Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2024.1374034
Nilesh Agarwal, Aditya Rangamani, Kathan Bhavsar, Shreyash Santosh Virnodkar, Aldrin Antonio Agostinho Fernandes, Utkarsh Chadha, Divyansh Srivastava, Albert E. Patterson, Vezhavendhan Rajasekharan
Carbon-carbon composites are advanced materials known for their high strength, high-temperature stability, and superior thermal conductivity. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and compressive strength are examined, as well as thermal properties like the coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity, to understand the characteristics of the composite. Carbon-carbon composites are ideal for the aerospace industry’s need for lightweight and high-performance materials. Tribological and surface properties are relevant to this discussion, given the use case of carbon-carbon composites in extreme conditions, the effect of exposing the composite to different fluids and the change in friction and wear properties. Coatings can protect the composite from environmental factors such as UV radiation, oxidation, and erosion. Self-healing composites that can repair themselves can increase the lifespan of structures while reducing maintenance costs. These have been used in aerospace applications such as airplane braking systems, rocket nozzles, and re-entry vehicle heat shields. Furthermore, researchers have recently addressed the problem of finishing and drilling without delamination and loss of properties, and this study looks into unconventional methods that can be adopted for the same. This study aims to provide an overview of the current state of carbon-carbon composite materials and their applications.
{"title":"An overview of carbon-carbon composite materials and their applications","authors":"Nilesh Agarwal, Aditya Rangamani, Kathan Bhavsar, Shreyash Santosh Virnodkar, Aldrin Antonio Agostinho Fernandes, Utkarsh Chadha, Divyansh Srivastava, Albert E. Patterson, Vezhavendhan Rajasekharan","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1374034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1374034","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon-carbon composites are advanced materials known for their high strength, high-temperature stability, and superior thermal conductivity. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and compressive strength are examined, as well as thermal properties like the coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity, to understand the characteristics of the composite. Carbon-carbon composites are ideal for the aerospace industry’s need for lightweight and high-performance materials. Tribological and surface properties are relevant to this discussion, given the use case of carbon-carbon composites in extreme conditions, the effect of exposing the composite to different fluids and the change in friction and wear properties. Coatings can protect the composite from environmental factors such as UV radiation, oxidation, and erosion. Self-healing composites that can repair themselves can increase the lifespan of structures while reducing maintenance costs. These have been used in aerospace applications such as airplane braking systems, rocket nozzles, and re-entry vehicle heat shields. Furthermore, researchers have recently addressed the problem of finishing and drilling without delamination and loss of properties, and this study looks into unconventional methods that can be adopted for the same. This study aims to provide an overview of the current state of carbon-carbon composite materials and their applications.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"145 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141528963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2024.1337972
Baodi Han, Lian Wang
ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to explore the current research status, key areas, and future development trends in the field of resin materials for dental caries repair through an objective and quantitative analysis of the literature.MethodsA search was conducted on the Web of Science Core Collection using “dental cavity” and “resin” as keywords, covering the period from 2000 to 2023. Data including author names, journals, countries, institutions, keywords, and citation rates were extracted. The collected data was subjected to statistical analysis using bibliometrics methodology, and visual knowledge maps were generated using software like CiteSpace 6.2.R4, Microsoft365, and R.ResultsA total of 4800 articles were retrieved, involving 13,423 authors, 2654 institutions, 76 countries, and 560 journals. The number of publications and cumulative publications in this field showed an increasing trend, reaching a peak in 2022. Dental Materials was the journal with the highest number of publications, cumulative publications, and citation rates. XU HHK was the most prolific author in terms of publications and citations. The University of Maryland was the institution with the highest number of publications. Brazil was the country with the highest number of publications. The USA had the highest level of collaboration with other countries. Collaboration between different authors, institutions, and countries in this field was relatively close, which contributed to the rapid development of resin materials for caries repair. The current research focus is mainly on the nature of dental caries, characteristics of resin materials, and bonding strength of adhesives. Enhancing the bioactivity and remineralization of resin materials, advanced antibacterial strategies, longevity and durability of resin restorations, nanotechnology, and material innovation, as well as digital dentistry, will receive increased attention as future research trends.ConclusionResin materials for dental caries repair have received significant attention. Future research should combine nanotechnology and big data analysis to investigate the mechanisms of dental caries occurrence and development, enhance the performance and longevity of resin materials, and conduct high-quality, large-scale empirical research.
{"title":"Global trend and hotspot of resin materials for dental caries repair: a bibliometric analysis","authors":"Baodi Han, Lian Wang","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1337972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1337972","url":null,"abstract":"ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to explore the current research status, key areas, and future development trends in the field of resin materials for dental caries repair through an objective and quantitative analysis of the literature.MethodsA search was conducted on the Web of Science Core Collection using “dental cavity” and “resin” as keywords, covering the period from 2000 to 2023. Data including author names, journals, countries, institutions, keywords, and citation rates were extracted. The collected data was subjected to statistical analysis using bibliometrics methodology, and visual knowledge maps were generated using software like CiteSpace 6.2.R4, Microsoft365, and R.ResultsA total of 4800 articles were retrieved, involving 13,423 authors, 2654 institutions, 76 countries, and 560 journals. The number of publications and cumulative publications in this field showed an increasing trend, reaching a peak in 2022. Dental Materials was the journal with the highest number of publications, cumulative publications, and citation rates. XU HHK was the most prolific author in terms of publications and citations. The University of Maryland was the institution with the highest number of publications. Brazil was the country with the highest number of publications. The USA had the highest level of collaboration with other countries. Collaboration between different authors, institutions, and countries in this field was relatively close, which contributed to the rapid development of resin materials for caries repair. The current research focus is mainly on the nature of dental caries, characteristics of resin materials, and bonding strength of adhesives. Enhancing the bioactivity and remineralization of resin materials, advanced antibacterial strategies, longevity and durability of resin restorations, nanotechnology, and material innovation, as well as digital dentistry, will receive increased attention as future research trends.ConclusionResin materials for dental caries repair have received significant attention. Future research should combine nanotechnology and big data analysis to investigate the mechanisms of dental caries occurrence and development, enhance the performance and longevity of resin materials, and conduct high-quality, large-scale empirical research.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-27DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2024.1381176
Alice Foti, Benjamin Clépoint, Aurore Fraix, Luisa D’Urso, Angela De Bonis, Cristina Satriano
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a surfactant commonly used in the synthesis of gold nanorods (AuNR), presents challenges owing to cytotoxicity in biological applications, limiting their biomedical applicability, particularly in cancer therapy. This study introduces a straightforward methodology for the effective removal of CTAB by utilizing a combination of ligand replacement and surface bioconjugation processes that efficiently eliminates CTAB and simultaneously functionalizes nanorods with hyaluronic acid (HA) to enhance biocompatibility and introduce targeting capabilities toward cancer cells. The surface chemistry modification of CTAB-capped and CTAB-free AuNR, before and after the functionalization with HA, was scrutinized by UV–visible, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies. The surface charge, size, and morphology of the different plasmonic nanoparticles were characterized by zeta potential, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photothermal response was assessed by laser irradiation and thermal camera measurements. Proof-of-work in vitro cellular experiments of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were carried out on prostate cancer cells, PC-3, overexpressing the CD44 cell surface receptor specifically recognized by HA, in comparison with the CD44-negative murine fibroblasts (3T3 cell line) by MTT and MitoSOX assays, respectively. Cellular uptake and organelle alteration were scrutinized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (LSM), while the perturbative effects on cell migration were studied by optical microscopy (wound scratch assay). The study’s findings offer a promising pathway to tune the gold nanorod properties in cancer treatment by reducing cytotoxicity and enhancing targeted therapeutic efficacy, as well as in the control of scar tissue formation.
十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）是一种常用于合成金纳米棒（AuNR）的表面活性剂，由于在生物应用中具有细胞毒性，限制了其生物医学应用性，尤其是在癌症治疗方面。本研究介绍了一种有效去除 CTAB 的直接方法，该方法结合了配体置换和表面生物共轭过程，可有效去除 CTAB，同时用透明质酸（HA）对纳米棒进行功能化，以增强生物相容性并引入对癌细胞的靶向能力。通过紫外可见光谱、表面增强拉曼散射光谱（SERS）、衰减全反射光谱（ATR）、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和 X 射线光电子能谱（XPS），研究了用 HA 功能化前后 CTAB 封装和不含 CTAB 的 AuNR 的表面化学修饰。通过zeta电位、动态光散射（DLS）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）对不同质子纳米粒子的表面电荷、尺寸和形态进行了表征。通过激光照射和热像仪测量评估了光热反应。通过 MTT 和 MitoSOX 试验，分别对过表达 HA 特异性识别的 CD44 细胞表面受体的前列腺癌细胞 PC-3 和 CD44 阴性的小鼠成纤维细胞（3T3 细胞系）进行了细胞毒性和氧化应激的体外细胞实验。共聚焦激光扫描显微镜（LSM）仔细观察了细胞摄取和细胞器的改变，而光学显微镜（伤口划痕试验）则研究了对细胞迁移的扰动效应。研究结果为调整金纳米棒在癌症治疗中的特性提供了一条很有前景的途径，它可以降低细胞毒性，提高靶向治疗效果，还可以控制疤痕组织的形成。
{"title":"A simple approach for CTAB-free and biofunctionalized gold nanorods to construct photothermal active nanomedicine for potential in vivo applications in cancer cells and scar treatment","authors":"Alice Foti, Benjamin Clépoint, Aurore Fraix, Luisa D’Urso, Angela De Bonis, Cristina Satriano","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1381176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1381176","url":null,"abstract":"Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a surfactant commonly used in the synthesis of gold nanorods (AuNR), presents challenges owing to cytotoxicity in biological applications, limiting their biomedical applicability, particularly in cancer therapy. This study introduces a straightforward methodology for the effective removal of CTAB by utilizing a combination of ligand replacement and surface bioconjugation processes that efficiently eliminates CTAB and simultaneously functionalizes nanorods with hyaluronic acid (HA) to enhance biocompatibility and introduce targeting capabilities toward cancer cells. The surface chemistry modification of CTAB-capped and CTAB-free AuNR, before and after the functionalization with HA, was scrutinized by UV–visible, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies. The surface charge, size, and morphology of the different plasmonic nanoparticles were characterized by zeta potential, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photothermal response was assessed by laser irradiation and thermal camera measurements. Proof-of-work <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> cellular experiments of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were carried out on prostate cancer cells, PC-3, overexpressing the CD44 cell surface receptor specifically recognized by HA, in comparison with the CD44-negative murine fibroblasts (3T3 cell line) by MTT and MitoSOX assays, respectively. Cellular uptake and organelle alteration were scrutinized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (LSM), while the perturbative effects on cell migration were studied by optical microscopy (wound scratch assay). The study’s findings offer a promising pathway to tune the gold nanorod properties in cancer treatment by reducing cytotoxicity and enhancing targeted therapeutic efficacy, as well as in the control of scar tissue formation.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141523868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-27DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2024.1406368
Chou-Yi Husen, Uday Abdul-Reda Hussein, Amjed Qasim Mohammed, Eman Ramzy Muhammad, Kadhum Al-Majdi, Usama Kadem Radi, Ahmed Ali Ami, Anaheed Hussein Kareem, Irfan Ahmad, Saeb Jasim Al-Shuwaili, Ahmed Huseen Redhee
This study involved the preparation of the Saudi Arabian Cassia angustifolia Vahl methanolic extract and the production of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofibers that contained the Saudi Arabian C. angustifolia Vahl methanolic extract. The reason for using polyvinylpyrrolidone is its bioactivity and its physical and chemical properties. The structure and characterization of the newly synthesized nanofiber were confirmed using the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image, N2 adsorption–desorption curve, hydrophilicity, compressive strength, and flexural strength. The biological activity, including anticancer properties against skin cancer cells and bone cancer cells and antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, was assessed. The average diameter and the specific surface area of the synthesized polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers containing the Saudi Arabian Cassia angustifolia Vahl methanolic extract were 87 nm and 1,108 m2/g, respectively. High hydrophilicity compared to polyvinylpyrrolidone (contact angle of synthetic nanofibers was 21° and for polyvinylpyrrolidone was 52°), high compressive strength compared to polyvinylpyrrolidone (61.23 N/mm2 and 34.52 N/mm2, respectively), and high flexural strength compared to polyvinylpyrrolidone (16.1 N/mm2 and 11.4 N/mm2, respectively) were other characteristics of the synthesized polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers containing the Saudi Arabian Cassia angustifolia Vahl methanolic extract. In the biological activities of the synthesized nanofiber, unique properties were observed. Regarding the anticancer activity, the IC50 values against skin cancer cells and bone cancer cells were observed to be 19.59 μg/mL and 29.57 μg/mL, respectively. For the antimicrobial activity, the MIC value between 4 and 128 mg/mL was observed. The biological activities of the synthesized polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers containing the Saudi Arabian Cassia angustifolia Vahl methanolic extract were higher than those of the Saudi Arabian Cassia angustifolia Vahl methanolic extract. The biological properties can be enhanced by various factors, including the high specific surface area of the synthesized nanofiber.
{"title":"Synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of novel Polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers containing Cassia angustifolia Vahl methanolic extract","authors":"Chou-Yi Husen, Uday Abdul-Reda Hussein, Amjed Qasim Mohammed, Eman Ramzy Muhammad, Kadhum Al-Majdi, Usama Kadem Radi, Ahmed Ali Ami, Anaheed Hussein Kareem, Irfan Ahmad, Saeb Jasim Al-Shuwaili, Ahmed Huseen Redhee","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1406368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1406368","url":null,"abstract":"This study involved the preparation of the Saudi Arabian <jats:italic>Cassia angustifolia</jats:italic> Vahl methanolic extract and the production of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofibers that contained the Saudi Arabian <jats:italic>C. angustifolia</jats:italic> Vahl methanolic extract. The reason for using polyvinylpyrrolidone is its bioactivity and its physical and chemical properties. The structure and characterization of the newly synthesized nanofiber were confirmed using the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image, N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> adsorption–desorption curve, hydrophilicity, compressive strength, and flexural strength. The biological activity, including anticancer properties against skin cancer cells and bone cancer cells and antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, was assessed. The average diameter and the specific surface area of the synthesized polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers containing the Saudi Arabian <jats:italic>Cassia angustifolia</jats:italic> Vahl methanolic extract were 87 nm and 1,108 m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>/g, respectively. High hydrophilicity compared to polyvinylpyrrolidone (contact angle of synthetic nanofibers was 21° and for polyvinylpyrrolidone was 52°), high compressive strength compared to polyvinylpyrrolidone (61.23 N/mm<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> and 34.52 N/mm<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>, respectively), and high flexural strength compared to polyvinylpyrrolidone (16.1 N/mm<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> and 11.4 N/mm<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>, respectively) were other characteristics of the synthesized polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers containing the Saudi Arabian <jats:italic>Cassia angustifolia</jats:italic> Vahl methanolic extract. In the biological activities of the synthesized nanofiber, unique properties were observed. Regarding the anticancer activity, the IC<jats:sub>50</jats:sub> values against skin cancer cells and bone cancer cells were observed to be 19.59 μg/mL and 29.57 μg/mL, respectively. For the antimicrobial activity, the MIC value between 4 and 128 mg/mL was observed. The biological activities of the synthesized polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers containing the Saudi Arabian <jats:italic>Cassia angustifolia</jats:italic> Vahl methanolic extract were higher than those of the Saudi Arabian <jats:italic>Cassia angustifolia</jats:italic> Vahl methanolic extract. The biological properties can be enhanced by various factors, including the high specific surface area of the synthesized nanofiber.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"207 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141523930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2024.1401018
Huang Jianqiu, Jin Zhuo, Wang Haiping, Ling Tao, Peng Xuejun, Tang Yu, Liu Qin, Li Xi
The dynamic compaction method has been widely adopted in foundation treatment to densify the soil fillers. However, for the complexity of the impact behavior and soil mechanical properties, the theoretical research of dynamic compaction lags behind its practice for complex soil properties and stress paths. This paper presents a theoretical model applied to describe soil column plastic deformation under impact load. The relationship among stress increment, strain increment, and plastic wave velocity was derived from the aspect of propagation characteristics of stress waves in soil first. Combined with the Duncan-Chang Model, a one-dimensional theoretical model was established then. A numerical model was developed further to check the performance of the model. It showed that the deformation at the end of the soil column was mushroom-shaped. Both the axial and lateral deformation increased with the impact velocity. While some particles located at the side of the soil column end may splash under repeated impact. The theoretical deformations of the soil column were consistent with the experimental results both in the direction of axial and lateral.
{"title":"A theoretical model and verification of soil column deformation under impact load based on the Duncan-Chang model","authors":"Huang Jianqiu, Jin Zhuo, Wang Haiping, Ling Tao, Peng Xuejun, Tang Yu, Liu Qin, Li Xi","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1401018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1401018","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamic compaction method has been widely adopted in foundation treatment to densify the soil fillers. However, for the complexity of the impact behavior and soil mechanical properties, the theoretical research of dynamic compaction lags behind its practice for complex soil properties and stress paths. This paper presents a theoretical model applied to describe soil column plastic deformation under impact load. The relationship among stress increment, strain increment, and plastic wave velocity was derived from the aspect of propagation characteristics of stress waves in soil first. Combined with the Duncan-Chang Model, a one-dimensional theoretical model was established then. A numerical model was developed further to check the performance of the model. It showed that the deformation at the end of the soil column was mushroom-shaped. Both the axial and lateral deformation increased with the impact velocity. While some particles located at the side of the soil column end may splash under repeated impact. The theoretical deformations of the soil column were consistent with the experimental results both in the direction of axial and lateral.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-25DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2024.1351954
Longqi Liu, Zhenhao Fan, Linhu Yao, Yunshu Yang
Alluvial-diluvial soil-rock mixture (ADSRM) is a unique geological material primarily consisting of pebbles, gravel, and soil. Gradation design significantly enhances the shear strength of ADSRM, offering significant implications for sustainable construction of transportation infrastructure in mountainous regions. Hence, the N-method of gradation theory was employed for the gradation design of ADSRM fillers in this study. Macro-mechanical testing reveals that the graded sample exhibits significantly higher shear strength, equivalent cohesion, and friction angle compared to the ungraded sample, with more pronounced shear dilatancy. Meso-shear properties suggest that the graded sample has a lower percentage of pore area compared to the ungraded sample, but a higher percentage of small pores relative to total pores, and more crushed rock blocks under the same normal stress conditions. Pore abundance indicates that the majority of pores on the shear plane are oblate in shape. The findings from the equivalent diameter and fractal dimension of the rock block contour suggest improved grinding roundness of rock blocks in the graded sample post-shearing. In summary, the quantity of pores and broken rock blocks primarily impacts the strength and equivalent cohesion of the filler, while the abundance, roundness, shape coefficient, and fractal dimension of rock block contour mainly affects the internal friction angle.
冲积-冲积土岩混合物（ADSRM）是一种独特的地质材料，主要由卵石、砾石和土壤组成。级配设计可大大提高 ADSRM 的抗剪强度，对山区交通基础设施的可持续建设具有重要意义。因此，本研究采用 N 级配理论方法对 ADSRM 填料进行级配设计。宏观力学测试表明，与未分级样品相比，分级样品的剪切强度、等效内聚力和摩擦角明显更高，剪切扩张性更明显。介观剪切特性表明，与未分级样本相比，分级样本的孔隙面积百分比较低，但小孔隙占总孔隙的百分比较高，在相同的法向应力条件下，破碎岩块更多。孔隙丰度表明，剪切面上的大部分孔隙呈扁圆形。岩块轮廓的等效直径和分形尺寸的研究结果表明，剪切后分级样本中岩块的磨圆度有所提高。总之，孔隙和破碎岩块的数量主要影响填料的强度和等效内聚力，而岩块轮廓的丰度、圆度、形状系数和分形尺寸则主要影响内摩擦角。
{"title":"Effect of gradation on macro-meso shear properties of the alluvial-diluvial soil-rock mixture (ADSRM)","authors":"Longqi Liu, Zhenhao Fan, Linhu Yao, Yunshu Yang","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1351954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1351954","url":null,"abstract":"Alluvial-diluvial soil-rock mixture (ADSRM) is a unique geological material primarily consisting of pebbles, gravel, and soil. Gradation design significantly enhances the shear strength of ADSRM, offering significant implications for sustainable construction of transportation infrastructure in mountainous regions. Hence, the N-method of gradation theory was employed for the gradation design of ADSRM fillers in this study. Macro-mechanical testing reveals that the graded sample exhibits significantly higher shear strength, equivalent cohesion, and friction angle compared to the ungraded sample, with more pronounced shear dilatancy. Meso-shear properties suggest that the graded sample has a lower percentage of pore area compared to the ungraded sample, but a higher percentage of small pores relative to total pores, and more crushed rock blocks under the same normal stress conditions. Pore abundance indicates that the majority of pores on the shear plane are oblate in shape. The findings from the equivalent diameter and fractal dimension of the rock block contour suggest improved grinding roundness of rock blocks in the graded sample post-shearing. In summary, the quantity of pores and broken rock blocks primarily impacts the strength and equivalent cohesion of the filler, while the abundance, roundness, shape coefficient, and fractal dimension of rock block contour mainly affects the internal friction angle.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2024.1386694
Noureddine Ouerfelli, Narcisa Vrinceanu, Ezzedine Mliki, Kamal A. Amin, Lotfi Snoussi, Diana Coman, Dalila Mrabet
BackgroundSynovial fluid (SF) is often used for diagnostic and research purposes as it reflects the local inflammatory environment. Owing to its complex composition, especially the presence of hyaluronic acid, SF is usually viscous and non-homogeneous. The presence of high-molar-mass hyaluronan in this fluid gives it the required viscosity for its function as a lubricant. Viscosity is the greatest major hydraulic attribute of the SF in articular cartilage.MethodsEmpirical modeling of previously published results was performed. In this study, we explored the flow of a non-Newtonian fluid that could be used to model the SF flow. Analyzing the flow in a simple geometry can help explain the model’s efficacy and assess the SF models. By employing some viscosity data reported elsewhere, we summarized the dynamic viscosity values of normal human SF of the knee joints in terms of time after injecting hyaluronidase (HYAL) at 25°C. The suggested quadratic behavior was obtained through extrapolation. For accurate diagnosis or prediction, the comparison between three specific parameters (ai, t0, and ln η0) was made for normal and pathological cases under the same experimental conditions for treatment by addition of HYAL and for investigation of the rheological properties. A new model on the variation of viscosity on the SF of knee joints with time after injection of HYAL with respect to normal and postmortem samples at different velocity gradients was proposed using data previously reported elsewhere.ResultsThe rheological behavior of SF changes progressively over time from non-Newtonian to a Newtonian profile, where the viscosity has a limiting constant value (η0) independent of the gradient velocity at a unique characteristic time (t0 ≈ 8.5 h). The proposed three-parameter model with physical meaning offers insights into future pathological cases. The outcomes of this work are expected to offer new perspectives for diagnosis, criteria, and prediction of pathological case types through comparisons with new parameter values treated under the same experimental conditions as HYAL injection. This study also highlights the importance of HYAL treatment for better intra-assay precision.
背景由于滑膜液（SF）能反映局部炎症环境，因此常用于诊断和研究。由于其成分复杂，特别是含有透明质酸，鞘磷脂通常是粘稠和不均匀的。由于这种液体中含有高摩尔质量的透明质酸，因此具有作为润滑剂所需的粘度。粘度是关节软骨中 SF 最大的主要水力特性。在这项研究中，我们探讨了可用于模拟 SF 流动的非牛顿流体的流动。分析简单几何形状中的流动有助于解释模型的有效性和评估 SF 模型。通过采用其他地方报道的一些粘度数据，我们总结了正常人膝关节 SF 在 25°C 注射透明质酸酶（HYAL）后随时间变化的动态粘度值。通过外推法得出了所建议的二次方行为。为了准确诊断或预测，在相同的实验条件下，对正常和病理病例的三个特定参数（ai、t0 和 ln η0）进行了比较，以便通过添加 HYAL 进行治疗和研究流变特性。结果膝关节 SF 的流变行为随着时间的推移从非牛顿型逐渐转变为牛顿型，其中粘度在特定的特征时间（t0 ≈ 8.5 h）具有与梯度速度无关的极限恒定值（η0）。所提出的具有物理意义的三参数模型为未来的病理病例提供了启示。通过与 HYAL 注入相同实验条件下处理的新参数值进行比较，这项工作的成果有望为病理病例类型的诊断、标准和预测提供新的视角。本研究还强调了 HYAL 处理对于提高检测精度的重要性。
{"title":"Frontiers | Rheological behavior of the synovial fluid: a mathematical challenge","authors":"Noureddine Ouerfelli, Narcisa Vrinceanu, Ezzedine Mliki, Kamal A. Amin, Lotfi Snoussi, Diana Coman, Dalila Mrabet","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1386694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1386694","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundSynovial fluid (SF) is often used for diagnostic and research purposes as it reflects the local inflammatory environment. Owing to its complex composition, especially the presence of hyaluronic acid, SF is usually viscous and non-homogeneous. The presence of high-molar-mass hyaluronan in this fluid gives it the required viscosity for its function as a lubricant. Viscosity is the greatest major hydraulic attribute of the SF in articular cartilage.MethodsEmpirical modeling of previously published results was performed. In this study, we explored the flow of a non-Newtonian fluid that could be used to model the SF flow. Analyzing the flow in a simple geometry can help explain the model’s efficacy and assess the SF models. By employing some viscosity data reported elsewhere, we summarized the dynamic viscosity values of normal human SF of the knee joints in terms of time after injecting hyaluronidase (HYAL) at 25°C. The suggested quadratic behavior was obtained through extrapolation. For accurate diagnosis or prediction, the comparison between three specific parameters (ai, t0, and ln η0) was made for normal and pathological cases under the same experimental conditions for treatment by addition of HYAL and for investigation of the rheological properties. A new model on the variation of viscosity on the SF of knee joints with time after injection of HYAL with respect to normal and postmortem samples at different velocity gradients was proposed using data previously reported elsewhere.ResultsThe rheological behavior of SF changes progressively over time from non-Newtonian to a Newtonian profile, where the viscosity has a limiting constant value (η0) independent of the gradient velocity at a unique characteristic time (t0 ≈ 8.5 h). The proposed three-parameter model with physical meaning offers insights into future pathological cases. The outcomes of this work are expected to offer new perspectives for diagnosis, criteria, and prediction of pathological case types through comparisons with new parameter values treated under the same experimental conditions as HYAL injection. This study also highlights the importance of HYAL treatment for better intra-assay precision.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141866993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presented a new approach for noncontact inspection of defects in milling groove brazed joints of thrust chamber with laser ultrasonic testing method and synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT). Firstly, laser ultrasonic testing methods for milling groove brazed joints of thrust chamber was studied. Subsequently, numerical models were constructed to analyze the influence of defects on laser-excited signals. The analysis revealed that the brazed defects caused internal waves to reflect on the rib surface, manifesting as defect echo signals preceding the outer wall echo. Through scanning setting, the obtained SAFT images illustrate the presence of the defect directly and clearly. Furthermore, an experimental system was established to detect and image artificial defects with different degrees of weld leakage. The experimental results are consistent with simulation results, validating the capability and effectiveness of the testing and imaging method. In general, the proposed laser ultrasound method offers inherent advantages of non-contact detection with high resolution and precision, and it is easy to achieve fast and automated scanning of large and complex structures like thrust chambers, demonstrating its potential for enhancing the safety and reliability of liquid rocket engines.
{"title":"Frontiers | Laser ultrasonic testing of defects in milling groove brazed joints of thrust chamber","authors":"Yuhang Chen, Xing Kou, Yu Liu, Cuixiang Pei, Zhenmao Chen","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1421323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1421323","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presented a new approach for noncontact inspection of defects in milling groove brazed joints of thrust chamber with laser ultrasonic testing method and synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT). Firstly, laser ultrasonic testing methods for milling groove brazed joints of thrust chamber was studied. Subsequently, numerical models were constructed to analyze the influence of defects on laser-excited signals. The analysis revealed that the brazed defects caused internal waves to reflect on the rib surface, manifesting as defect echo signals preceding the outer wall echo. Through scanning setting, the obtained SAFT images illustrate the presence of the defect directly and clearly. Furthermore, an experimental system was established to detect and image artificial defects with different degrees of weld leakage. The experimental results are consistent with simulation results, validating the capability and effectiveness of the testing and imaging method. In general, the proposed laser ultrasound method offers inherent advantages of non-contact detection with high resolution and precision, and it is easy to achieve fast and automated scanning of large and complex structures like thrust chambers, demonstrating its potential for enhancing the safety and reliability of liquid rocket engines.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141717482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-19DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2024.1408333
Zhen Wang, Jian Zhang, Fengqin Zhang, Changbao Qi
To utilise laser deposition for the preparation of high-strength, wear-resistant components, the service life of components in rail transportation equipment should be improved. Laser deposition technology is used to fabricate Fe‒Ni‒Ti coatings on the surface of AISI 1045 steel substrates. By varying the laser power to adjust the laser energy density, Fe‒Ni‒Ti composite coatings are prepared at various energy densities. The morphology, microstructure, phase composition, tensile strength, microhardness, and friction-wear characteristics of the composite coatings are observed and tested. The influence patterns and mechanisms of laser energy density on the organisational variation and friction-wear performance of composite coatings is investigated. When the laser energy density is 97.2 J/mm2 (1400 W), the residual stresses in the deposition layer are minimised, resulting in fewer cracks and gas pore defects, with a porosity rate reaching its lowest value of 1.2% and a density of 99.1%. With the increase in energy density, both the tensile strength and elongation of the deposited layer exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease. The hardness and wear resistance of Fe‒Ni‒Ti deposition layers is effectively controlled by regulating the laser energy density.
{"title":"Frontiers | Impact of laser energy density on the structure and properties of laser-deposited Fe‒Ni‒Ti composite coatings","authors":"Zhen Wang, Jian Zhang, Fengqin Zhang, Changbao Qi","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1408333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1408333","url":null,"abstract":"To utilise laser deposition for the preparation of high-strength, wear-resistant components, the service life of components in rail transportation equipment should be improved. Laser deposition technology is used to fabricate Fe‒Ni‒Ti coatings on the surface of AISI 1045 steel substrates. By varying the laser power to adjust the laser energy density, Fe‒Ni‒Ti composite coatings are prepared at various energy densities. The morphology, microstructure, phase composition, tensile strength, microhardness, and friction-wear characteristics of the composite coatings are observed and tested. The influence patterns and mechanisms of laser energy density on the organisational variation and friction-wear performance of composite coatings is investigated. When the laser energy density is 97.2 J/mm2 (1400 W), the residual stresses in the deposition layer are minimised, resulting in fewer cracks and gas pore defects, with a porosity rate reaching its lowest value of 1.2% and a density of 99.1%. With the increase in energy density, both the tensile strength and elongation of the deposited layer exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease. The hardness and wear resistance of Fe‒Ni‒Ti deposition layers is effectively controlled by regulating the laser energy density.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141745413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-17DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2024.1365222
A. C. Mellinas, E. García-Serna, A. Jiménez, M. C. Garrigós
Antioxidant/antifungal active films based on bio-polyethylene (BPE) added with Nutrabiol®T90 and Tocobiol®Plus natural extracts rich in tocopherols at different concentrations (1 and 3 wt%) were developed by melt-blending followed by compression-molding. Thermal, barrier, mechanical, optical and functional properties of the developed active films were evaluated. The addition of active extracts did not cause important changes in thermal and barrier properties of active films whereas a significant increase in oxidative stability was found. Release kinetics of active additives migration showed higher tocopherol diffusion coefficient and antioxidant capacity, determined by the DPPH and ABTS methods, for films containing 3 wt% of Nutrabiol®T90. This film also delayed polymer oxidation in 260 min and extended strawberries shelf-life during storage for 7 days compared to neat BPE, showing a significant antifungal effect. The studied biomaterials offer great potential to substitute conventional petrol-derived materials at the industrial scale as active food packaging systems to increase the shelf-life of perishable foodstuff.
{"title":"Frontiers | Active films based on bio-polyethylene and natural extracts rich in tocopherols for food packaging applications","authors":"A. C. Mellinas, E. García-Serna, A. Jiménez, M. C. Garrigós","doi":"10.3389/fmats.2024.1365222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1365222","url":null,"abstract":"Antioxidant/antifungal active films based on bio-polyethylene (BPE) added with Nutrabiol®T90 and Tocobiol®Plus natural extracts rich in tocopherols at different concentrations (1 and 3 wt%) were developed by melt-blending followed by compression-molding. Thermal, barrier, mechanical, optical and functional properties of the developed active films were evaluated. The addition of active extracts did not cause important changes in thermal and barrier properties of active films whereas a significant increase in oxidative stability was found. Release kinetics of active additives migration showed higher tocopherol diffusion coefficient and antioxidant capacity, determined by the DPPH and ABTS methods, for films containing 3 wt% of Nutrabiol®T90. This film also delayed polymer oxidation in 260 min and extended strawberries shelf-life during storage for 7 days compared to neat BPE, showing a significant antifungal effect. The studied biomaterials offer great potential to substitute conventional petrol-derived materials at the industrial scale as active food packaging systems to increase the shelf-life of perishable foodstuff.","PeriodicalId":12524,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Materials","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141577968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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