Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.34257/GJSFRHVOL21IS4PG41
R. Tatavarti
The poor state of air quality all over the world in general, and across India in particular, is a cause for extreme concern as it is directly and indirectly linked to the deterioration of human health and economies of nations The many complexities and challenges posed by ambient air quality monitoring, prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to suggest a road map for all nations for the year 2020 -to arrive at a consensus for effective air quality monitoring by all stakeholders –nations and governments, regulatory and controlling bodies, NGOs, scientists and researchers and private citizens.
{"title":"Ambient Air Quality Monitoring: Impetus, Complexities, Challenges and Solutions","authors":"R. Tatavarti","doi":"10.34257/GJSFRHVOL21IS4PG41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/GJSFRHVOL21IS4PG41","url":null,"abstract":"The poor state of air quality all over the world in general, and across India in particular, is a cause for extreme concern as it is directly and indirectly linked to the deterioration of human health and economies of nations The many complexities and challenges posed by ambient air quality monitoring, prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to suggest a road map for all nations for the year 2020 -to arrive at a consensus for effective air quality monitoring by all stakeholders –nations and governments, regulatory and controlling bodies, NGOs, scientists and researchers and private citizens.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84232859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-02DOI: 10.34257/GJSFRFVOL21IS3PG1
Naoto Morikawa
sing a simple mathematical model, we propose two approaches to externally infer how the amino-acid sequence is folded in a protein. One is the previously proposed differential geometric approach. The other is a new category theoretical approach proposed in this paper. As an example, we consider detecting the presence of internal singularities from the outside. Knowledge of Category theory is not required. Proteins are represented as a loop of triangles. In both approaches, the outer contour of the loop is examined to detect the presence of singular triangles (such as isolated triangles) inside. By considering the interaction between loops, the new approach allows us to detect more singular triangles than the previous approach. We hope that this research will provide a new perspective on protein structure analysis and promote further collaboration between mathematics and biology.
{"title":"Two Mathematical Approaches to Inferring the Internal Structure of Proteins from their Shape","authors":"Naoto Morikawa","doi":"10.34257/GJSFRFVOL21IS3PG1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/GJSFRFVOL21IS3PG1","url":null,"abstract":"sing a simple mathematical model, we propose two approaches to externally infer how the amino-acid sequence is folded in a protein. One is the previously proposed differential geometric approach. The other is a new category theoretical approach proposed in this paper. As an example, we consider detecting the presence of internal singularities from the outside. Knowledge of Category theory is not required. Proteins are represented as a loop of triangles. In both approaches, the outer contour of the loop is examined to detect the presence of singular triangles (such as isolated triangles) inside. By considering the interaction between loops, the new approach allows us to detect more singular triangles than the previous approach. We hope that this research will provide a new perspective on protein structure analysis and promote further collaboration between mathematics and biology.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78984122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-30DOI: 10.34257/gjsfrhvol21is3pg1
J. Ficeriová, E. Dutková, J. Harvanová
The difficult and predominantly toxic processing of sulphide concentrates with a low gold content has prompted the finding of a more efficient and environmentally friendly method of obtaining this noble metal. This work was therefore focused on the recovery of gold from the concentrate of refractory sulphide complex (Banská Hodruša, Slovakia) using a non-cyanide mechanochemico-biological process. Gold in this complex concentrate is physically located in the intercrystalline space of sulfide minerals and fills in structural defects in sulfides. The precipitation of gold from the complex mineral matrices of the concentrate can be achieved using a mechanochemico-biological process. This innovative process makes it possible to recover gold by applying a thiourea solution, which is a preferred alternative to toxic a cyanidation. The use of a biological process with the application of algae has shown that algae with siliceous structures make it possible to obtain gold from a complex concentrate (Banská Hodruša, Slovakia) with dimensions of the nano. Limnetic algae (diatoms, golden algae) are part of aquatic ecosystems and form the largest of biomass of all plants on Earth. Mechanochemicobiological process is a method that allows to obtain 100 nm gold nanoparticles from refractory sulphide concentrate (Banská Hodruša, Slovakia).
{"title":"Obtaining of Nano Gold from Concentrate (Banská Hodruša, Slovakia) Using Algae with Utilization of Mechanochemical Activation","authors":"J. Ficeriová, E. Dutková, J. Harvanová","doi":"10.34257/gjsfrhvol21is3pg1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/gjsfrhvol21is3pg1","url":null,"abstract":"The difficult and predominantly toxic processing of sulphide concentrates with a low gold content has prompted the finding of a more efficient and environmentally friendly method of obtaining this noble metal. This work was therefore focused on the recovery of gold from the concentrate of refractory sulphide complex (Banská Hodruša, Slovakia) using a non-cyanide mechanochemico-biological process. Gold in this complex concentrate is physically located in the intercrystalline space of sulfide minerals and fills in structural defects in sulfides. The precipitation of gold from the complex mineral matrices of the concentrate can be achieved using a mechanochemico-biological process. This innovative process makes it possible to recover gold by applying a thiourea solution, which is a preferred alternative to toxic a cyanidation. The use of a biological process with the application of algae has shown that algae with siliceous structures make it possible to obtain gold from a complex concentrate (Banská Hodruša, Slovakia) with dimensions of the nano. Limnetic algae (diatoms, golden algae) are part of aquatic ecosystems and form the largest of biomass of all plants on Earth. Mechanochemicobiological process is a method that allows to obtain 100 nm gold nanoparticles from refractory sulphide concentrate (Banská Hodruša, Slovakia).","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85262413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-08DOI: 10.34257/GJSFRCVOL21IS2PG1
A. S. Al-Nasser, Dina E El-Ghwas, Aisha A. Al-Sheikhy
House fly “Musca domestica” Linnaeus is a common insect widely distributed all over the world and is one of the domestic insect pests found associated with human and animal. Due to their habits and habitats, house flies are able to transmit several pathogenic microorganisms to man such as: bacteria, fungi and virus. House flies are not just annoying human and animal, but they also have been known as vectors of infectious microorganisms either mechanically or biologically. Chemical insecticides have been used for many years and have been known as the most effective approach in house fly management but due to their side effects on the environment and the increasing development of pest resistance to each new chemical, studies tended to explore new alternative methods in pest control. Biological methods including different predators, parasites, entomopathogenic micro-organisms and botanical extracts showed in the last years a practical and effective ecofriendly method to control insect pests including house fly and at the same time safe on human and animal.
{"title":"Musca Domestica: A Vector of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Biocontrol Approaches","authors":"A. S. Al-Nasser, Dina E El-Ghwas, Aisha A. Al-Sheikhy","doi":"10.34257/GJSFRCVOL21IS2PG1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/GJSFRCVOL21IS2PG1","url":null,"abstract":"House fly “Musca domestica” Linnaeus is a common insect widely distributed all over the world and is one of the domestic insect pests found associated with human and animal. Due to their habits and habitats, house flies are able to transmit several pathogenic microorganisms to man such as: bacteria, fungi and virus. House flies are not just annoying human and animal, but they also have been known as vectors of infectious microorganisms either mechanically or biologically. Chemical insecticides have been used for many years and have been known as the most effective approach in house fly management but due to their side effects on the environment and the increasing development of pest resistance to each new chemical, studies tended to explore new alternative methods in pest control. Biological methods including different predators, parasites, entomopathogenic micro-organisms and botanical extracts showed in the last years a practical and effective ecofriendly method to control insect pests including house fly and at the same time safe on human and animal.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89618213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-08DOI: 10.34257/GJSFRCVOL21IS2PG39
A. Ogunkunle, J. E. Ideh, M. A. Jimoh
{"title":"Herbal Recipes, Drug Indications and Sustainability Potential of Traditional Oral Liquid Formulations in Ogbomoso, Nigeria","authors":"A. Ogunkunle, J. E. Ideh, M. A. Jimoh","doi":"10.34257/GJSFRCVOL21IS2PG39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/GJSFRCVOL21IS2PG39","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80623244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-08DOI: 10.34257/GJSFRCVOL21IS2PG25
M. Hasan, M. Ghazali, N. F. Mohtar
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) with the chemical formula of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2is a mineral component found in bone structure, and has broad application in many fields. Several sources can be used for the extraction of HAp either synthetic or natural. However, sources such as porcine and bovine have drawbacks that decreased the demand of HAp. This study aimed to extract and determine particle size distribution and pore characteristics of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp NPs) derived from spotted sardinella (Amblygaster sirm). Further characterization of extracted HAp NPs was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET). SEM analysis has shown that the extracted HApNPs has an irregularsp here-like shape with particle size distribution ranged from 95nm to 100nm.
{"title":"Nitrogen Sorption Isotherms of Biologically Synthesized Non-stoichiometric Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles (HAp NPs) Extracted from Fish Bones","authors":"M. Hasan, M. Ghazali, N. F. Mohtar","doi":"10.34257/GJSFRCVOL21IS2PG25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/GJSFRCVOL21IS2PG25","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroxyapatite (HAp) with the chemical formula of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2is a mineral component found in bone structure, and has broad application in many fields. Several sources can be used for the extraction of HAp either synthetic or natural. However, sources such as porcine and bovine have drawbacks that decreased the demand of HAp. This study aimed to extract and determine particle size distribution and pore characteristics of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp NPs) derived from spotted sardinella (Amblygaster sirm). Further characterization of extracted HAp NPs was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET). SEM analysis has shown that the extracted HApNPs has an irregularsp here-like shape with particle size distribution ranged from 95nm to 100nm.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91477349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-16DOI: 10.34257/GJSFRFVOL21IS2PG1
G. Light
For any n entities, we exhaust all possible ordered relationships, from rank (or the highest number of connections in a linear chain, comparable to matrix rank) 0 to (n 1). As an example, we use spreadsheets with the “RAND” function to simulate the case of n = 8 with the order-length = 3, as from a total of 10000 possibilities by the number of combinations of selecting 2 (a pair of predecessor-successor) out of 5 (= card{A, B, C, D} + 1) matchingdestinations followed by an exponentiation of 4 (= 8 – card{A, B, C, D}). Since the essence of this paper is about ordered structures of networks, our findings here may serve multi-disciplinary interests, in particular, that of the critical path method (CPM) in operations with management. In this connection, we have also included, toward the end of this exposition, a linear algebraic treatment that renders a deterministic mathematical programming for optimal predecessorsuccessor network structures.
{"title":"A Note on Simulating Predecessor-Successor Relationships in Critical Path Models","authors":"G. Light","doi":"10.34257/GJSFRFVOL21IS2PG1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/GJSFRFVOL21IS2PG1","url":null,"abstract":"For any n entities, we exhaust all possible ordered relationships, from rank (or the highest number of connections in a linear chain, comparable to matrix rank) 0 to (n 1). As an example, we use spreadsheets with the “RAND” function to simulate the case of n = 8 with the order-length = 3, as from a total of 10000 possibilities by the number of combinations of selecting 2 (a pair of predecessor-successor) out of 5 (= card{A, B, C, D} + 1) matchingdestinations followed by an exponentiation of 4 (= 8 – card{A, B, C, D}). Since the essence of this paper is about ordered structures of networks, our findings here may serve multi-disciplinary interests, in particular, that of the critical path method (CPM) in operations with management. In this connection, we have also included, toward the end of this exposition, a linear algebraic treatment that renders a deterministic mathematical programming for optimal predecessorsuccessor network structures.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72940106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-16DOI: 10.34257/GJSFRFVOL21IS2PG23
Prabir Kumar Paul
Be it in the world of mathematics or real life, it is often rewarding to think out-of-the box while solving a problem. Accordingly, in this paper, our aim is to explore the various alternative approaches for solving algebraic equations and finding the number of real zeros. We will further delve deeper into the conceptual part of mathematics and understand how implementation of simple ideas can lead to an acceptable solution, which otherwise would have been tedious by considering the conventional approaches. In the pursuit of achieving the objective of this paper, we will consider few examples with full solutions coupled with precise explanation. It is also intended to leave something meaningful for the readers to explore further on their own. The fundamental objective of this paper is to emphasize on the importance of application of basic mathematical logic, concept of inequality, concept of domain and range of functions, concept of calculus and last but not the least the graphical approach in solving mathematical equations. As a further clarification on the scope of this paper, it is highly pertinent to bring to the understanding of the readers two important aspects firstly, we will only deal with equations involving real variables; and secondly, this paper does not include topics related to number theory.
{"title":"A Note on Few Interesting Approaches of Solving Equations to Find the Number of Real Zeros","authors":"Prabir Kumar Paul","doi":"10.34257/GJSFRFVOL21IS2PG23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/GJSFRFVOL21IS2PG23","url":null,"abstract":"Be it in the world of mathematics or real life, it is often rewarding to think out-of-the box while solving a problem. Accordingly, in this paper, our aim is to explore the various alternative approaches for solving algebraic equations and finding the number of real zeros. We will further delve deeper into the conceptual part of mathematics and understand how implementation of simple ideas can lead to an acceptable solution, which otherwise would have been tedious by considering the conventional approaches. In the pursuit of achieving the objective of this paper, we will consider few examples with full solutions coupled with precise explanation. It is also intended to leave something meaningful for the readers to explore further on their own. The fundamental objective of this paper is to emphasize on the importance of application of basic mathematical logic, concept of inequality, concept of domain and range of functions, concept of calculus and last but not the least the graphical approach in solving mathematical equations. As a further clarification on the scope of this paper, it is highly pertinent to bring to the understanding of the readers two important aspects firstly, we will only deal with equations involving real variables; and secondly, this paper does not include topics related to number theory.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85335248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-09DOI: 10.34257/GJSFRDVOL21IS2PG23
A. Djalilov, R. Baratov, E. Sobirov, M. Begmatov, X. Valixonova
At the same time, the demand for water and energy resources around the world is growing year by year. This requires the efficient use of available water and energy resources. Currently, attention is paid to the low energy consumption of devices manufactured in all areas. In particular, in our country, scientific research is being conducted to create energy-efficient devices in the water management system. This article is devoted to the positive solution of the listed problematic issues.
{"title":"Increasing Energy Efficiency of the Executive Mechanisms of Intellectual Systems","authors":"A. Djalilov, R. Baratov, E. Sobirov, M. Begmatov, X. Valixonova","doi":"10.34257/GJSFRDVOL21IS2PG23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/GJSFRDVOL21IS2PG23","url":null,"abstract":"At the same time, the demand for water and energy resources around the world is growing year by year. This requires the efficient use of available water and energy resources. Currently, attention is paid to the low energy consumption of devices manufactured in all areas. In particular, in our country, scientific research is being conducted to create energy-efficient devices in the water management system. This article is devoted to the positive solution of the listed problematic issues.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81132138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-05DOI: 10.34257/GJSFRHVOL21IS2PG1
B. Anand
To fulfil country’s irrigation and power requirements various large capacity dams have been constructed on major rivers in last 50 years. The long term sustainability of these structures is largely dependent on hydro-environment and the capacity of these structures to resist weathering action, chemical attack, abrasion, or any other process of deterioration. The concrete deterioration is directly influenced by various geographical, climatic and ecological conditions. The chemical reactions between cement and water enable the setting and hardening of cement, resulting in a binding medium for the aggregates and development of strength. Quality of water plays an important role in the production of concrete. There are some chemical environments under which the useful life of even the best concrete will be affected adversely. The aggressiveness of water is dependent on the pH value, the total dissolved salts, the degree of hardness, soluble chlorides, sulphates, carbonation, temperature and alkalinity etc. Understanding these conditions permit measures to be taken to prevent or reduce deterioration.
{"title":"Influence of Aggressivity of Water on the Long Term Sustainability of Hydro Power Structures – A Review","authors":"B. Anand","doi":"10.34257/GJSFRHVOL21IS2PG1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/GJSFRHVOL21IS2PG1","url":null,"abstract":"To fulfil country’s irrigation and power requirements various large capacity dams have been constructed on major rivers in last 50 years. The long term sustainability of these structures is largely dependent on hydro-environment and the capacity of these structures to resist weathering action, chemical attack, abrasion, or any other process of deterioration. The concrete deterioration is directly influenced by various geographical, climatic and ecological conditions. The chemical reactions between cement and water enable the setting and hardening of cement, resulting in a binding medium for the aggregates and development of strength. Quality of water plays an important role in the production of concrete. There are some chemical environments under which the useful life of even the best concrete will be affected adversely. The aggressiveness of water is dependent on the pH value, the total dissolved salts, the degree of hardness, soluble chlorides, sulphates, carbonation, temperature and alkalinity etc. Understanding these conditions permit measures to be taken to prevent or reduce deterioration.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74963579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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