Pub Date : 2022-03-24DOI: 10.34257/gjsfrfvol22is1pg1
G. Light
We formulate a supply-chain problem by:(1)casting it in the model of critical-path analysis as defined by predecessor/successor relations, and (2)allowing for mutual dependency among the activity nodes and applying Leontief’s input-output structure.
{"title":"Modeling Supply Chains by Critical Paths and Leontief Input-Output Table","authors":"G. Light","doi":"10.34257/gjsfrfvol22is1pg1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/gjsfrfvol22is1pg1","url":null,"abstract":"We formulate a supply-chain problem by:(1)casting it in the model of critical-path analysis as defined by predecessor/successor relations, and (2)allowing for mutual dependency among the activity nodes and applying Leontief’s input-output structure.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74108490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-25DOI: 10.34257/gjsfrhvol21is6pg1
Natthaprat Nantiwatkun, Chompoonuh K. Permpoonwiwat
Themain role of the Juvenile Vocational training center is to rehabilitate young offenders and support their social reintegration, including protecting communities from unsafe situations. Imprison offenders would be faced a real challenge at the time of their release unless efficient and effective programs are provided. The paper analyzed the cost per unit and examined the Economies of Scale of the 17 juvenile vocational training centers across Thailand. The analysis was based on a data set during 2016 -2019 from the Department of Juvenile Observation and Protection. The average cost per unit in the center was $168 per month or $2,018 annually. The results revealed that both small-and large-scale centers were inefficient. Incidentally, this cost per unit paid for an offender was lower than the national comparing average cost of living. Therefore, the means of increasing operational efficiency in Juvenile Vocational Training Center must be exerted to avoid the internal diseconomies of scale.
{"title":"An Economic Evaluation of Thailand Juvenile Vocational Training Centers","authors":"Natthaprat Nantiwatkun, Chompoonuh K. Permpoonwiwat","doi":"10.34257/gjsfrhvol21is6pg1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/gjsfrhvol21is6pg1","url":null,"abstract":"Themain role of the Juvenile Vocational training center is to rehabilitate young offenders and support their social reintegration, including protecting communities from unsafe situations. Imprison offenders would be faced a real challenge at the time of their release unless efficient and effective programs are provided. The paper analyzed the cost per unit and examined the Economies of Scale of the 17 juvenile vocational training centers across Thailand. The analysis was based on a data set during 2016 -2019 from the Department of Juvenile Observation and Protection. The average cost per unit in the center was $168 per month or $2,018 annually. The results revealed that both small-and large-scale centers were inefficient. Incidentally, this cost per unit paid for an offender was lower than the national comparing average cost of living. Therefore, the means of increasing operational efficiency in Juvenile Vocational Training Center must be exerted to avoid the internal diseconomies of scale.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86956678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-15DOI: 10.34257/gjsfravol21is6pg27
Z.-C. Liang
Based on real-particle field theory, this research demonstrates that dark matter comprises elastic electrons with a full cosmic background. In the real-particle field theory, real particles are elastic particles with both mass and volume. Real particles have three independent motion modes and two symmetrical interactions. The evolution of the real-particle field follows a set of Poisson equations. The theory shows that the electric and magnetic potentials represent electronic interactions of mass attraction and motion repulsion. The electromagnetic and dark-matter fields are essentially elastic electron fields. The laws of mechanics, gravitation, and electromagnetism of classical physics can be inferred from the real-particle field theory. In the electron field, electronic clusters are photons with the energy proportional to vibration frequency. The mechanic features of photons can be characterized by their volume, mass, and elasticity. Furthermore, the radiation of electronic clusters follows Planck’s law, which indicates that dark matter has a uniform density and no photonic current in the cosmic background. It is shown that matter essentially comprises discrete particles, and the matter field is merely a statistical convolution effect of a large number of particles. Consequently, dark matter particles contribute to the structural formation of all matter in the universe.
{"title":"Dark Matter and Real-Particle Field Theory","authors":"Z.-C. Liang","doi":"10.34257/gjsfravol21is6pg27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/gjsfravol21is6pg27","url":null,"abstract":"Based on real-particle field theory, this research demonstrates that dark matter comprises elastic electrons with a full cosmic background. In the real-particle field theory, real particles are elastic particles with both mass and volume. Real particles have three independent motion modes and two symmetrical interactions. The evolution of the real-particle field follows a set of Poisson equations. The theory shows that the electric and magnetic potentials represent electronic interactions of mass attraction and motion repulsion. The electromagnetic and dark-matter fields are essentially elastic electron fields. The laws of mechanics, gravitation, and electromagnetism of classical physics can be inferred from the real-particle field theory. In the electron field, electronic clusters are photons with the energy proportional to vibration frequency. The mechanic features of photons can be characterized by their volume, mass, and elasticity. Furthermore, the radiation of electronic clusters follows Planck’s law, which indicates that dark matter has a uniform density and no photonic current in the cosmic background. It is shown that matter essentially comprises discrete particles, and the matter field is merely a statistical convolution effect of a large number of particles. Consequently, dark matter particles contribute to the structural formation of all matter in the universe.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78828452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-15DOI: 10.34257/gjsfravol21is6pg1
K. Kirakosyan
Taking into account the peculiarities of interaction, the equations of motion are proposed, from which correspondences with the main parameters of both kinematics and dynamics are found. It is shown that it is the potential of interaction with the third-party partners that is the parameter, the presence, change, and redistribution of which the content of all three Newton's laws is interpreted.
{"title":"Content and Derivation of Newton's Law","authors":"K. Kirakosyan","doi":"10.34257/gjsfravol21is6pg1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/gjsfravol21is6pg1","url":null,"abstract":"Taking into account the peculiarities of interaction, the equations of motion are proposed, from which correspondences with the main parameters of both kinematics and dynamics are found. It is shown that it is the potential of interaction with the third-party partners that is the parameter, the presence, change, and redistribution of which the content of all three Newton's laws is interpreted.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80901433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-18DOI: 10.34257/ljrsvol21is6pg81
Samah, M.M. Abd El-Aziz, M. Rady, B. A. Merdan, Abd El-Salam A.M.E, H. Hussein, E. El-Saiedy
In Egypt, strawberry is an economically important crop that has recently been destroyed by Pentodon algerinum, a worldwide polyphagous destructive insect pest. This study aimed to distinguish, for the first time, the histopathological and morphological effects of Spodoptera littoralis Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SpliNPV) and Pentodon algerinum Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (PNPV) on Pentodon algerinum third instar larvae to confirm their success as safe alternative control agents against this pest. The results showed that PNPV and SpliNPV affected Pentodon larvae by the same effects in causing the following: integument deformation and rupture; the destruction of the hypodermal layer resulting in the inhibition of the process of molting into the pupa stage, reducing pest survival; larva leg corrosion, which prevents its spreading; the rupture of fat bodies, which leads to the loss of stored energetic materials; the distortion of muscle sarcolemma and fibers resulting in weakness and softness; the tracheal cuticular layer destruction, which inhibits breathing; midgut rupture with cells detaching from each other; irregular cytoplasm distribution; the loss of the columnar shape of cells; the appearance of vacuoles between cells, which results in their inability to feed or to digest; the swelling, softness, liquefaction, and, lastly, death of the larva.
{"title":"The First Study on Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Histopathological and Morphological Effects on the Strawberry Pest, Pentodon Algerinum (coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)","authors":"Samah, M.M. Abd El-Aziz, M. Rady, B. A. Merdan, Abd El-Salam A.M.E, H. Hussein, E. El-Saiedy","doi":"10.34257/ljrsvol21is6pg81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/ljrsvol21is6pg81","url":null,"abstract":"In Egypt, strawberry is an economically important crop that has recently been destroyed by Pentodon algerinum, a worldwide polyphagous destructive insect pest. This study aimed to distinguish, for the first time, the histopathological and morphological effects of Spodoptera littoralis Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SpliNPV) and Pentodon algerinum Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (PNPV) on Pentodon algerinum third instar larvae to confirm their success as safe alternative control agents against this pest. The results showed that PNPV and SpliNPV affected Pentodon larvae by the same effects in causing the following: integument deformation and rupture; the destruction of the hypodermal layer resulting in the inhibition of the process of molting into the pupa stage, reducing pest survival; larva leg corrosion, which prevents its spreading; the rupture of fat bodies, which leads to the loss of stored energetic materials; the distortion of muscle sarcolemma and fibers resulting in weakness and softness; the tracheal cuticular layer destruction, which inhibits breathing; midgut rupture with cells detaching from each other; irregular cytoplasm distribution; the loss of the columnar shape of cells; the appearance of vacuoles between cells, which results in their inability\u0000to feed or to digest; the swelling, softness, liquefaction, and, lastly, death of the larva.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89498063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-08DOI: 10.34257/gjsfrdvol21is7pg39
R. Singh, I. P. Singh, V. Chaudhary, R. Singh, S. Pal
The refinement and assessment based field experiment was laid out during Rabi season of 2002 and 2003 on farmers fields at Mainpuri district under National Agricultural Technology Project, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Mainpuri. The main objective was to find out suitable variety of Indian mustard for sowing in early period under thermal condition and replace the local Indian mustard cultivar ‘chhapka’. The nutrient status of pilot area was low. Five high yielding varieties i.e. Rohani, Varuna, Kanti, Urvarshi, Pusa Jai Kisan were tested with local cultivar Chhapka. The tested varieties of Indian mustard did not much differ in growth parameters but cv. Urvarshi displayed the superiority over all varieties. The lowest seed weight/plant (15.85 /plant) and test weight (4.30 gram) were weighed in local cultivar Chhapka, while highest seed weight/plant (18.00 g/plant) and test weight (4.95 gram) were recorded in cv. Urvarshi. The highest seed yield of 30.80 q/ha was noted under tested cultivar Urvarshi and lowest noted under Chaapka(15.70 q/ha). The other tested varieties yielded seed between these two limits. The highest net return of Rs. 99667/ha and BCR (1:3.56) were computed under Urvarshi cultivar. The lowest net return of Rs. 31717/ha and BCR (1:1.81) were computed under local cultivar Chhapka. The cultivar Urvarshi also increased net income of famers by 3.15 fold, which was higher over other tested varieties.
{"title":"Refinement in Cultivar of Indian Mustard for Higher Yield Under Thermal Climatic Condition of Uttar Pradesh","authors":"R. Singh, I. P. Singh, V. Chaudhary, R. Singh, S. Pal","doi":"10.34257/gjsfrdvol21is7pg39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/gjsfrdvol21is7pg39","url":null,"abstract":"The refinement and assessment based field experiment was laid out during Rabi season of 2002 and 2003 on farmers fields at Mainpuri district under National Agricultural Technology Project, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Mainpuri. The main objective was to find out suitable variety of Indian mustard for sowing in early period under thermal condition and replace the local Indian mustard cultivar ‘chhapka’. The nutrient status of pilot area was low. Five high yielding varieties i.e. Rohani, Varuna, Kanti, Urvarshi, Pusa Jai Kisan were tested with local cultivar Chhapka. The tested varieties of Indian mustard did not much differ in growth parameters but cv. Urvarshi displayed the superiority over all varieties. The lowest seed weight/plant (15.85 /plant) and test weight (4.30 gram) were weighed in local cultivar Chhapka, while highest seed weight/plant (18.00 g/plant) and test weight (4.95 gram) were recorded in cv. Urvarshi. The highest seed yield of 30.80 q/ha was noted under tested cultivar Urvarshi and lowest noted under Chaapka(15.70 q/ha). The other tested varieties yielded seed between these two limits. The highest net return of Rs. 99667/ha and BCR (1:3.56) were computed under Urvarshi cultivar. The lowest net return of Rs. 31717/ha and BCR (1:1.81) were computed under local cultivar Chhapka. The cultivar Urvarshi also increased net income of famers by 3.15 fold, which was higher over other tested varieties.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83749500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-08DOI: 10.34257/gjsfrdvol21is7pg1
Vinsoun Millogo, M. Kere, O. Sanfo, T. O. Amoussou, T. Harrigan, R. Burdick, A. Srivastava
The availability and sustainability of water in rural areas are significant challenges facing agricultural producers in the Sahelian zones. Maize-legume intercropping with a mulch cover for water conservation with drip irrigation is a promising production practice for conserving water, increasing productivity and improving soil health. A randomized complete block trial with 04 replications and 08 treatments was established in Sonsongona (11.2522°N, 4.4559°W), a village located west of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Means separation by analysis of variance (ANOVA) was with RStudio 1.2.1335 software at the 5% threshold according to the Newman-Keuls test. The mulched treatments significantly affect soil moisture, maize growth, weed growth, and important maize yield attributes.
{"title":"Effects of Cereal-Legume Intercropping and Mulching on Maize (Zea Mays L.) Productivity in Dry Season using Drip Irrigation in South-Sudanian Climatic Zone of Burkina Faso","authors":"Vinsoun Millogo, M. Kere, O. Sanfo, T. O. Amoussou, T. Harrigan, R. Burdick, A. Srivastava","doi":"10.34257/gjsfrdvol21is7pg1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/gjsfrdvol21is7pg1","url":null,"abstract":"The availability and sustainability of water in rural areas are significant challenges facing agricultural producers in the Sahelian zones. Maize-legume intercropping with a mulch cover for water conservation with drip irrigation is a promising production practice for conserving water, increasing productivity and improving soil health. A randomized complete block trial with 04 replications and 08 treatments was established in Sonsongona (11.2522°N, 4.4559°W), a village located west of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Means separation by analysis of variance (ANOVA) was with RStudio 1.2.1335 software at the 5% threshold according to the Newman-Keuls test. The mulched treatments significantly affect soil moisture, maize growth, weed growth, and important maize yield attributes.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90700879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.34257/gjsfravol21is4pg113
T. Kambe
According to the general gauge principle, Fluid Gauge Theory is presented to cover a wider class of flow fields of a perfect fluid without internal energy dissipation under anisotropic stress field. Thus, the theory of fluid mechanics is extended to cover time dependent rotational flows under anisotropic stress field of a compressible perfect fluid, including turbulent flows. Eulerian fluid mechanics is characterized with isotropic pressure stress fields. The study is motivated from three observations. First one is experimental observations reporting large-scale structures coexisting with turbulent flow fields. This encourages a study of how such structures observed experimentally are possible in turbulent shear flows, Second one is a theoretical and mathematical observation: the ”General solution to Euler’s equation of motion” (found by Kambe in 2013) predicts a new set of four background-fields, existing in the linked 4d-spacetime. Third one is a physical query, ”what symmetry implies the current conservation law ?”. The latter two observations encourage a gauge-theoretic formulation by defining a differential one-form representing the interaction between the fluid-current field jμand a background field aμ.
{"title":"Fluid Gauge Theory","authors":"T. Kambe","doi":"10.34257/gjsfravol21is4pg113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/gjsfravol21is4pg113","url":null,"abstract":"According to the general gauge principle, Fluid Gauge Theory is presented to cover a wider class of flow fields of a perfect fluid without internal energy dissipation under anisotropic stress field. Thus, the theory of fluid mechanics is extended to cover time dependent rotational flows under anisotropic stress field of a compressible perfect fluid, including turbulent flows. Eulerian fluid mechanics is characterized with isotropic pressure stress fields. The study is motivated from three observations. First one is experimental observations reporting large-scale structures coexisting with turbulent flow fields. This encourages a study of how such structures observed experimentally are possible in turbulent shear flows, Second one is a theoretical and mathematical observation: the ”General solution to Euler’s equation of motion” (found by Kambe in 2013) predicts a new set of four background-fields, existing in the linked 4d-spacetime. Third one is a physical query, ”what symmetry implies the current conservation law ?”. The latter two observations encourage a gauge-theoretic formulation by defining a differential one-form representing the interaction between the fluid-current field jμand a background field aμ.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90228715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.34257/gjsfravol21is4pg67
N. Gonchar
In the first part of the paper, we construct the models of the complete non-arbitrage financial markets for a wide class of evolutions of risky assets.This construction is based on the observation that for a certain class of risky as set evolutions the martingale measure is invariant with respect to these evolutions. For such a financial market model the only martingale measure being equivalent to an initial measure is built. On such a financial market,formulas for the fair price of contingent liabilities are presented. A multi-parameter model of the financial market is proposed, the martingale measure of which does not depend on the parameters of the model of the evolution of risky assets and is the only one.
{"title":"Non-Arbitrage Models of Financial Markets","authors":"N. Gonchar","doi":"10.34257/gjsfravol21is4pg67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/gjsfravol21is4pg67","url":null,"abstract":"In the first part of the paper, we construct the models of the complete non-arbitrage financial markets for a wide class of evolutions of risky assets.This construction is based on the observation that for a certain class of risky as set evolutions the martingale measure is invariant with respect to these evolutions. For such a financial market model the only martingale measure being equivalent to an initial measure is built. On such a financial market,formulas for the fair price of contingent liabilities are presented. A multi-parameter model of the financial market is proposed, the martingale measure of which does not depend on the parameters of the model of the evolution of risky assets and is the only one.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76039842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.34257/gjsfravol21is4pg49
Shaoxu Ren
In this paper, a hypothesis is proposed, that something similar to what happen to the puzzle of the energy losing in decay of neutron may also occur to the puzzle of the sum losing of the z-components of spin angular momenta in the synthetic course of spin coupling in Spin Topological Space. The former puzzle is related to hidden neutrial antineutrino that carries a small amount of energy away, the latter puzzle is related to hidden "constructive" zero-spin particle playing the role of a force-mediator that carries some amount of spin angular momentum, which just offsets the same amount of angular momentum losing in the formation of spin coupling.
{"title":"Force-Mediating Particle of Coupling of Spin Angular Momenta","authors":"Shaoxu Ren","doi":"10.34257/gjsfravol21is4pg49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34257/gjsfravol21is4pg49","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a hypothesis is proposed, that something similar to what happen to the puzzle of the energy losing in decay of neutron may also occur to the puzzle of the sum losing of the z-components of spin angular momenta in the synthetic course of spin coupling in Spin Topological Space. The former puzzle is related to hidden neutrial antineutrino that carries a small amount of energy away, the latter puzzle is related to hidden \"constructive\" zero-spin particle playing the role of a force-mediator that carries some amount of spin angular momentum, which just offsets the same amount of angular momentum losing in the formation of spin coupling.","PeriodicalId":12547,"journal":{"name":"Global Journal of Science Frontier Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84219246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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