Pub Date : 2023-10-06DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1166349
Jiayuan Lin, Decao Chen, Shuai Yang, Xiaohan Liao
Introduction Plantation forest is an important component of global forest resources. The accurate estimation of tree aboveground biomass (AGB) in plantation forest is of great significance for evaluating the carbon sequestration capacity. In recent years, UAV-borne LiDAR has been increasingly applied to forest survey, but the traditional allometric model for AGB estimation cannot be directly used without the diameter at breast height (DBH) of individual trees. Therefore, it is practicable to construct a novel allometric model incorporating the crown structure parameters, which can be precisely extracted from UAV LiDAR data. Additionally, the reduction effect of adjacent trees on crown area (A c ) should be taken into account. Methods In this study, we proposed an allometric model depending on the predictor variables of A c and trunk height (H). The UAV-borne LiDAR was utilized to scan the sample plot of dawn redwood (DR) trees in the test site. The raw point cloud was first normalized and segmented into individual trees, whose A c s and Hs were sequentially extracted. To mitigate the effects of adjacent trees, the initial A c s were corrected to refer to the potential maximum A c s under undisturbed growth conditions. Finally, the corrected A c s (A cc ) and Hs were input into the constructed allometric model to achieve the AGBs of DR trees. Results and discussion According to accuracy assessment, coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) and root mean square error (RMSE) of extracted Hs were 0.9688 and 0.51 m; R 2 and RMSE of calculated AGBs were 0.9432 and 10.91 kg. The unrestricted growth parts of the tree crowns at the edge of a plantation forest could be used to derive the potential maximum A c . Compared with the allometric models for AGB estimation relying only on trunk H or on initial A c and H, the novel allometric model demonstrated superior performance in estimating the AGBs of trees in a plantation forest.
人工林是全球森林资源的重要组成部分。人工林地上生物量的准确估算对评价人工林的固碳能力具有重要意义。近年来，UAV-borne LiDAR在森林调查中的应用越来越广泛，但传统的异速生长模型无法在没有单株胸径(DBH)的情况下直接用于AGB估计。因此，构建一种包含冠状结构参数的新型异速生长模型是可行的，该模型可以从无人机激光雷达数据中精确提取。此外，还应考虑邻近树木对树冠面积(A c)的减少作用。方法利用无人机机载激光雷达(UAV-borne LiDAR)对试验区的黎明红木(DR)样地进行扫描，建立了以A c和树干高度(H)为预测变量的异速生长模型。首先将原始点云归一化并分割成独立的树，依次提取树的A、c、s和h。为了减轻邻近树木的影响，将初始碳碳比修正为未受干扰生长条件下的潜在最大碳碳比。最后，将校正后的A c s (A cc)和h输入到构建的异速生长模型中，实现DR树的agb。结果与讨论根据准确度评估，提取Hs的决定系数(r2)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.9688和0.51 m;计算agb的r2和RMSE分别为0.9432和10.91 kg。人工林边缘的树冠不受限制的生长部分可以用来计算潜在的最大碳排放。与仅依赖树干H或初始A c和H的异速生长估算模型相比，该模型在估算人工林树木的AGB方面表现出更优的性能。
{"title":"Precise aboveground biomass estimation of plantation forest trees using the novel allometric model and UAV-borne LiDAR","authors":"Jiayuan Lin, Decao Chen, Shuai Yang, Xiaohan Liao","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1166349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1166349","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Plantation forest is an important component of global forest resources. The accurate estimation of tree aboveground biomass (AGB) in plantation forest is of great significance for evaluating the carbon sequestration capacity. In recent years, UAV-borne LiDAR has been increasingly applied to forest survey, but the traditional allometric model for AGB estimation cannot be directly used without the diameter at breast height (DBH) of individual trees. Therefore, it is practicable to construct a novel allometric model incorporating the crown structure parameters, which can be precisely extracted from UAV LiDAR data. Additionally, the reduction effect of adjacent trees on crown area (A c ) should be taken into account. Methods In this study, we proposed an allometric model depending on the predictor variables of A c and trunk height (H). The UAV-borne LiDAR was utilized to scan the sample plot of dawn redwood (DR) trees in the test site. The raw point cloud was first normalized and segmented into individual trees, whose A c s and Hs were sequentially extracted. To mitigate the effects of adjacent trees, the initial A c s were corrected to refer to the potential maximum A c s under undisturbed growth conditions. Finally, the corrected A c s (A cc ) and Hs were input into the constructed allometric model to achieve the AGBs of DR trees. Results and discussion According to accuracy assessment, coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) and root mean square error (RMSE) of extracted Hs were 0.9688 and 0.51 m; R 2 and RMSE of calculated AGBs were 0.9432 and 10.91 kg. The unrestricted growth parts of the tree crowns at the edge of a plantation forest could be used to derive the potential maximum A c . Compared with the allometric models for AGB estimation relying only on trunk H or on initial A c and H, the novel allometric model demonstrated superior performance in estimating the AGBs of trees in a plantation forest.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135351089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-03DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1237597
Michaela Perunová, Jarmila Zimmermannová
The forest bioeconomy becomes a feature of a climate-neutral economic system, while effective financial support is crucial for sustainable forest management. The main goal of this paper is to explain the impact of economic and financial instruments on the development of the forestry sector in the Czech Republic in the period 2000–2020. For research objectives, the methods of literature review, data analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were used. Several models were established and tested. This paper presents the forest land model (FOLM) and wood biomass production model (WBIOM). In the monitored period, there was an increase in forest land in hectares in the Czech Republic, which was positively influenced by environmental investments in biodiversity and negatively by subsidies from the Rural Development Programme and the price of European Union Allowance. Based on the FOLM model results, 100 million CZK (4.07 million EUR) of environmental investments in biodiversity would contribute to an increase of 228 hectares of forest land. Concerning wood biomass production in cubic meters, it was influenced positively by the whole mixture of economic and financial instruments, such as emission trading, environmental taxation, financial contributions for forest management, state financial obligations, and subsidies. Based on the WBIOM model results, an increase in the price of an emission allowance by 100 CZK Mg –1 (approx. 4 EUR Mg –1 ) would increase wood biomass production by approximately 934,614 cubic meters. Generally, the economic and financial instruments in the Czech Republic have an environmental impact and can influence the forest bioeconomy, at least in the long-term period. Concerning the complex influence of the emission trading on the forestry sector in the Czech Republic, it is ambiguous—in the case of forest land rather negative, and in the case of wood biomass production positive. Therefore, focusing on the policy recommendations, we should underline economic and financial instruments connected with positive motivation in the forestry sector, such as grant schemas, subsidies, and investments in biodiversity.
{"title":"Economic and financial instruments of forest management in the Czech Republic","authors":"Michaela Perunová, Jarmila Zimmermannová","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1237597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1237597","url":null,"abstract":"The forest bioeconomy becomes a feature of a climate-neutral economic system, while effective financial support is crucial for sustainable forest management. The main goal of this paper is to explain the impact of economic and financial instruments on the development of the forestry sector in the Czech Republic in the period 2000–2020. For research objectives, the methods of literature review, data analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were used. Several models were established and tested. This paper presents the forest land model (FOLM) and wood biomass production model (WBIOM). In the monitored period, there was an increase in forest land in hectares in the Czech Republic, which was positively influenced by environmental investments in biodiversity and negatively by subsidies from the Rural Development Programme and the price of European Union Allowance. Based on the FOLM model results, 100 million CZK (4.07 million EUR) of environmental investments in biodiversity would contribute to an increase of 228 hectares of forest land. Concerning wood biomass production in cubic meters, it was influenced positively by the whole mixture of economic and financial instruments, such as emission trading, environmental taxation, financial contributions for forest management, state financial obligations, and subsidies. Based on the WBIOM model results, an increase in the price of an emission allowance by 100 CZK Mg –1 (approx. 4 EUR Mg –1 ) would increase wood biomass production by approximately 934,614 cubic meters. Generally, the economic and financial instruments in the Czech Republic have an environmental impact and can influence the forest bioeconomy, at least in the long-term period. Concerning the complex influence of the emission trading on the forestry sector in the Czech Republic, it is ambiguous—in the case of forest land rather negative, and in the case of wood biomass production positive. Therefore, focusing on the policy recommendations, we should underline economic and financial instruments connected with positive motivation in the forestry sector, such as grant schemas, subsidies, and investments in biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135696468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-03DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1228145
Fang Yu, Qiang Liu, Chunnan Fan, Shuang Li
Temperate forests are of pivotal importance in global carbon cycle, as they currently act as a carbon sink. Moreover, the continued expansion of the forest provides significant benefits in terms of mitigating climate change. Soil organic carbon (SOC) constitutes a vital component of the carbon inventory harbored within forest soils. Thus, understanding the dynamics and distribution of SOC in temperate forest soils can be essential to better predict the forest SOC inventories, and can help to provide theoretical basis for further studies in soil carbon management technologies. Spatial variability of SOC has been studied extensively, but the mechanism that regulates the vertical pattern of SOC is still not clear. In the present study, we hypothesized that the vertical pattern of SOC in temperate forest soils is dominated by the vertical transport of solute in soil, and a theoretical vertical scaling of SOC was proposed based on percolation theory. Theoretical range of SOC in the national forests in northeastern China and the United States were also predicted. The agreement between the observed SOC profiles and the theoretical scaling supported the hypothesis and suggested that percolation theory can be applied to depict the vertical distribution of SOC, while the application could be limited if vegetation cover and soil texture alter the dominant controlling factor of SOC distribution. The concordance between empirical data and the predicted range also showed significant potential of integrating percolation theory into comprehensive models for carbon stock estimation.
{"title":"Modeling the vertical distribution of soil organic carbon in temperate forest soils on the basis of solute transport","authors":"Fang Yu, Qiang Liu, Chunnan Fan, Shuang Li","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1228145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1228145","url":null,"abstract":"Temperate forests are of pivotal importance in global carbon cycle, as they currently act as a carbon sink. Moreover, the continued expansion of the forest provides significant benefits in terms of mitigating climate change. Soil organic carbon (SOC) constitutes a vital component of the carbon inventory harbored within forest soils. Thus, understanding the dynamics and distribution of SOC in temperate forest soils can be essential to better predict the forest SOC inventories, and can help to provide theoretical basis for further studies in soil carbon management technologies. Spatial variability of SOC has been studied extensively, but the mechanism that regulates the vertical pattern of SOC is still not clear. In the present study, we hypothesized that the vertical pattern of SOC in temperate forest soils is dominated by the vertical transport of solute in soil, and a theoretical vertical scaling of SOC was proposed based on percolation theory. Theoretical range of SOC in the national forests in northeastern China and the United States were also predicted. The agreement between the observed SOC profiles and the theoretical scaling supported the hypothesis and suggested that percolation theory can be applied to depict the vertical distribution of SOC, while the application could be limited if vegetation cover and soil texture alter the dominant controlling factor of SOC distribution. The concordance between empirical data and the predicted range also showed significant potential of integrating percolation theory into comprehensive models for carbon stock estimation.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135739485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1224624
Mark E. Swanson, Margaret I. Magee, Andrew S. Nelson, Rudy Engstrom, Henry D. Adams
Introduction Increasing temperatures associated with climate change can lead to more challenging conditions for tree seedlings, including greater soil surface temperatures and reduced growing season soil moisture. Downed woody debris (DWD) may provide microsite effects, such as shade, that moderate these conditions for seedlings. However, few studies have conducted fine-scale assessments of the strength of the microsite as a function of distance from DWD or how the microsite effect differs between species or across topographic gradients. Methods In this study, conducted in the Palouse region of eastern Washington State, we placed three large pieces of DWD (5 m length × 40–50 cm small-end diameter, oriented east–west) on each of three topographic facets (north-facing, flat ridge-top, and south-facing), and planted transects of seedlings of a xerophytic conifer (ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa ) and a mesophytic conifer (Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii ) on both sides of the DWD at fixed distances (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.5 m). The 1.5 m distance was assumed to serve as a control, with no measurable influence from DWD. Seedling responses (stress rating, survival, basal diameter and height growth, and dark-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence) over two growing seasons were used to interpret the influence of DWD on seedling health and survival, especially during stressful episodes of extreme heat, such as occurred during July 2021, the first growing season of the experiment. Soil surface temperature and soil volumetric water content (10 cm depth) were measured at all seedling locations to understand biophysical contributors to seedling response. Results We found that seedlings of both conifers displayed lower stress ratings, higher survival, and greater height growth close to the north side of DWD, with this effect especially pronounced on the flat ridge-top and the south-facing slope. Soil surface temperature decreased greatly in the “shade zone” at 0.0 m and 0.25 m distances on the north side of DWD, and soil volumetric water content declined more quickly outside of the shaded microsite. Discussion These findings suggest that creating or retaining DWD on stressful sites may prove an important climate adaptive management strategy in ecosystem restoration or forest management, especially if extreme heat events continue to increase in frequency.
{"title":"Experimental downed woody debris-created microsites enhance tree survival and growth in extreme summer heat","authors":"Mark E. Swanson, Margaret I. Magee, Andrew S. Nelson, Rudy Engstrom, Henry D. Adams","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1224624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1224624","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Increasing temperatures associated with climate change can lead to more challenging conditions for tree seedlings, including greater soil surface temperatures and reduced growing season soil moisture. Downed woody debris (DWD) may provide microsite effects, such as shade, that moderate these conditions for seedlings. However, few studies have conducted fine-scale assessments of the strength of the microsite as a function of distance from DWD or how the microsite effect differs between species or across topographic gradients. Methods In this study, conducted in the Palouse region of eastern Washington State, we placed three large pieces of DWD (5 m length × 40–50 cm small-end diameter, oriented east–west) on each of three topographic facets (north-facing, flat ridge-top, and south-facing), and planted transects of seedlings of a xerophytic conifer (ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa ) and a mesophytic conifer (Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii ) on both sides of the DWD at fixed distances (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.5 m). The 1.5 m distance was assumed to serve as a control, with no measurable influence from DWD. Seedling responses (stress rating, survival, basal diameter and height growth, and dark-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence) over two growing seasons were used to interpret the influence of DWD on seedling health and survival, especially during stressful episodes of extreme heat, such as occurred during July 2021, the first growing season of the experiment. Soil surface temperature and soil volumetric water content (10 cm depth) were measured at all seedling locations to understand biophysical contributors to seedling response. Results We found that seedlings of both conifers displayed lower stress ratings, higher survival, and greater height growth close to the north side of DWD, with this effect especially pronounced on the flat ridge-top and the south-facing slope. Soil surface temperature decreased greatly in the “shade zone” at 0.0 m and 0.25 m distances on the north side of DWD, and soil volumetric water content declined more quickly outside of the shaded microsite. Discussion These findings suggest that creating or retaining DWD on stressful sites may prove an important climate adaptive management strategy in ecosystem restoration or forest management, especially if extreme heat events continue to increase in frequency.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135899116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1106630
Sle-gee Lee, Hyun-Jun Kim
A forest is one of the carbon sinks in the terrestrial ecosystem; it is a major target for securing CO 2 sequestration to achieve carbon neutrality. Reforestation is a forest management method that could attain carbon fixation and forest degradation recovery at the same time, but quantitative research has not been actively conducted. The purpose of this study is to identify the target areas for reforestation through changes in land cover in the Korean Peninsula and to quantify the potential CO 2 sequestration effect of reforestation. According to the land cover change through satellite imagery, the area of settlements in the Republic of Korea (ROK) was the most dominant (+3,371 km 2 ), and the main change occurred from cropland to settlements. The forest area increased by +1,544 km 2 from 68,264 km 2 in the 1980s to 69,809 km 2 in the late 2010s. The forest decreased by 7,526 km 2 , accounting for 5.68% of the entire land area of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), and cropland increased by 5,222 km 2 which is 5.12%. Assuming that the target of reforestation is an area whose land cover was a forest in the past and then converted to cropland, wetland, or bare ground, the area of the target decreased as the reference period was applied more recently. As a result of comparing the late 2000s to the late 2010s, the ROK's annual net carbon sequestration due to reforestation is predicted to be 10,833,600 Mg CO 2 yr −1 in 2050 and 20,919,200 Mg CO 2 yr −1 in 2070. In the DPRK, 14,236,800 Mg CO 2 yr −1 in 2050 and 27,490,400 Mg CO 2 yr −1 in 2070 were predicted. Reforestation in the Korean Peninsula was analyzed to have sufficient potential to secure a carbon sink, and the DPRK in particular was analyzed to be able to play a role in overseas reforestation.
森林是陆地生态系统中的碳汇之一;它是确保二氧化碳封存以实现碳中和的主要目标。再造林是一种可以同时实现固碳和森林退化恢复的森林经营方法，但定量研究尚未积极开展。本研究的目的是通过朝鲜半岛土地覆盖的变化确定再造林的目标区域，并量化再造林的潜在co2封存效应。卫星影像土地覆被变化结果显示，韩国以聚落面积最大(+ 3371 km2)，主要发生从农田到聚落的变化。森林面积从20世纪80年代的68264平方公里增加到2010年代末的69809平方公里，增加了1544平方公里。森林面积减少7526 km2，占朝鲜国土面积的5.68%，耕地面积增加5222 km2，占国土面积的5.12%。假设再造林的目标是过去土地覆盖为森林，然后转变为农田、湿地或裸地的区域，则随着参考期的应用时间的增加，目标面积减少。通过将2000年代末与2010年代末进行比较，预计到2050年，韩国因重新造林而产生的年度净碳固存量为10,833,600 Mg CO 2 yr - 1，到2070年为20,919,200 Mg CO 2 yr - 1。在朝鲜，预计2050年为14,236,800 Mg CO 2 yr - 1, 2070年为27,490,400 Mg CO 2 yr - 1。分析认为，朝鲜半岛的重新造林具有足够的潜力来确保碳汇，特别是朝鲜能够在海外重新造林中发挥作用。
{"title":"Spatiotemporal approach for estimating potential CO2 sequestration by reforestation in the Korean Peninsula","authors":"Sle-gee Lee, Hyun-Jun Kim","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1106630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1106630","url":null,"abstract":"A forest is one of the carbon sinks in the terrestrial ecosystem; it is a major target for securing CO 2 sequestration to achieve carbon neutrality. Reforestation is a forest management method that could attain carbon fixation and forest degradation recovery at the same time, but quantitative research has not been actively conducted. The purpose of this study is to identify the target areas for reforestation through changes in land cover in the Korean Peninsula and to quantify the potential CO 2 sequestration effect of reforestation. According to the land cover change through satellite imagery, the area of settlements in the Republic of Korea (ROK) was the most dominant (+3,371 km 2 ), and the main change occurred from cropland to settlements. The forest area increased by +1,544 km 2 from 68,264 km 2 in the 1980s to 69,809 km 2 in the late 2010s. The forest decreased by 7,526 km 2 , accounting for 5.68% of the entire land area of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), and cropland increased by 5,222 km 2 which is 5.12%. Assuming that the target of reforestation is an area whose land cover was a forest in the past and then converted to cropland, wetland, or bare ground, the area of the target decreased as the reference period was applied more recently. As a result of comparing the late 2000s to the late 2010s, the ROK's annual net carbon sequestration due to reforestation is predicted to be 10,833,600 Mg CO 2 yr −1 in 2050 and 20,919,200 Mg CO 2 yr −1 in 2070. In the DPRK, 14,236,800 Mg CO 2 yr −1 in 2050 and 27,490,400 Mg CO 2 yr −1 in 2070 were predicted. Reforestation in the Korean Peninsula was analyzed to have sufficient potential to secure a carbon sink, and the DPRK in particular was analyzed to be able to play a role in overseas reforestation.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135894744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-28DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1204596
Stephanie P. George-Chacon, T. Luke Smallman, Juan Manuel Dupuy, José Luis Hernández-Stefanoni, David T. Milodowski, Mathew Williams
Tropical forests hold large stocks of carbon in biomass and face pressures from changing climate and anthropogenic disturbance. Forests' capacity to store biomass under future conditions and accumulate biomass during regrowth after clearance are major knowledge gaps. Here we use chronosequence data, satellite observations and a C-cycle model to diagnose woody C dynamics in two dry forest ecotypes (semi-deciduous and semi-evergreen) in Yucatán, Mexico. Woody biomass differences between mature semi-deciduous (90 MgC ha −1 ) and semi-evergreen (175 MgC ha −1 ) forest landscapes are mostly explained by differences in climate (c. 60%), particularly temperature, humidity and soil moisture effects on production. Functional variation in foliar phenology, woody allocation, and wood turnover rate explained c. 40% of biomass differences between ecotypes. Modeling experiments explored varied forest clearance and regrowth cycles, under a range of climate and CO 2 change scenarios to 2100. Production and steady state biomass in both ecotypes were reduced by forecast warming and drying (mean biomass 2021–2100 reduced 16–19% compared to 2001–2020), but compensated by fertilisation from rising CO 2 . Functional analysis indicates that trait adjustments amplify biomass losses by 70%. Experiments with disturbance and recovery across historically reported levels indicate reductions to mean forest biomass stocks over 2021–2100 similar in magnitude to climate impacts (10–19% reductions for disturbance with recovery). Forest disturbance without regrowth amplifies biomass loss by three- or four-fold. We conclude that vegetation functional differences across the Yucatán climate gradient have developed to limit climate risks. Climate change will therefore lead to functional adjustments for all forest types. These adjustments are likely to magnify biomass reductions caused directly by climate change over the coming century. However, the range of impacts of land use and land use change are as, or more, substantive than the totality of direct and indirect climate impacts. Thus the carbon storage of Yucatan's forests is highly vulnerable both to climate and land use and land use change. Our results here should be used to test and enhance land surface models use for dry forest carbon cycle assessment regionally and globally. A single plant functional type approach for modeling Yucatán's forests is not justified.
热带森林拥有大量的生物质碳储量，面临着气候变化和人为干扰的压力。森林在未来条件下储存生物量和在砍伐后的再生过程中积累生物量的能力是主要的知识空白。本文利用时序数据、卫星观测和C循环模型对墨西哥Yucatán两种干林生态型(半落叶和半常绿)的木材C动态进行了诊断。成熟半落叶(90 MgC ha - 1)和半常绿(175 MgC ha - 1)森林景观之间的木质生物量差异主要由气候差异(约60%)，特别是温度、湿度和土壤水分对生产的影响来解释。叶面物候、木材分配和木材周转率的功能差异解释了生态型间约40%的生物量差异。模拟实验探索了到2100年一系列气候和二氧化碳变化情景下不同的森林砍伐和再生周期。两种生态型的产量和稳态生物量都因预测的增温和干燥而减少(2021-2100年的平均生物量比2001-2020年减少16-19%)，但因二氧化碳浓度上升而产生的肥料补偿了产量和稳态生物量。功能分析表明，性状调整使生物量损失增加了70%。在历史报告水平上对干扰和恢复进行的实验表明，2021-2100年期间平均森林生物量储量的减少幅度与气候影响相似(干扰与恢复减少10-19%)。没有再生的森林干扰会使生物量损失增加三到四倍。我们得出结论，Yucatán气候梯度上的植被功能差异已经发展到限制气候风险。因此，气候变化将导致所有森林类型的功能调整。在未来一个世纪，这些调整可能会加剧气候变化直接导致的生物量减少。然而，土地利用和土地利用变化的影响范围与直接和间接气候影响的总和一样大，甚至更大。因此，尤卡坦森林的碳储量极易受到气候和土地利用以及土地利用变化的影响。我们的研究结果应该用于测试和增强用于区域和全球干旱森林碳循环评估的陆地表面模型。用单一植物功能类型方法对Yucatán的森林进行建模是不合理的。
{"title":"Isolating the effects of land use and functional variation on Yucatán's forest biomass under global change","authors":"Stephanie P. George-Chacon, T. Luke Smallman, Juan Manuel Dupuy, José Luis Hernández-Stefanoni, David T. Milodowski, Mathew Williams","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1204596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1204596","url":null,"abstract":"Tropical forests hold large stocks of carbon in biomass and face pressures from changing climate and anthropogenic disturbance. Forests' capacity to store biomass under future conditions and accumulate biomass during regrowth after clearance are major knowledge gaps. Here we use chronosequence data, satellite observations and a C-cycle model to diagnose woody C dynamics in two dry forest ecotypes (semi-deciduous and semi-evergreen) in Yucatán, Mexico. Woody biomass differences between mature semi-deciduous (90 MgC ha −1 ) and semi-evergreen (175 MgC ha −1 ) forest landscapes are mostly explained by differences in climate (c. 60%), particularly temperature, humidity and soil moisture effects on production. Functional variation in foliar phenology, woody allocation, and wood turnover rate explained c. 40% of biomass differences between ecotypes. Modeling experiments explored varied forest clearance and regrowth cycles, under a range of climate and CO 2 change scenarios to 2100. Production and steady state biomass in both ecotypes were reduced by forecast warming and drying (mean biomass 2021–2100 reduced 16–19% compared to 2001–2020), but compensated by fertilisation from rising CO 2 . Functional analysis indicates that trait adjustments amplify biomass losses by 70%. Experiments with disturbance and recovery across historically reported levels indicate reductions to mean forest biomass stocks over 2021–2100 similar in magnitude to climate impacts (10–19% reductions for disturbance with recovery). Forest disturbance without regrowth amplifies biomass loss by three- or four-fold. We conclude that vegetation functional differences across the Yucatán climate gradient have developed to limit climate risks. Climate change will therefore lead to functional adjustments for all forest types. These adjustments are likely to magnify biomass reductions caused directly by climate change over the coming century. However, the range of impacts of land use and land use change are as, or more, substantive than the totality of direct and indirect climate impacts. Thus the carbon storage of Yucatan's forests is highly vulnerable both to climate and land use and land use change. Our results here should be used to test and enhance land surface models use for dry forest carbon cycle assessment regionally and globally. A single plant functional type approach for modeling Yucatán's forests is not justified.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135425053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-28DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1258729
Tomáš Fiala, Petr Pyszko, Jaroslav Holuša
Bark and ambrosia beetles pose significant threats to the stability of forest stands worldwide, making their control crucial. Among these pests, Gnathotrichus materiarius , a polyphagous invasive ambrosia beetle living on conifers, has successfully established itself in Europe. Early identification of these pests plays a fundamental role in designing effective pest control strategies. The work aimed to assess the efficacy of different lures in Ecotrap ® for capturing of invasive ambrosia bark beetles. The lures tested included Wood Stainers Lure (containing the potential pheromone sulcatol for capturing Gnathotrichus materiarius adults), α-pinene, ethanol UHR, and Cembräwit. The objective was to determine the most suitable lure for use in traps. In four locations in western Bohemia, a total of 7,410 individuals from 46 species of ambrosia and bark beetleswere captured. The abundance of invasive ambrosia beetles ( Gnathotrichus materiarius , Cyclorhipidion bodoanum , Xyleborinus attenuatus , and Xylosandrus germanus ) primarily depended on the day of the season and secondarily on the lure used. Although their population density was low, more beetles were caught using ethanol as the lure. Notably, these invasive ambrosia beetles accounted for less than 3 % of the total number of ambrosia and bark beetles detected (187 individuals). Ethanol was found to be a universal lure for attracting ambrosia beetles, with the majority of Scolytinae species being captured in traps baited with ethanol.
{"title":"Using ethanol and other lures to monitor invasive ambrosia beetles in endemic populations: case study from the Czech Republic","authors":"Tomáš Fiala, Petr Pyszko, Jaroslav Holuša","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1258729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1258729","url":null,"abstract":"Bark and ambrosia beetles pose significant threats to the stability of forest stands worldwide, making their control crucial. Among these pests, Gnathotrichus materiarius , a polyphagous invasive ambrosia beetle living on conifers, has successfully established itself in Europe. Early identification of these pests plays a fundamental role in designing effective pest control strategies. The work aimed to assess the efficacy of different lures in Ecotrap ® for capturing of invasive ambrosia bark beetles. The lures tested included Wood Stainers Lure (containing the potential pheromone sulcatol for capturing Gnathotrichus materiarius adults), α-pinene, ethanol UHR, and Cembräwit. The objective was to determine the most suitable lure for use in traps. In four locations in western Bohemia, a total of 7,410 individuals from 46 species of ambrosia and bark beetleswere captured. The abundance of invasive ambrosia beetles ( Gnathotrichus materiarius , Cyclorhipidion bodoanum , Xyleborinus attenuatus , and Xylosandrus germanus ) primarily depended on the day of the season and secondarily on the lure used. Although their population density was low, more beetles were caught using ethanol as the lure. Notably, these invasive ambrosia beetles accounted for less than 3 % of the total number of ambrosia and bark beetles detected (187 individuals). Ethanol was found to be a universal lure for attracting ambrosia beetles, with the majority of Scolytinae species being captured in traps baited with ethanol.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135426147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction Riverine forests in the Himalaya represent a biodiverse, dynamic, and complex ecosystem that offers numerous ecosystem services to local and downstream communities and also contributes to the regional carbon cycle. However, these forests have not been assessed for their contribution to dry matter dynamics and carbon flux. We studied these parameters along three classes of riverine forests in eastern Uttarakhand, dominated by Macaranga, Alnus , and Quercus - Machilus forest. Methods Using volume equations, we assessed tree biomass, carbon storage, and sequestration in the study area. Results The total standing tree biomass in Macaranga , Alnus , and Quercus - Machilus forest ranged from 256.6 to 558.1 Mg ha −1 , 460.7 to 485.8 Mg ha −1 , and 508.6 to 692.1 Mg ha −1 , respectively. A total of 77.6–79.6% of vegetation biomass was stored in the aboveground biomass and 20.4–22.4% in belowground plant parts across the riverine forests. The carbon stock in Macaranga forest ranged from 115.5 to 251.1 Mg ha −1 , in Alnus forest from 207.3 to 218.6 Mg ha −1 , and in Quercus - Machilus forest from 228.9 to 311.4 Mg ha −1 . The mean annual litterfall was accounted maximum for Quercus - Machilus forest (5.94 ± 0.54 Mg ha −1 yr. −1 ), followed by Alnus (5.57 ± 0.31 Mg ha −1 yr. −1 ) and Macaranga forest (4.67 ± 0.39 Mg ha −1 yr. −1 ). The highest value of litterfall was recorded during summer (3.40 ± 0.01 Mg ha −1 yr. −1 ) and the lowest in winter (0.74 ± 0.01 Mg ha −1 yr. −1 ). The mean value of net primary productivity and carbon sequestration was estimated to be highest in Quercus - Machilus forest (15.8 ± 0.9 Mg ha −1 yr. −1 and 7.1 ± 0.9 Mg C ha −1 yr. −1 , respectively) and lowest in Alnus forest (13.9 ± 0.3 Mg ha −1 yr. −1 and 6.1 ± 0.3 Mg C ha −1 yr. −1 , respectively). Discussion The results highlight that riverine forests play a critical role in providing a large sink for atmospheric CO 2 . To improve sustainable ecosystem services and climate change mitigation, riverine forests must be effectively managed and conserved in the region.
{"title":"Dry matter dynamics and carbon flux along riverine forests of Gori valley, Western Himalaya","authors":"Soni Bisht, Surendra Singh Bargali, Kiran Bargali, Yashwant Singh Rawat, Gopal Singh Rawat","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1206677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1206677","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Riverine forests in the Himalaya represent a biodiverse, dynamic, and complex ecosystem that offers numerous ecosystem services to local and downstream communities and also contributes to the regional carbon cycle. However, these forests have not been assessed for their contribution to dry matter dynamics and carbon flux. We studied these parameters along three classes of riverine forests in eastern Uttarakhand, dominated by Macaranga, Alnus , and Quercus - Machilus forest. Methods Using volume equations, we assessed tree biomass, carbon storage, and sequestration in the study area. Results The total standing tree biomass in Macaranga , Alnus , and Quercus - Machilus forest ranged from 256.6 to 558.1 Mg ha −1 , 460.7 to 485.8 Mg ha −1 , and 508.6 to 692.1 Mg ha −1 , respectively. A total of 77.6–79.6% of vegetation biomass was stored in the aboveground biomass and 20.4–22.4% in belowground plant parts across the riverine forests. The carbon stock in Macaranga forest ranged from 115.5 to 251.1 Mg ha −1 , in Alnus forest from 207.3 to 218.6 Mg ha −1 , and in Quercus - Machilus forest from 228.9 to 311.4 Mg ha −1 . The mean annual litterfall was accounted maximum for Quercus - Machilus forest (5.94 ± 0.54 Mg ha −1 yr. −1 ), followed by Alnus (5.57 ± 0.31 Mg ha −1 yr. −1 ) and Macaranga forest (4.67 ± 0.39 Mg ha −1 yr. −1 ). The highest value of litterfall was recorded during summer (3.40 ± 0.01 Mg ha −1 yr. −1 ) and the lowest in winter (0.74 ± 0.01 Mg ha −1 yr. −1 ). The mean value of net primary productivity and carbon sequestration was estimated to be highest in Quercus - Machilus forest (15.8 ± 0.9 Mg ha −1 yr. −1 and 7.1 ± 0.9 Mg C ha −1 yr. −1 , respectively) and lowest in Alnus forest (13.9 ± 0.3 Mg ha −1 yr. −1 and 6.1 ± 0.3 Mg C ha −1 yr. −1 , respectively). Discussion The results highlight that riverine forests play a critical role in providing a large sink for atmospheric CO 2 . To improve sustainable ecosystem services and climate change mitigation, riverine forests must be effectively managed and conserved in the region.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135342987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-28DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1246992
Yow-Ru Lin, Wan-Yu Liu
Introduction Clear-cutting an even-aged pure forest is a conventional forest operation for wood production. However, this type of operation is unsuitable for sustainable management with multiple disadvantages. By contrast, mixed forests are a forestation strategy that accommodates diversity. This study aims to assess and compare the timber value and carbon credits of a pure forest and a mixed forest, which is transformed from a pure forest. Two alternative options in managing plantations of pure forest (with Cryptomeria japonica ) and mixed forest (with part of C. japonica cut and Cinnamomum camphora replanted) are evaluated considering both timber value and carbon credits. Scenarios with various harvesting intensities and carbon payments were also considered. Method A theoretical model was applied, converting pure forest into mixed forest, then two species are cut or replanted in the second round. By contrast, in the pure forest situation, the setting for the second rotation period is a pure forest for 20 years. The model was applied in a simulation experiment and the study area is Taiwan. The selected tree species are representative and have been chosen for analysis. Results This study showed that even-aged pure forests had higher wood sales and lower carbon payments than uneven-aged mixed forests. The net present value from market value would be from −255,403 NTD ha −1 to −74,134 NTD ha −1 and that from carbon value will be from 156,076 NTD ha −1 to 208,937 NTD ha −1 . Discussion This study showed strategies by which values could be increased during the transition from an even-aged pure forest to a mixed forest. Feasible methods included reducing the costs of reforestation, management, and cutting while increasing carbon prices to increase profits from wood and carbon income. A higher harvesting intensity could contribute to greater production and increase the area available for planting, resulting in greater profits from wood and carbon income.
{"title":"Assessment of timber value and carbon credits provided by pure and mixed forests in Taiwan","authors":"Yow-Ru Lin, Wan-Yu Liu","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1246992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1246992","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Clear-cutting an even-aged pure forest is a conventional forest operation for wood production. However, this type of operation is unsuitable for sustainable management with multiple disadvantages. By contrast, mixed forests are a forestation strategy that accommodates diversity. This study aims to assess and compare the timber value and carbon credits of a pure forest and a mixed forest, which is transformed from a pure forest. Two alternative options in managing plantations of pure forest (with Cryptomeria japonica ) and mixed forest (with part of C. japonica cut and Cinnamomum camphora replanted) are evaluated considering both timber value and carbon credits. Scenarios with various harvesting intensities and carbon payments were also considered. Method A theoretical model was applied, converting pure forest into mixed forest, then two species are cut or replanted in the second round. By contrast, in the pure forest situation, the setting for the second rotation period is a pure forest for 20 years. The model was applied in a simulation experiment and the study area is Taiwan. The selected tree species are representative and have been chosen for analysis. Results This study showed that even-aged pure forests had higher wood sales and lower carbon payments than uneven-aged mixed forests. The net present value from market value would be from −255,403 NTD ha −1 to −74,134 NTD ha −1 and that from carbon value will be from 156,076 NTD ha −1 to 208,937 NTD ha −1 . Discussion This study showed strategies by which values could be increased during the transition from an even-aged pure forest to a mixed forest. Feasible methods included reducing the costs of reforestation, management, and cutting while increasing carbon prices to increase profits from wood and carbon income. A higher harvesting intensity could contribute to greater production and increase the area available for planting, resulting in greater profits from wood and carbon income.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135425393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-28DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1183509
Thakur Dhakal, Ki Hwan Cho, Su-Jin Kim, Mu-Sup Beon
Deforestation is a global issue; however, each deforestation phenomenon occurs within its own local context. Elucidating this context in detail is important to prevent deforestation and maintain sustainable ecosystem management. In this study, we analyzed the land cover changes, forest characteristics, and modeled the forest decline over the last two decades to reveal the pattern and affecting factors of deforestation in the Honam-Jeongmaek mountain range. Forests less than 50-years-old dominate the study area, indicating they were mainly regenerated after the 1970s. Reforestation policies such as planting trees have helped forest regeneration. In the study region, as deforestation occurred, agricultural and residential areas decreased, and barren and grassland increased. We applied the Weibull regression model to determine forest survivorship and covariates. The deforestation risks are significantly different among regions; protected areas lose less forest than non-protected areas but the losses in protected areas were also significant, with approximately 5% from 2000 to 2020. Areas of higher elevation and steep slopes experience less deforestation, whereas areas closer to the mountain ridge are at greater risk. With survival analysis, it is possible to assess the risk of deforestation quantitatively and predict long-term survival of forests. The findings and methods of this study could contribute to better forest management and policymaking.
{"title":"Modeling decline of mountain range forest using survival analysis","authors":"Thakur Dhakal, Ki Hwan Cho, Su-Jin Kim, Mu-Sup Beon","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1183509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1183509","url":null,"abstract":"Deforestation is a global issue; however, each deforestation phenomenon occurs within its own local context. Elucidating this context in detail is important to prevent deforestation and maintain sustainable ecosystem management. In this study, we analyzed the land cover changes, forest characteristics, and modeled the forest decline over the last two decades to reveal the pattern and affecting factors of deforestation in the Honam-Jeongmaek mountain range. Forests less than 50-years-old dominate the study area, indicating they were mainly regenerated after the 1970s. Reforestation policies such as planting trees have helped forest regeneration. In the study region, as deforestation occurred, agricultural and residential areas decreased, and barren and grassland increased. We applied the Weibull regression model to determine forest survivorship and covariates. The deforestation risks are significantly different among regions; protected areas lose less forest than non-protected areas but the losses in protected areas were also significant, with approximately 5% from 2000 to 2020. Areas of higher elevation and steep slopes experience less deforestation, whereas areas closer to the mountain ridge are at greater risk. With survival analysis, it is possible to assess the risk of deforestation quantitatively and predict long-term survival of forests. The findings and methods of this study could contribute to better forest management and policymaking.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135425398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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