Improving vegetation carbon sink is a key measure for China to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. However, the gradual saturation of vegetation carbon fixation under the constraints of climate change and human activities has limited the long-term and sustainable growth of vegetation carbon sinks, resulting in significant uncertainty in understanding future carbon sink capacity and recovery potential. In this study, NPP has been selected as a carbon sink indicator to quantitatively evaluated the carbon sink carrying capacity (CSCC) and the carbon sink resilience (CSR) of China. Results demonstrated that (1) the NPP of vegetation cover areas in China exhibited an increasing trend from 1981 to 2018, with an average growth rate of 1.66 g C m −2 yr. −1 and a total net NPP increase of 0.32 P g C. (2) The average CSCC in China was 658.59 g C m −2 yr. −1 , with a total amount of 4.13 Pg C yr. −1 . The NPP exceeded 60% of CSCC in various years, and the total NPP in 2018 was 3.26 Pg C yr. −1 , which reached 78.74% of CSCC. In the future, carbon sink that can be increased is 0.88 Pg C yr. −1 , with an increase proportion of 21.26%. (3) From 2000 to 2018, the NPP of vegetation-covered area (VCA) in China had generally maintained a positive succession trend with the stronger CSR. Only four provinces (HUN, CQ, AH, and JS) in China showed the extremely strong levels of CSR. The study has revealed the huge and sustainable CSCC and restoration potential in China over the past 40 years, and has provided spatial positioning and theoretical guidance for future ecological carbon sink restoration and benefit assessment.
改善植被碳汇是中国实现碳中和目标的关键措施。然而，在气候变化和人类活动的约束下，植被碳固定逐渐饱和，限制了植被碳汇的长期可持续增长，导致对未来碳汇容量和恢复潜力的认识存在很大的不确定性。本研究选择NPP作为碳汇指标，对中国的碳汇承载能力(CSCC)和碳汇弹性(CSR)进行定量评价。结果表明:(1)1981 ~ 2018年，中国植被覆盖区NPP呈增加趋势，平均增长率为1.66 g C m−2 yr.−1，净NPP总量增加0.32 Pg C.−1;(2)中国平均CSCC为658.59 g C m−2 yr.−1，总量为4.13 Pg C. yr.−1。NPP历年均超过CSCC的60%，2018年总NPP为3.26 Pg C - 1，达到CSCC的78.74%。未来可增加的碳汇为0.88 Pg C / r.−1，增加比例为21.26%。(3) 2000 - 2018年，中国植被覆盖面积NPP总体上保持正演替趋势，CSR越强。在中国，只有四个省份(湖南、重庆、河南和JS)表现出极强的企业社会责任水平。该研究揭示了中国近40年来巨大的可持续碳汇恢复潜力，为未来生态碳汇恢复和效益评价提供了空间定位和理论指导。
{"title":"Characteristics of vegetation carbon sink carrying capacity and restoration potential of China in recent 40 years","authors":"Luhua Wu, Yun Zhang, Guangjie Luo, Dan Chen, Dongni Yang, Yifan Yang, Fengxia Tian","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1266688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1266688","url":null,"abstract":"Improving vegetation carbon sink is a key measure for China to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. However, the gradual saturation of vegetation carbon fixation under the constraints of climate change and human activities has limited the long-term and sustainable growth of vegetation carbon sinks, resulting in significant uncertainty in understanding future carbon sink capacity and recovery potential. In this study, NPP has been selected as a carbon sink indicator to quantitatively evaluated the carbon sink carrying capacity (CSCC) and the carbon sink resilience (CSR) of China. Results demonstrated that (1) the NPP of vegetation cover areas in China exhibited an increasing trend from 1981 to 2018, with an average growth rate of 1.66 g C m −2 yr. −1 and a total net NPP increase of 0.32 P g C. (2) The average CSCC in China was 658.59 g C m −2 yr. −1 , with a total amount of 4.13 Pg C yr. −1 . The NPP exceeded 60% of CSCC in various years, and the total NPP in 2018 was 3.26 Pg C yr. −1 , which reached 78.74% of CSCC. In the future, carbon sink that can be increased is 0.88 Pg C yr. −1 , with an increase proportion of 21.26%. (3) From 2000 to 2018, the NPP of vegetation-covered area (VCA) in China had generally maintained a positive succession trend with the stronger CSR. Only four provinces (HUN, CQ, AH, and JS) in China showed the extremely strong levels of CSR. The study has revealed the huge and sustainable CSCC and restoration potential in China over the past 40 years, and has provided spatial positioning and theoretical guidance for future ecological carbon sink restoration and benefit assessment.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134887079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1188057
Andrei G. Lapenis, Leonid N. Yurganov
Over the past two decades, the escalating emissions of greenhouse gases from boreal wildfires in the Northern Hemisphere have drawn significant attention, underscoring an unprecedented wildfire season in 2021. Our calculations indicate that between 2002 and 2020, wildfires in Russia released approximately 726 ± 280 Tg CO 2eqv yr −1 . This aligns closely with similar estimates derived from remote sensing data, far surpassing the earlier approximations found in the Russian National Inventory Report (NIR) by a factor of 2 to 3. Notably, in 2021 alone, Russia’s wildfires emitted an exceptionally high amount of 1,700 Tg CO 2eqv , exceeding the carbon emissions from the country’s fossil fuel consumption. Consequently, this situation led to an almost complete counterbalance of carbon assimilation by Russian forests. Our analysis attributes over 50% of the variation in wildfire frequency between 2002 and 2021 to shifts in the Arctic Oscillation (AO). This suggests a potential for utilizing AO as a predictive variable for wildfires. It’s noteworthy that the AO itself is influenced by the sustained regression of Arctic sea-ice. From this, it can be inferred that in the foreseeable future, Russian forests might undergo a transition from their role as carbon sinks to the potential net contributors of carbon to the atmosphere.
在过去二十年中，北半球北方野火造成的温室气体排放不断增加，引起了人们的极大关注，突显了2021年前所未有的野火季节。我们的计算表明，在2002年至2020年期间，俄罗斯的野火释放了大约726±280 Tg CO 2eqv yr - 1。这与从遥感数据得出的类似估计值密切一致，远远超过俄罗斯国家清单报告(NIR)中发现的较早的近似值，高出2至3倍。值得注意的是，仅在2021年，俄罗斯的野火就排放了异常高的1,700 Tg CO 2eqv，超过了该国化石燃料消耗的碳排放量。因此，这种情况导致俄罗斯森林的碳吸收几乎完全平衡。我们的分析将2002年至2021年间野火频率变化的50%以上归因于北极涛动(AO)的变化。这表明有可能利用AO作为野火的预测变量。值得注意的是，AO本身受到北极海冰持续消退的影响。由此可以推断，在可预见的未来，俄罗斯森林可能经历从碳汇角色向大气碳的潜在净贡献者的转变。
{"title":"Increase in Arctic Oscillations explains most interannual variability in Russia’s wildfires","authors":"Andrei G. Lapenis, Leonid N. Yurganov","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1188057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1188057","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past two decades, the escalating emissions of greenhouse gases from boreal wildfires in the Northern Hemisphere have drawn significant attention, underscoring an unprecedented wildfire season in 2021. Our calculations indicate that between 2002 and 2020, wildfires in Russia released approximately 726 ± 280 Tg CO 2eqv yr −1 . This aligns closely with similar estimates derived from remote sensing data, far surpassing the earlier approximations found in the Russian National Inventory Report (NIR) by a factor of 2 to 3. Notably, in 2021 alone, Russia’s wildfires emitted an exceptionally high amount of 1,700 Tg CO 2eqv , exceeding the carbon emissions from the country’s fossil fuel consumption. Consequently, this situation led to an almost complete counterbalance of carbon assimilation by Russian forests. Our analysis attributes over 50% of the variation in wildfire frequency between 2002 and 2021 to shifts in the Arctic Oscillation (AO). This suggests a potential for utilizing AO as a predictive variable for wildfires. It’s noteworthy that the AO itself is influenced by the sustained regression of Arctic sea-ice. From this, it can be inferred that in the foreseeable future, Russian forests might undergo a transition from their role as carbon sinks to the potential net contributors of carbon to the atmosphere.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135864996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-22DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1223934
Christine Moos, Ana Stritih, Michaela Teich, Alessandra Bottero
Forests in mountain areas provide an indispensable ecosystem service by protecting people and infrastructure against natural hazards. As forests are increasingly affected by global change, including climate change, more frequent and severe natural disturbances, and shifts in land use, open questions remain regarding the long-term and sustainable provision of this crucial protective service. To improve our understanding of the various effects of global change on protective forests, we summarized the current knowledge based on a systematic review. Focusing on changes in mountain forests’ protective effect against snow avalanches, landslides, rockfall, torrential floods and debris flow, we assessed 72 peer-reviewed, English publications. Overall, climate-induced changes are expected to increase forests’ protective effect at higher elevations but reduce it at lower elevations mainly due to increased drought. Natural disturbances usually decrease the protective effect of forests, and their impact is often further exacerbated by salvage logging. Different forest management strategies are often studied using forest simulation models, and their impacts on protective forests strongly depend on the local context and interactions with climate change. While clearcuts consistently reduce the protective effect, other forest management interventions such as thinning can have either positive or negative effects. Most of the reviewed studies were case studies based on forest simulation or process-based hazard models (but rarely combining the two), while empirical evidence was scarce. Forests’ protective effect is often assessed using (diverse) indicators of forest structure, but evaluations of resulting risks are less common. More consistent modeling approaches linking forest structure to hazard and risk, as well as consistent indicators across different case studies, are needed for a better understanding of changes in protective forests and the service they provide under global change.
{"title":"Mountain protective forests under threat? an in-depth review of global change impacts on their protective effect against natural hazards","authors":"Christine Moos, Ana Stritih, Michaela Teich, Alessandra Bottero","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1223934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1223934","url":null,"abstract":"Forests in mountain areas provide an indispensable ecosystem service by protecting people and infrastructure against natural hazards. As forests are increasingly affected by global change, including climate change, more frequent and severe natural disturbances, and shifts in land use, open questions remain regarding the long-term and sustainable provision of this crucial protective service. To improve our understanding of the various effects of global change on protective forests, we summarized the current knowledge based on a systematic review. Focusing on changes in mountain forests’ protective effect against snow avalanches, landslides, rockfall, torrential floods and debris flow, we assessed 72 peer-reviewed, English publications. Overall, climate-induced changes are expected to increase forests’ protective effect at higher elevations but reduce it at lower elevations mainly due to increased drought. Natural disturbances usually decrease the protective effect of forests, and their impact is often further exacerbated by salvage logging. Different forest management strategies are often studied using forest simulation models, and their impacts on protective forests strongly depend on the local context and interactions with climate change. While clearcuts consistently reduce the protective effect, other forest management interventions such as thinning can have either positive or negative effects. Most of the reviewed studies were case studies based on forest simulation or process-based hazard models (but rarely combining the two), while empirical evidence was scarce. Forests’ protective effect is often assessed using (diverse) indicators of forest structure, but evaluations of resulting risks are less common. More consistent modeling approaches linking forest structure to hazard and risk, as well as consistent indicators across different case studies, are needed for a better understanding of changes in protective forests and the service they provide under global change.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136062143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
China’s recent collective forest tenure reform (CFTR) aims to improve forest conditions by devolution of forest management rights from community collectives to individual households. Studies reveal substantial local variation in CFTR implementation, but the ecological effects and underlying mechanism have received little attention. Our study focused on community-managed forests and household-managed forests in four communities located in the mountains of Southwest China. The objective was to investigate the relationship between CFTR and forest conditions at the local scale. We employed a combination of remote sensing technology, field forest observations and socioeconomic surveys to gather data for analysis. The results showed that the forest cover change trends of collective forests and household forests in each community were consistent from 1994 to 2014. There was no significant relationship between CFTR implementation and local-level differences in species diversity and soil fertility in forests. The aboveground biomass of collective forests was significantly higher than that of household forests. Differentiated access and use, low compensation amounts, and loose payment terms jointly affected CFTR’s effectiveness to improve local-scale forest conditions in the study area. Attempts to formalize forest tenure rights must be flexible enough and adapted to the local environment so that changes induced by the CFTR can improve local access to forest resources and its benefits.
{"title":"Collective forest tenure reform and forest conditions: evidence from the social-ecological system in Southwest China","authors":"Wenqing Li, Jiahui Chen, Fengwen Wu, Zhiming Zhang","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1162058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1162058","url":null,"abstract":"China’s recent collective forest tenure reform (CFTR) aims to improve forest conditions by devolution of forest management rights from community collectives to individual households. Studies reveal substantial local variation in CFTR implementation, but the ecological effects and underlying mechanism have received little attention. Our study focused on community-managed forests and household-managed forests in four communities located in the mountains of Southwest China. The objective was to investigate the relationship between CFTR and forest conditions at the local scale. We employed a combination of remote sensing technology, field forest observations and socioeconomic surveys to gather data for analysis. The results showed that the forest cover change trends of collective forests and household forests in each community were consistent from 1994 to 2014. There was no significant relationship between CFTR implementation and local-level differences in species diversity and soil fertility in forests. The aboveground biomass of collective forests was significantly higher than that of household forests. Differentiated access and use, low compensation amounts, and loose payment terms jointly affected CFTR’s effectiveness to improve local-scale forest conditions in the study area. Attempts to formalize forest tenure rights must be flexible enough and adapted to the local environment so that changes induced by the CFTR can improve local access to forest resources and its benefits.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136060523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-22DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1239835
Isabel Alvarez Munck, Mariko Yamasaki, Jon Janelle
Managing multiple forest insect pests and diseases is challenging. For example, in eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus ) stands whereas partial shading and high seedling density is encouraged to reduce damage by white pine blister rust ( Cronartium ribicola ) and white pine weevil ( Pissodes strobi ), dense conditions in the understory may increase damage by foliar diseases such as brown spot needle blight ( Lecanosticta acicola ) and Caliciopsis canker ( Caliciopsis pinea ). We evaluated the effect of silvicultural treatments, shelterwoods (residual basal area < 18 m 2 ha −1 ), low density thinnings (residual basal area ≤ 14 m 2 ha −1 ), patch cuts (1.2 ha openings), and untreated controls on damage by these insect pest and diseases in residual overstory trees and regeneration. Shelterwoods and low density thinnings provided a good balance of some shading and reduced stem density, which resulted in less weevil damage and foliar disease severity. Crown condition and quality of regeneration was better in all treatments compared to unmanaged controls. Shelterwoods, low density thinnings and patch cuts have the added benefit on increasing seral habitat, resulting in greater songbird diversity.
{"title":"Silvicultural treatments improve pest and disease conditions of white pine (Pinus strobus) residual trees and regeneration","authors":"Isabel Alvarez Munck, Mariko Yamasaki, Jon Janelle","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1239835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1239835","url":null,"abstract":"Managing multiple forest insect pests and diseases is challenging. For example, in eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus ) stands whereas partial shading and high seedling density is encouraged to reduce damage by white pine blister rust ( Cronartium ribicola ) and white pine weevil ( Pissodes strobi ), dense conditions in the understory may increase damage by foliar diseases such as brown spot needle blight ( Lecanosticta acicola ) and Caliciopsis canker ( Caliciopsis pinea ). We evaluated the effect of silvicultural treatments, shelterwoods (residual basal area &lt; 18 m 2 ha −1 ), low density thinnings (residual basal area ≤ 14 m 2 ha −1 ), patch cuts (1.2 ha openings), and untreated controls on damage by these insect pest and diseases in residual overstory trees and regeneration. Shelterwoods and low density thinnings provided a good balance of some shading and reduced stem density, which resulted in less weevil damage and foliar disease severity. Crown condition and quality of regeneration was better in all treatments compared to unmanaged controls. Shelterwoods, low density thinnings and patch cuts have the added benefit on increasing seral habitat, resulting in greater songbird diversity.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136060391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1257418
Asad Aslam, De-Fu Chi, Asim Abbasi, Muhammad Arshad, Faisal Hafeez, Amna Fayyaz, Ashraf Atef Hatamleh, Munirah Abdullah Al-Dosary
Termites have become a global concern, and their effective management has remained a challenge since time immemorial. Certain microbial and botanical agents have been used for their management, but their efficacy has been compromised, particularly in field conditions. Hence, the current study was designed to check the efficacy of low doses of different pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos, fipronil, bifenthrin, and chlorantraniliprole, against mortality and behavioral responses of Odontotermes obesus at two different temperatures (16 ± 1 and 26 ± 1°C). The discrete behavioral symptoms included intoxication, ataxia, moribundity, and death. Laboratory-maintained termite workers were exposed to different concentrations of pesticides through a filter paper bioassay. All tested pesticides and their concentrations differed significantly regarding their lethal time (LT 50 ) values compared to the mortality of termite workers. Moreover, the LT 50 values of pesticides gradually decreased with increased pesticidal concentrations. Temperature also had a significant effect on the efficacy of tested pesticides as all pesticides showed better results at higher temperatures. At both tested temperatures, chlorantraniliprole (5 ppm) proved to be the most effective pesticide against termite workers. Similarly, the behavioral symptoms also varied depending on pesticides and their administered concentrations and existed for a relatively longer time span at lower temperatures. In most cases, the order of responses was moribundity, followed by intoxication and ataxia. Moribundity and intoxication were the most frequently observed symptoms for chlorpyriphos and bifenthrin-treated termite workers. In the case of fipronil, intoxication was the most pronounced symptom. Similarly, the maximum value of ataxia was recorded in the case of chlorantraniliprole. However, moribund symptoms lasted longer in all tested concentrations of chlorantraniliprole, followed by ataxia and intoxication. The overall order of toxicity was chlorantraniliprole > bifenthrin > fipronil > chlorpyrifos. These pesticides, at their low doses, did not exhibit any repellent action and were not detected by the foraging termite workers. Moreover, their slow action mechanism makes them a suitable candidate for infecting whole colonies away from treated surfaces. Therefore, these pesticides can be successfully incorporated into different integrated termite management programs to keep the plantation free from threatening underground pests.
{"title":"Time-dependent mortality and behavioral response of Odontotermes obesus (Blattodea: Termitidae) against different dose rates of pesticides for sustainable forest management","authors":"Asad Aslam, De-Fu Chi, Asim Abbasi, Muhammad Arshad, Faisal Hafeez, Amna Fayyaz, Ashraf Atef Hatamleh, Munirah Abdullah Al-Dosary","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1257418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1257418","url":null,"abstract":"Termites have become a global concern, and their effective management has remained a challenge since time immemorial. Certain microbial and botanical agents have been used for their management, but their efficacy has been compromised, particularly in field conditions. Hence, the current study was designed to check the efficacy of low doses of different pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos, fipronil, bifenthrin, and chlorantraniliprole, against mortality and behavioral responses of Odontotermes obesus at two different temperatures (16 ± 1 and 26 ± 1°C). The discrete behavioral symptoms included intoxication, ataxia, moribundity, and death. Laboratory-maintained termite workers were exposed to different concentrations of pesticides through a filter paper bioassay. All tested pesticides and their concentrations differed significantly regarding their lethal time (LT 50 ) values compared to the mortality of termite workers. Moreover, the LT 50 values of pesticides gradually decreased with increased pesticidal concentrations. Temperature also had a significant effect on the efficacy of tested pesticides as all pesticides showed better results at higher temperatures. At both tested temperatures, chlorantraniliprole (5 ppm) proved to be the most effective pesticide against termite workers. Similarly, the behavioral symptoms also varied depending on pesticides and their administered concentrations and existed for a relatively longer time span at lower temperatures. In most cases, the order of responses was moribundity, followed by intoxication and ataxia. Moribundity and intoxication were the most frequently observed symptoms for chlorpyriphos and bifenthrin-treated termite workers. In the case of fipronil, intoxication was the most pronounced symptom. Similarly, the maximum value of ataxia was recorded in the case of chlorantraniliprole. However, moribund symptoms lasted longer in all tested concentrations of chlorantraniliprole, followed by ataxia and intoxication. The overall order of toxicity was chlorantraniliprole &gt; bifenthrin &gt; fipronil &gt; chlorpyrifos. These pesticides, at their low doses, did not exhibit any repellent action and were not detected by the foraging termite workers. Moreover, their slow action mechanism makes them a suitable candidate for infecting whole colonies away from treated surfaces. Therefore, these pesticides can be successfully incorporated into different integrated termite management programs to keep the plantation free from threatening underground pests.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136130112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1212192
Nicolas Anger, Benjamin W. Held, Robert A. Blanchette, Yoshitaka Ono, Catherine M. Aime, Jason A. Smith
In the late fall of 2018, foliar rust (referred to as ironwood/hophornbeam leaf rust [IHLR]) was discovered in several counties in Florida, United States, on ironwood ( Carpinus caroliniana ) and hophornbeam ( Ostrya virginiana ), both members of the Betulaceae . Uredinia were observed on leaves and, in some cases, samaras of both species at numerous locations on trees of all age classes. Similar reports across the southeastern United States (Georgia, the Carolinas, Tennessee, and Texas) were detected the following year, with European hornbeam ( Carpinus betulus ) being reported as an additional host, while Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis in El Salvador was also discovered showing signs of uredinial infection. Field observations and analyses of morphological data obtained with light and scanning electron microscopy on IHLR and related Melampsoridium herbarium samples and combined molecular data from the ITS and LSU loci indicate that (i) IHLR across samples from the southeastern United States and El Salvador belong to the same taxon; (ii) IHLR is closely affiliated to M. asiaticum ; and (iii) some taxonomic modifications might be necessary at the genus level. No alternative (gametophyte) host has been identified, and the rust is likely overwintering in the uredinial stage. This disease represents a novel leaf pathogen on these hosts in North America, and efforts are needed to monitor future disease epidemiology and impacts on these native and cultivated tree species.
{"title":"Ironwood/hophornbeam leaf rust, an emergent disease across the southeastern United States affiliated to Melampsoridium asiaticum","authors":"Nicolas Anger, Benjamin W. Held, Robert A. Blanchette, Yoshitaka Ono, Catherine M. Aime, Jason A. Smith","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1212192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1212192","url":null,"abstract":"In the late fall of 2018, foliar rust (referred to as ironwood/hophornbeam leaf rust [IHLR]) was discovered in several counties in Florida, United States, on ironwood ( Carpinus caroliniana ) and hophornbeam ( Ostrya virginiana ), both members of the Betulaceae . Uredinia were observed on leaves and, in some cases, samaras of both species at numerous locations on trees of all age classes. Similar reports across the southeastern United States (Georgia, the Carolinas, Tennessee, and Texas) were detected the following year, with European hornbeam ( Carpinus betulus ) being reported as an additional host, while Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis in El Salvador was also discovered showing signs of uredinial infection. Field observations and analyses of morphological data obtained with light and scanning electron microscopy on IHLR and related Melampsoridium herbarium samples and combined molecular data from the ITS and LSU loci indicate that (i) IHLR across samples from the southeastern United States and El Salvador belong to the same taxon; (ii) IHLR is closely affiliated to M. asiaticum ; and (iii) some taxonomic modifications might be necessary at the genus level. No alternative (gametophyte) host has been identified, and the rust is likely overwintering in the uredinial stage. This disease represents a novel leaf pathogen on these hosts in North America, and efforts are needed to monitor future disease epidemiology and impacts on these native and cultivated tree species.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136130693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1240235
Laurin Hillebrand, Sebastian Marzini, Alice Crespi, Ulrike Hiltner, Marco Mina
Protection forests play a key role in protecting settlements, people, and infrastructures from gravitational hazards such as rockfalls and avalanches in mountain areas. Rapid climate change is challenging the role of protection forests by altering their dynamics, structure, and composition. Information on local- and regional-scale impacts of climate change on protection forests is critical for planning adaptations in forest management. We used a model of forest dynamics (ForClim) to assess the succession of mountain forests in the Eastern Alps and their protective effects under future climate change scenarios. We investigated eleven representative forest sites along an elevational gradient across multiple locations within an administrative region, covering wide differences in tree species structure, composition, altitude, and exposition. We evaluated protective performance against rockfall and avalanches using numerical indices (i.e., linker functions) quantifying the degree of protection from metrics of simulated forest structure and composition. Our findings reveal that climate warming has a contrasting impact on protective effects in mountain forests of the Eastern Alps. Climate change is likely to not affect negatively all protection forest stands but its impact depends on site and stand conditions. Impacts were highly contingent to the magnitude of climate warming, with increasing criticality under the most severe climate projections. Forests in lower-montane elevations and those located in dry continental valleys showed drastic changes in forest structure and composition due to drought-induced mortality while subalpine forests mostly profited from rising temperatures and a longer vegetation period. Overall, avalanche protection will likely be negatively affected by climate change, while the ability of forests to maintain rockfall protection depends on the severity of expected climate change and their vulnerability due to elevation and topography, with most subalpine forests less prone to loosing protective effects. Proactive measures in management should be taken in the near future to avoid losses of protective effects in the case of severe climate change in the Alps. Given the heterogeneous impact of climate warming, such adaptations can be aided by model-based projections and high local resolution studies to identify forest stand types that might require management priority for maintaining protective effects in the future.
{"title":"Contrasting impacts of climate change on protection forests of the Italian Alps","authors":"Laurin Hillebrand, Sebastian Marzini, Alice Crespi, Ulrike Hiltner, Marco Mina","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1240235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1240235","url":null,"abstract":"Protection forests play a key role in protecting settlements, people, and infrastructures from gravitational hazards such as rockfalls and avalanches in mountain areas. Rapid climate change is challenging the role of protection forests by altering their dynamics, structure, and composition. Information on local- and regional-scale impacts of climate change on protection forests is critical for planning adaptations in forest management. We used a model of forest dynamics (ForClim) to assess the succession of mountain forests in the Eastern Alps and their protective effects under future climate change scenarios. We investigated eleven representative forest sites along an elevational gradient across multiple locations within an administrative region, covering wide differences in tree species structure, composition, altitude, and exposition. We evaluated protective performance against rockfall and avalanches using numerical indices (i.e., linker functions) quantifying the degree of protection from metrics of simulated forest structure and composition. Our findings reveal that climate warming has a contrasting impact on protective effects in mountain forests of the Eastern Alps. Climate change is likely to not affect negatively all protection forest stands but its impact depends on site and stand conditions. Impacts were highly contingent to the magnitude of climate warming, with increasing criticality under the most severe climate projections. Forests in lower-montane elevations and those located in dry continental valleys showed drastic changes in forest structure and composition due to drought-induced mortality while subalpine forests mostly profited from rising temperatures and a longer vegetation period. Overall, avalanche protection will likely be negatively affected by climate change, while the ability of forests to maintain rockfall protection depends on the severity of expected climate change and their vulnerability due to elevation and topography, with most subalpine forests less prone to loosing protective effects. Proactive measures in management should be taken in the near future to avoid losses of protective effects in the case of severe climate change in the Alps. Given the heterogeneous impact of climate warming, such adaptations can be aided by model-based projections and high local resolution studies to identify forest stand types that might require management priority for maintaining protective effects in the future.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136136233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monochamus saltuarius Gebler was first identified as a new vector of pine wilt disease in Northeast China in 2018, and monitoring of M. saltuarius has become a key strategy to prevent and control the disease in this region. However, the potential distributions of M. saltuarius in China are unclear. In this study, we clarified bioclimatic environmental variables affecting the distribution of M. saltuarius , predicted the geographically suitable habitats of M. saltuarius in current and future climate conditions, and determined changes in the spatial pattern of a suitable distribution area of M. saltuarius under current and future climate conditions. This is the first study to use the optimized maximum entropy model and ArcGIS to accurately predict suitable geographical areas for M. saltuarius based on different climatic conditions in China. and the average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve reached 0.954 ± 0.0024. Of the 32 bioclimatic variables, temperature seasonality, precipitation of wettest month, precipitation seasonality, maximum temperature of the warmest month, and elevation played significant roles in determining the potential distribution of M. saltuarius , with contribution rates to the model of 32.1, 31.8, 11.5, 7.5, and 6.5%, respectively. Under the current climate scenario, the predicted suitable areas for M. saltuarius were mainly at latitudes north of 33° in China, and larger suitable areas were mainly distributed in Northeast China and North China, with areas of 87.04 × 10 4 and 73.15 × 10 4 km 2 , respectively. Using future climatic scenarios SSP126 and SSP585, the predicted suitable areas of M. saltuarius will continue to expand from that of 2040, 2070, and 2100, with highly and moderately suitable areas showing larger increasing trends but low suitable distribution areas will decrease to varying degrees. The potential suitable areas of M. saltuarius may increase greatly in Northwest, Central, and Eastern China. This study provides important scientific theoretical knowledge for effectively controlling and preventing M. saltuarius and pine wilt disease in northern China.
{"title":"Predicting potential distributions of Monochamus saltuarius, a novel insect vector of pine wilt disease in China","authors":"Ruihe Gao, Lei Liu, Rongjiao Li, Shiming Fan, Jianghai Dong, Lijuan Zhao","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1243996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1243996","url":null,"abstract":"Monochamus saltuarius Gebler was first identified as a new vector of pine wilt disease in Northeast China in 2018, and monitoring of M. saltuarius has become a key strategy to prevent and control the disease in this region. However, the potential distributions of M. saltuarius in China are unclear. In this study, we clarified bioclimatic environmental variables affecting the distribution of M. saltuarius , predicted the geographically suitable habitats of M. saltuarius in current and future climate conditions, and determined changes in the spatial pattern of a suitable distribution area of M. saltuarius under current and future climate conditions. This is the first study to use the optimized maximum entropy model and ArcGIS to accurately predict suitable geographical areas for M. saltuarius based on different climatic conditions in China. and the average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve reached 0.954 ± 0.0024. Of the 32 bioclimatic variables, temperature seasonality, precipitation of wettest month, precipitation seasonality, maximum temperature of the warmest month, and elevation played significant roles in determining the potential distribution of M. saltuarius , with contribution rates to the model of 32.1, 31.8, 11.5, 7.5, and 6.5%, respectively. Under the current climate scenario, the predicted suitable areas for M. saltuarius were mainly at latitudes north of 33° in China, and larger suitable areas were mainly distributed in Northeast China and North China, with areas of 87.04 × 10 4 and 73.15 × 10 4 km 2 , respectively. Using future climatic scenarios SSP126 and SSP585, the predicted suitable areas of M. saltuarius will continue to expand from that of 2040, 2070, and 2100, with highly and moderately suitable areas showing larger increasing trends but low suitable distribution areas will decrease to varying degrees. The potential suitable areas of M. saltuarius may increase greatly in Northwest, Central, and Eastern China. This study provides important scientific theoretical knowledge for effectively controlling and preventing M. saltuarius and pine wilt disease in northern China.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135886262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-12DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1146033
Jeffrey E. Stenzel, Crystal A. Kolden, Polly C. Buotte, Kristina J. Bartowitz, Eric W. Walsh, Tara W. Hudiburg
Novel climate and disturbance regimes in the 21st century threaten to increase the vulnerability of some western U.S. forests to loss of biomass and function. However, the timing and magnitude of forest vulnerabilities are uncertain and will be highly variable across the complex biophysical landscape of the region. Assessing future forest trajectories and potential management impacts under novel conditions requires place-specific and mechanistic model projections. Stakeholders in the high-carbon density forests of the northern U.S. Rocky Mountains (NRM) currently seek to understand and mitigate climate risks to these diverse conifer forests, which experienced profound 20th century disturbance from the 1910 “Big Burn” and timber harvest. Present forest management plan revisions consider approaches including increases in timber harvest that are intended to shift species compositions and increase forest stress tolerance. We utilize CLM-FATES, a dynamic vegetation model (DVM) coupled to an Earth Systems Model (ESM), to model shifting NRM forest carbon stocks and cover, production, and disturbance through 2100 under unprecedented climate and management. Across all 21st century scenarios, domain forest C-stocks and canopy cover face decline after 2090 due to the interaction of intermittent drought and fire mortality with declining Net Primary Production (NPP) and post-disturbance recovery. However, mid-century increases in forest vulnerability to fire and drought impacts are not consistently projected across climate models due to increases in precipitation that buffer warming impacts. Under all climate scenarios, increased harvest regimes diminish forest carbon stocks and increase period mortality over business-as-usual, despite some late-century reductions in forest stress. Results indicate that existing forest carbon stocks and functions are moderately persistent and that increased near-term removals may be mistimed for effectively increasing resilience.
{"title":"Vulnerability of northern rocky mountain forests under future drought, fire, and harvest","authors":"Jeffrey E. Stenzel, Crystal A. Kolden, Polly C. Buotte, Kristina J. Bartowitz, Eric W. Walsh, Tara W. Hudiburg","doi":"10.3389/ffgc.2023.1146033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1146033","url":null,"abstract":"Novel climate and disturbance regimes in the 21st century threaten to increase the vulnerability of some western U.S. forests to loss of biomass and function. However, the timing and magnitude of forest vulnerabilities are uncertain and will be highly variable across the complex biophysical landscape of the region. Assessing future forest trajectories and potential management impacts under novel conditions requires place-specific and mechanistic model projections. Stakeholders in the high-carbon density forests of the northern U.S. Rocky Mountains (NRM) currently seek to understand and mitigate climate risks to these diverse conifer forests, which experienced profound 20th century disturbance from the 1910 “Big Burn” and timber harvest. Present forest management plan revisions consider approaches including increases in timber harvest that are intended to shift species compositions and increase forest stress tolerance. We utilize CLM-FATES, a dynamic vegetation model (DVM) coupled to an Earth Systems Model (ESM), to model shifting NRM forest carbon stocks and cover, production, and disturbance through 2100 under unprecedented climate and management. Across all 21st century scenarios, domain forest C-stocks and canopy cover face decline after 2090 due to the interaction of intermittent drought and fire mortality with declining Net Primary Production (NPP) and post-disturbance recovery. However, mid-century increases in forest vulnerability to fire and drought impacts are not consistently projected across climate models due to increases in precipitation that buffer warming impacts. Under all climate scenarios, increased harvest regimes diminish forest carbon stocks and increase period mortality over business-as-usual, despite some late-century reductions in forest stress. Results indicate that existing forest carbon stocks and functions are moderately persistent and that increased near-term removals may be mistimed for effectively increasing resilience.","PeriodicalId":12538,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135887559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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