度。通过生成热图来了解工艺参数对硬度的影响。然后，机器学习（ML）技术创建了一系列预测模型，这些模型可以根据工艺参数的水平预测硬度值。讨论绘制了预测图、残差图和评估指标图，以衡量所开发模型的性能。因此，该研究通过对工艺参数应用预测建模，提高了 AM 能力，并改善了制造部件的质量和可靠性。
{"title":"Prediction of machine learning-based hardness for the polycarbonate using additive manufacturing","authors":"Haitham A. Mahmoud, G. Shanmugasundar, Swapnil Vyavahare, Rakesh Kumar, Robert Cep, Sachin Salunkhe, Sharad Gawade, Emad S. Abouel Nasr","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1410277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1410277","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionAdditive manufacturing (AM) is a revolutionary technology transforming traditional production processes by providing exceptional mechanical characteristics.MethodsThe present study aims explicitly to predict the hardness of Polycarbonate (PC) parts produced using AM. The objectives of this study are: (1) To investigate the process parameters that impact the ability to estimate the hardness of PC materials accurately, and (2) To develop a best-performing ML model from a range of models that can reliably predict the hardness of additively manufactured PC parts. Initially, fused filament fabrication (FFF), the most affordable AM technique, was used for the manufacturing of parts. Four process parameters, infill density, print direction, raster angle, and layer thickness, are selected for investigation. A heatmap is generated to obtain the influence of process parameters on hardness. Then, machine learning (ML) techniques create a range of predictive models that can predict hardness value considering the level of process parameters.ResultsThe developed ML models include Linear Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, K-nearest neighbor, Support Vector Regression, AdaBoost, and Artificial Neural Network. Further, an investigation has been done that includes choosing and improving ML algorithms and assessing the models’ performance.DiscussionPrediction plots, residual plots, and evaluation metrics plots are prepared to gauge the performance of the developed models. Thus, the research enhances AM capabilities by applying predictive modeling to process parameters and improving the quality and reliability of fabricated components.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-26DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2024.1432704
R. Suresh, Saravanan Rajendran, Wei-Hsin Chen, Matias Soto-Moscoso, Thanigaivel Sundaram, Aishah Abdul Jalil, Suresh Kumar Rajamani Sekar
Wastewaters consist of organic pollutants that have environmental concerns. Wastewaters are treated by different methods, but efficient, low-cost, and sustainable techniques still need to be developed. Algae-based water pollution remediation techniques are considered to be sustainable approaches. This review exclusively discusses the facets of macro and microalgae in the treatment of organic toxicants. The current trends of algae-mediated water treatments have been discussed under adsorption and degradation methods. A focus on algae fuel cell, algae mediated activation of oxidizing agents, Fenton-like reactions, and photocatalysis was given. The need of algae-based adsorptive and catalytic materials was mentioned. The role of algae in the synthesis of catalysts which were employed in pollutant removal methods was also explained. The integrated algae-mediated water treatment techniques were also highlighted. The toxicant removal performances of different algae-based materials in the water medium were summarized. The conclusion and future prospects derived from the literature survey were described. This review will be helpful for researchers who are working in the field of sustainable water pollution remediation.
{"title":"A review on algae-mediated adsorption and catalytic processes for organic water pollution remediation","authors":"R. Suresh, Saravanan Rajendran, Wei-Hsin Chen, Matias Soto-Moscoso, Thanigaivel Sundaram, Aishah Abdul Jalil, Suresh Kumar Rajamani Sekar","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1432704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1432704","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewaters consist of organic pollutants that have environmental concerns. Wastewaters are treated by different methods, but efficient, low-cost, and sustainable techniques still need to be developed. Algae-based water pollution remediation techniques are considered to be sustainable approaches. This review exclusively discusses the facets of macro and microalgae in the treatment of organic toxicants. The current trends of algae-mediated water treatments have been discussed under adsorption and degradation methods. A focus on algae fuel cell, algae mediated activation of oxidizing agents, Fenton-like reactions, and photocatalysis was given. The need of algae-based adsorptive and catalytic materials was mentioned. The role of algae in the synthesis of catalysts which were employed in pollutant removal methods was also explained. The integrated algae-mediated water treatment techniques were also highlighted. The toxicant removal performances of different algae-based materials in the water medium were summarized. The conclusion and future prospects derived from the literature survey were described. This review will be helpful for researchers who are working in the field of sustainable water pollution remediation.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study systematically explores the relationship between the mechanical and shrinkage properties of cement-stabilized macadam (CSM) stone base layers and their resistance to segregation to address the issue of segregation in wide and thick base layers. It establishes three cement dosage levels and five aggregate gradation types (GW1, GW2, GW3, GW4, and GW5). This research evaluates the anti-segregation performance of the mixtures by introducing the shape segregation coefficient L and the sieving segregation coefficient Seg and investigates how these properties influence segregation resistance. The findings revealed that mixtures with GW3 and GW4 gradations exhibit superior segregation resistance, with the most concentrated gradation curves in each zone. These mixtures form a robust force chain structure that resists segregation tendencies during descent. With a 5% cement content, the shape segregation coefficient L decreases by an average of 3.1%, and the sieve segregation coefficient Seg reduces by 14.0%. In addition, mixtures with GW3 and GW4 gradations show optimal drying shrinkage properties. Effective segregation-resistant gradations can significantly reduce the dry shrinkage coefficient of the specimens.
本研究系统地探讨了水泥稳定碎石（CSM）石基层的机械和收缩性能与其抗离析能力之间的关系，以解决宽厚基层的离析问题。研究确定了三种水泥剂量水平和五种集料级配类型（GW1、GW2、GW3、GW4 和 GW5）。该研究通过引入形状离析系数 L 和筛分离析系数 Seg 来评估混合物的抗离析性能，并研究这些属性如何影响抗离析性。研究结果表明，具有 GW3 和 GW4 级配的混合物具有优异的抗离析性能，每个区域的级配曲线最为集中。这些混合物形成了坚固的力链结构，可在下降过程中抵抗离析趋势。水泥含量为 5%时，形状离析系数 L 平均降低 3.1%，筛分离析系数 Seg 降低 14.0%。此外，采用 GW3 和 GW4 级配的混合物显示出最佳的干燥收缩特性。有效的抗离析级配可显著降低试样的干燥收缩系数。
{"title":"Study on anti-segregation performance of cement stabilized macadam and its impact on mechanical and shrinkage properties","authors":"Xiaokun Chen, Caihong Deng, Xinming Zhai, Wenjin Di, Xuanhao Cao, Bowen Guan","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1411558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1411558","url":null,"abstract":"This study systematically explores the relationship between the mechanical and shrinkage properties of cement-stabilized macadam (CSM) stone base layers and their resistance to segregation to address the issue of segregation in wide and thick base layers. It establishes three cement dosage levels and five aggregate gradation types (GW1, GW2, GW3, GW4, and GW5). This research evaluates the anti-segregation performance of the mixtures by introducing the shape segregation coefficient L and the sieving segregation coefficient Seg and investigates how these properties influence segregation resistance. The findings revealed that mixtures with GW3 and GW4 gradations exhibit superior segregation resistance, with the most concentrated gradation curves in each zone. These mixtures form a robust force chain structure that resists segregation tendencies during descent. With a 5% cement content, the shape segregation coefficient L decreases by an average of 3.1%, and the sieve segregation coefficient Seg reduces by 14.0%. In addition, mixtures with GW3 and GW4 gradations show optimal drying shrinkage properties. Effective segregation-resistant gradations can significantly reduce the dry shrinkage coefficient of the specimens.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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