Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duad034
Janice K. Enos, Emma B. Smith, Martin P. Ward, J. Swaddle, Mark E. Hauber
Perceived predation and brood parasitism risks strongly influence nesting habitat selection for several bird species. Here we report on a playback experiment evaluating whether perceived predation or brood parasitism risk can reduce Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) abundances in agricultural nesting habitat. We broadcast Cooper’s Hawk vocalizations (Accipiter cooperii, a predator of adult blackbirds and nests), Brown-headed Cowbird vocalizations (Molothrus ater, a brood parasite of many passerine species, including blackbirds), and the “Sonic Net” as treatments, the latter of which is broadcast of frequencies that overlap with blackbird vocalizations and prevent blackbirds from accessing intraspecific communication systems informing predator and brood parasite risks. Neither the hawk, cowbird, nor Sonic Net treatments reduced blackbird abundances at sites early in the breeding season (April to May), when blackbirds were selecting nesting habitat. In contrast, late in the breeding season (July to August), hawk vocalizations and the Sonic Net reduced blackbird abundances at sites, but cowbird vocalizations did not. Our late-breeding season results suggest that blackbirds may flexibly change responses to perceived predation risk based on their stage of reproductive investment. Perceived predation risk could potentially be used to manage pest birds that nest in agricultural landscapes, at least for crops that are vulnerable to birds late in the breeding season.
{"title":"Increasing perceived predation risk through playbacks reduces Red-winged Blackbird abundance in agriculture late in the breeding season","authors":"Janice K. Enos, Emma B. Smith, Martin P. Ward, J. Swaddle, Mark E. Hauber","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duad034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duad034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Perceived predation and brood parasitism risks strongly influence nesting habitat selection for several bird species. Here we report on a playback experiment evaluating whether perceived predation or brood parasitism risk can reduce Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) abundances in agricultural nesting habitat. We broadcast Cooper’s Hawk vocalizations (Accipiter cooperii, a predator of adult blackbirds and nests), Brown-headed Cowbird vocalizations (Molothrus ater, a brood parasite of many passerine species, including blackbirds), and the “Sonic Net” as treatments, the latter of which is broadcast of frequencies that overlap with blackbird vocalizations and prevent blackbirds from accessing intraspecific communication systems informing predator and brood parasite risks. Neither the hawk, cowbird, nor Sonic Net treatments reduced blackbird abundances at sites early in the breeding season (April to May), when blackbirds were selecting nesting habitat. In contrast, late in the breeding season (July to August), hawk vocalizations and the Sonic Net reduced blackbird abundances at sites, but cowbird vocalizations did not. Our late-breeding season results suggest that blackbirds may flexibly change responses to perceived predation risk based on their stage of reproductive investment. Perceived predation risk could potentially be used to manage pest birds that nest in agricultural landscapes, at least for crops that are vulnerable to birds late in the breeding season.","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126509837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-17DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duad030
N. O’Hanlon, A. Bond, E. Masden, D. Boertmann, T. Bregnballe, J. Danielsen, S. Descamps, A. Petersen, H. Strøm, Geir H. R. Systad, Neil A. James
With the projected increases in shipping activity and hydrocarbon extraction globally, there is an increased risk of negative ecological impacts from oil pollution on the marine environment, including seabirds. Oil Vulnerability Indices (OVIs) are a common approach to assess seabird species vulnerability to oil pollution, and to identify where species are most at risk, typically across regional spatial scales and for a relatively limited number of species. This approach generally requires comprehensive data on at-sea distributions and densities; however, for many regions, these data are limited. We present a simplified OVI to assess seabird species vulnerability to oil pollution. To create the spatial component of the OVI, we used a predictive foraging radius approach, using existing colony size and foraging range data, to project at-sea distributions of seabird populations during the breeding season. We demonstrate this approach over a large spatial scale, the eastern North Atlantic, which includes areas where seabird at-sea data are lacking. Our results reveal areas off west Greenland, Iceland, and Norway where seabirds are most vulnerable to oil pollution during the breeding season, largely driven by large colonies of auks (Alcidae). We also identify locations along the coast of mainland Norway, Iceland, and Scotland, where seabirds are particularly at risk to oil pollution associated with major shipping routes. Identifying areas where species are most at risk can help inform where, and which, measures should be put in place to mitigate the impacts of oil pollution, such as protecting and avoiding high risk areas, for example, through adopting dynamic Areas to be Avoided (ATBAs). Our simplified OVI combined with the predictive foraging radius approach can adapted to other regions globally that lack seabird-at-sea distribution data, to other marine wildlife, and to assess the risk from hydrocarbon extraction and other anthropogenic threats, including fishing activities and offshore renewable developments.
{"title":"Using foraging range and colony size to assess the vulnerability of breeding seabirds to oil across regions lacking at-sea distribution data","authors":"N. O’Hanlon, A. Bond, E. Masden, D. Boertmann, T. Bregnballe, J. Danielsen, S. Descamps, A. Petersen, H. Strøm, Geir H. R. Systad, Neil A. James","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duad030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duad030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With the projected increases in shipping activity and hydrocarbon extraction globally, there is an increased risk of negative ecological impacts from oil pollution on the marine environment, including seabirds. Oil Vulnerability Indices (OVIs) are a common approach to assess seabird species vulnerability to oil pollution, and to identify where species are most at risk, typically across regional spatial scales and for a relatively limited number of species. This approach generally requires comprehensive data on at-sea distributions and densities; however, for many regions, these data are limited. We present a simplified OVI to assess seabird species vulnerability to oil pollution. To create the spatial component of the OVI, we used a predictive foraging radius approach, using existing colony size and foraging range data, to project at-sea distributions of seabird populations during the breeding season. We demonstrate this approach over a large spatial scale, the eastern North Atlantic, which includes areas where seabird at-sea data are lacking. Our results reveal areas off west Greenland, Iceland, and Norway where seabirds are most vulnerable to oil pollution during the breeding season, largely driven by large colonies of auks (Alcidae). We also identify locations along the coast of mainland Norway, Iceland, and Scotland, where seabirds are particularly at risk to oil pollution associated with major shipping routes. Identifying areas where species are most at risk can help inform where, and which, measures should be put in place to mitigate the impacts of oil pollution, such as protecting and avoiding high risk areas, for example, through adopting dynamic Areas to be Avoided (ATBAs). Our simplified OVI combined with the predictive foraging radius approach can adapted to other regions globally that lack seabird-at-sea distribution data, to other marine wildlife, and to assess the risk from hydrocarbon extraction and other anthropogenic threats, including fishing activities and offshore renewable developments.","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115611372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-17DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duad031
Alyssa P Neuhaus, O. Lane, A. Kovach, M. Conway, Michelle R Kneeland, E. Martinsen
Malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium) are important agents of infectious disease in birds and multiple factors, including warming temperatures and environmental contamination, may act to increase their geographic and host ranges. Here, we examined the role of geographical variation and environmental mercury exposure in malaria parasite infection dynamics in an imperiled songbird species with high mercury exposition, the Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacutus). Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, we screened 280 Saltmarsh Sparrows from across their breeding range for malaria parasite infection. We detected malaria parasites in 17% of sampled birds and a total of 6 Plasmodium lineages. Prevalence of infection and diversity of parasite lineages varied across the breeding range of the Saltmarsh Sparrow and increased at more northern latitudes. Although mercury is a known immunosuppressant and has been documented to alter an individual’s susceptibility to pathogens, we did not find a significant difference in blood mercury levels between infected and not infected birds, perhaps due to sampling methods and/or small sample sizes. As a specialist of coastal wetlands, the Saltmarsh Sparrow is an excellent indicator species for ecological health, and the patterns of malaria parasite infection with host distribution and mercury suggest that birds at northern latitudes are at greater risk of disease and should be priorities for conservation, habitat, and pathogen monitoring.
{"title":"Prevalence and diversity of malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium) in the imperiled Saltmarsh Sparrow are greater at northern sites","authors":"Alyssa P Neuhaus, O. Lane, A. Kovach, M. Conway, Michelle R Kneeland, E. Martinsen","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duad031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duad031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium) are important agents of infectious disease in birds and multiple factors, including warming temperatures and environmental contamination, may act to increase their geographic and host ranges. Here, we examined the role of geographical variation and environmental mercury exposure in malaria parasite infection dynamics in an imperiled songbird species with high mercury exposition, the Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacutus). Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, we screened 280 Saltmarsh Sparrows from across their breeding range for malaria parasite infection. We detected malaria parasites in 17% of sampled birds and a total of 6 Plasmodium lineages. Prevalence of infection and diversity of parasite lineages varied across the breeding range of the Saltmarsh Sparrow and increased at more northern latitudes. Although mercury is a known immunosuppressant and has been documented to alter an individual’s susceptibility to pathogens, we did not find a significant difference in blood mercury levels between infected and not infected birds, perhaps due to sampling methods and/or small sample sizes. As a specialist of coastal wetlands, the Saltmarsh Sparrow is an excellent indicator species for ecological health, and the patterns of malaria parasite infection with host distribution and mercury suggest that birds at northern latitudes are at greater risk of disease and should be priorities for conservation, habitat, and pathogen monitoring.","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122482846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-14DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duad028
Brendan P Boyd, Sue M Hayes, Alexandra M Israel, B. Stutchbury
Although carry-over effects related to wintering habitat quality are known to influence population dynamics of migratory songbirds, the presence of breeding season carry-over is understudied in full annual cycle models. To test whether forest fragment size on the breeding grounds can impose negative carry-over effects on a migratory songbird, we fitted adult Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) with 1-yr coded radio-tags in forest fragments ranging from 11 to 499 ha in southwestern Ontario during the 2016–2019 breeding seasons and utilized automated telemetry via the Motus Wildlife Tracking System to record fall migration timing and returns the following spring (apparent annual survival). To examine short-term effects of fragment size on breeding females, during the 2018 and 2019 breeding seasons, we collected blood samples during incubation to measure corticosterone levels and tracked complete reproductive success and nest timing. We found that Wood Thrushes breeding in small forest fragments were not subject to strong negative effects on body condition (mass, corticosterone), reproductive success, or timing of the last nest of the season. We found that the onset of fall migration departure was not delayed for birds nesting in small fragments and that apparent annual survival was not linked to breeding fragment size. This suggests that habitat differences linked to fragment size were not strong enough to trigger the kinds of negative carry-over effects (delayed migration, lower reproductive success) that have been documented in other species as a result of poor wintering-ground habitat quality. The strength of breeding fragment size-induced seasonal carry-over remains a critical gap in full annual cycle models for other declining migratory songbirds. Our findings suggest that while the importance of preserving large forested areas is often prioritized in conservation projects, small forest fragments can also have high conservation value.
{"title":"Breeding season forest fragment size does not create negative carry-over for adult Wood Thrushes on fall migration timing or apparent annual survival","authors":"Brendan P Boyd, Sue M Hayes, Alexandra M Israel, B. Stutchbury","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duad028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duad028","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Although carry-over effects related to wintering habitat quality are known to influence population dynamics of migratory songbirds, the presence of breeding season carry-over is understudied in full annual cycle models. To test whether forest fragment size on the breeding grounds can impose negative carry-over effects on a migratory songbird, we fitted adult Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) with 1-yr coded radio-tags in forest fragments ranging from 11 to 499 ha in southwestern Ontario during the 2016–2019 breeding seasons and utilized automated telemetry via the Motus Wildlife Tracking System to record fall migration timing and returns the following spring (apparent annual survival). To examine short-term effects of fragment size on breeding females, during the 2018 and 2019 breeding seasons, we collected blood samples during incubation to measure corticosterone levels and tracked complete reproductive success and nest timing. We found that Wood Thrushes breeding in small forest fragments were not subject to strong negative effects on body condition (mass, corticosterone), reproductive success, or timing of the last nest of the season. We found that the onset of fall migration departure was not delayed for birds nesting in small fragments and that apparent annual survival was not linked to breeding fragment size. This suggests that habitat differences linked to fragment size were not strong enough to trigger the kinds of negative carry-over effects (delayed migration, lower reproductive success) that have been documented in other species as a result of poor wintering-ground habitat quality. The strength of breeding fragment size-induced seasonal carry-over remains a critical gap in full annual cycle models for other declining migratory songbirds. Our findings suggest that while the importance of preserving large forested areas is often prioritized in conservation projects, small forest fragments can also have high conservation value.","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"169 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116600598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-12DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duad027
Eric J Hughes, V. Austin, Fiona Backhouse, Alex C. Maisey, Kelsie A Lopez, Chloe S. Mikles, Karan J. Odom, J. Welbergen, Anastasia H. Dalziell
Understanding nest site selection is critical to developing effective conservation management actions. The Superb Lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae) is one of many endemic species extensively impacted by Australia’s unprecedented 2019–2020 megafires. Over a period of 5 months, an estimated 43% of the entire range of this slow-breeding species was burnt, with the biggest impact on the central subspecies M. n. novaehollandiae (55%). Four months prior to these megafires, we conducted a field study of nest site habitat selection in the Superb Lyrebird within the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area (15,400 km 2): a key stronghold of the central subspecies of the Superb Lyrebird. We found that at the local scale, lyrebird nest sites were more likely to be found in habitats characterized by dense canopy trees and rich in rainforest elements such as vines and treeferns. At the landscape scale, lyrebird nests were most likely to be constructed in rainforest; this fire-sensitive habitat type made up only 1% of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area. The probability of nest occurrence also increased with slope. We also found that >74% of all nesting habitat within the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area burned in the 2019–2020 megafires, including 80% of areas of high suitability for nesting. These results suggest that the impact of these megafires on Superb Lyrebirds may be greater than currently thought. Given the importance of rainforest as nesting habitat for the superb lyrebird, managers should prioritize its restoration and protect it from future fire events. More broadly, our results illustrate how large-scale catastrophic events—such as megafires—can disproportionately affect habitats critical to specific points within an organism’s life cycle.
{"title":"Preferred nesting habitat of the slow-breeding Superb Lyrebird is rare and was disproportionately impacted by Australia’s “Black Summer” megafires (2019–2020) within a World Heritage Area","authors":"Eric J Hughes, V. Austin, Fiona Backhouse, Alex C. Maisey, Kelsie A Lopez, Chloe S. Mikles, Karan J. Odom, J. Welbergen, Anastasia H. Dalziell","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duad027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duad027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Understanding nest site selection is critical to developing effective conservation management actions. The Superb Lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae) is one of many endemic species extensively impacted by Australia’s unprecedented 2019–2020 megafires. Over a period of 5 months, an estimated 43% of the entire range of this slow-breeding species was burnt, with the biggest impact on the central subspecies M. n. novaehollandiae (55%). Four months prior to these megafires, we conducted a field study of nest site habitat selection in the Superb Lyrebird within the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area (15,400 km 2): a key stronghold of the central subspecies of the Superb Lyrebird. We found that at the local scale, lyrebird nest sites were more likely to be found in habitats characterized by dense canopy trees and rich in rainforest elements such as vines and treeferns. At the landscape scale, lyrebird nests were most likely to be constructed in rainforest; this fire-sensitive habitat type made up only 1% of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area. The probability of nest occurrence also increased with slope. We also found that >74% of all nesting habitat within the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area burned in the 2019–2020 megafires, including 80% of areas of high suitability for nesting. These results suggest that the impact of these megafires on Superb Lyrebirds may be greater than currently thought. Given the importance of rainforest as nesting habitat for the superb lyrebird, managers should prioritize its restoration and protect it from future fire events. More broadly, our results illustrate how large-scale catastrophic events—such as megafires—can disproportionately affect habitats critical to specific points within an organism’s life cycle.","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126478142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-06DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duad025
J. Walsh, Lindsey E. Fenderson, C. Elphick, J. Cohen, C. Field, Laura K Garey, T. Hodgman, Alison R. Kocek, Rebecca A. Longenecker, Kathleen M. O’Brien, Brian J. Olsen, Katharine J. Ruskin, W. G. Shriver, A. Kovach
Determining factors that shape a species’ population genetic structure is beneficial for identifying effective conservation practices. We assessed population structure and genetic diversity for Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacuta), an imperiled tidal marsh specialist, using 13 microsatellite markers and 964 individuals sampled from 24 marshes across the breeding range. We show that Saltmarsh Sparrow populations are structured regionally by isolation-by-distance, with gene flow occurring among marshes within ~110–135 km of one another. Isolation-by-resistance and isolation-by-environment also shape genetic variation; several habitat and landscape features are associated with genetic diversity and genetic divergence among populations. Human development in the surrounding landscape isolates breeding marshes, reducing genetic diversity and increasing population genetic divergence, while surrounding marshland and patch habitat quality (proportion high marsh and sea-level-rise trend) have the opposite effect. The distance of the breeding marsh to the Atlantic Ocean also influences genetic variation, with marshes farther inland being more divergent than coastal marshes. In northern marshes, hybridization with Nelson’s Sparrow (A. nelsoni) strongly influences Saltmarsh Sparrow genetic variation, by increasing genetic diversity in the population; this has a concomitant effect of increasing genetic differentiation of marshes with high levels of introgression. From a conservation perspective, we found that the majority of population clusters have low effective population sizes, suggesting a lack of resiliency. To conserve the representative breadth of genetic and ecological diversity and to ensure redundancy of populations, it will be important to protect a diversity of marsh types across the latitudinal gradient of the species range, including multiple inland, coastal and urban populations, which we have shown to exhibit signals of genetic differentiation. It will also require maintaining connectivity at a regional level, by promoting high marsh habitat at the scale of gene flow (~130 km), while also ensuring “stepping stone” populations across the range.
{"title":"Surrounding landscape, habitat and hybridization dynamics drive population structure and genetic diversity in the Saltmarsh Sparrow","authors":"J. Walsh, Lindsey E. Fenderson, C. Elphick, J. Cohen, C. Field, Laura K Garey, T. Hodgman, Alison R. Kocek, Rebecca A. Longenecker, Kathleen M. O’Brien, Brian J. Olsen, Katharine J. Ruskin, W. G. Shriver, A. Kovach","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duad025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duad025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Determining factors that shape a species’ population genetic structure is beneficial for identifying effective conservation practices. We assessed population structure and genetic diversity for Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacuta), an imperiled tidal marsh specialist, using 13 microsatellite markers and 964 individuals sampled from 24 marshes across the breeding range. We show that Saltmarsh Sparrow populations are structured regionally by isolation-by-distance, with gene flow occurring among marshes within ~110–135 km of one another. Isolation-by-resistance and isolation-by-environment also shape genetic variation; several habitat and landscape features are associated with genetic diversity and genetic divergence among populations. Human development in the surrounding landscape isolates breeding marshes, reducing genetic diversity and increasing population genetic divergence, while surrounding marshland and patch habitat quality (proportion high marsh and sea-level-rise trend) have the opposite effect. The distance of the breeding marsh to the Atlantic Ocean also influences genetic variation, with marshes farther inland being more divergent than coastal marshes. In northern marshes, hybridization with Nelson’s Sparrow (A. nelsoni) strongly influences Saltmarsh Sparrow genetic variation, by increasing genetic diversity in the population; this has a concomitant effect of increasing genetic differentiation of marshes with high levels of introgression. From a conservation perspective, we found that the majority of population clusters have low effective population sizes, suggesting a lack of resiliency. To conserve the representative breadth of genetic and ecological diversity and to ensure redundancy of populations, it will be important to protect a diversity of marsh types across the latitudinal gradient of the species range, including multiple inland, coastal and urban populations, which we have shown to exhibit signals of genetic differentiation. It will also require maintaining connectivity at a regional level, by promoting high marsh habitat at the scale of gene flow (~130 km), while also ensuring “stepping stone” populations across the range.","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133575767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-20DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duad024
A. Naveda-Rodríguez, K. Bildstein, D. Barber, J. Therrien, M. Avery, B. Kluever, S. Rush, F. J. Vilella
The demography of, and factors that influence these metrics, are largely unknown for most vultures in the Americas. Survivorship of Turkey Vultures (Cathartes aura) may be influenced by landscape heterogeneity and human disturbance. We quantified the effects of landscape composition (Shannon’s diversity index) and configuration (contagion, edge density, and largest patch index), and human disturbance (road density) on the annual and seasonal survival probabilities of the 3 North American breeding populations (western, central, and eastern) of Turkey Vultures that spend the nonbreeding season in the southeastern portion of the Nearctic and the northern Neotropics during a 17-yr period. We used Cox’s proportional hazards models with time-varying covariates to estimate spatial and temporal changes in survival rates of adult Turkey Vultures. Road density, but not landscape composition or configuration, influenced survival rates in space and time. Overall annual survival averaged 0.87 (95% CI: 0.74–0.98). Mortality risk was low in western and central populations (hazard ratio < 1) but was 3.7 times greater for vultures in the eastern population. Survival during the breeding (0.97, 95% CI: 0.96–0.98) and outbound migration (1.0, 95% CI: 1–1) seasons was significantly higher than the other seasons. Average survival tended to be higher for nonbreeding (0.81, 95% CI: 0.71–0.88) compared to return migration (0.69, 95% CI: 0.56–0.81) seasons. Risk of mortality for all vulture populations increased with road density, and this was greater during the nonbreeding and return migration seasons. The spatial variation in road density across the Americas may generate a network of ecological traps for Turkey Vultures induced to stop in areas of greater road-kill abundance. Road killed animals acting as an attractant for vultures can increase the occurrence of vulture–vehicle collisions and potentially aggravate human–wildlife conflicts. Further analyses are needed to address survivorship and mortality factors for young birds. Our results may help to the implementation of specific mitigation efforts to reduce human–vulture conflicts and vulture mortality. For instance, concentrating efforts to remove road-killed animals in areas where road density is highest can likely reduce vulture–vehicle collisions and associated mortalities of these birds.
{"title":"Turkey Vulture survival is reduced in areas of greater road density","authors":"A. Naveda-Rodríguez, K. Bildstein, D. Barber, J. Therrien, M. Avery, B. Kluever, S. Rush, F. J. Vilella","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duad024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duad024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The demography of, and factors that influence these metrics, are largely unknown for most vultures in the Americas. Survivorship of Turkey Vultures (Cathartes aura) may be influenced by landscape heterogeneity and human disturbance. We quantified the effects of landscape composition (Shannon’s diversity index) and configuration (contagion, edge density, and largest patch index), and human disturbance (road density) on the annual and seasonal survival probabilities of the 3 North American breeding populations (western, central, and eastern) of Turkey Vultures that spend the nonbreeding season in the southeastern portion of the Nearctic and the northern Neotropics during a 17-yr period. We used Cox’s proportional hazards models with time-varying covariates to estimate spatial and temporal changes in survival rates of adult Turkey Vultures. Road density, but not landscape composition or configuration, influenced survival rates in space and time. Overall annual survival averaged 0.87 (95% CI: 0.74–0.98). Mortality risk was low in western and central populations (hazard ratio < 1) but was 3.7 times greater for vultures in the eastern population. Survival during the breeding (0.97, 95% CI: 0.96–0.98) and outbound migration (1.0, 95% CI: 1–1) seasons was significantly higher than the other seasons. Average survival tended to be higher for nonbreeding (0.81, 95% CI: 0.71–0.88) compared to return migration (0.69, 95% CI: 0.56–0.81) seasons. Risk of mortality for all vulture populations increased with road density, and this was greater during the nonbreeding and return migration seasons. The spatial variation in road density across the Americas may generate a network of ecological traps for Turkey Vultures induced to stop in areas of greater road-kill abundance. Road killed animals acting as an attractant for vultures can increase the occurrence of vulture–vehicle collisions and potentially aggravate human–wildlife conflicts. Further analyses are needed to address survivorship and mortality factors for young birds. Our results may help to the implementation of specific mitigation efforts to reduce human–vulture conflicts and vulture mortality. For instance, concentrating efforts to remove road-killed animals in areas where road density is highest can likely reduce vulture–vehicle collisions and associated mortalities of these birds.","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132101124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-16DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duad023
B. Graham, J. Hipfner, N. Rojek, Shawn W. Stephensen, T. Burg
ABSTRACT Tufted Puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) are experiencing population declines in some parts of their distribution, making this a species of increased conservation interest. Genetic data will help to identify Tufted Puffin populations of conservation importance and provide an important tool for developing conservation management plans. This species is broadly distributed across the North Pacific Ocean but little is known about the extent of genetic variation and differentiation across their range. In this study, we examine mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 8 microsatellite loci and 1,260 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to determine the extent of gene flow among 7 breeding colonies (Oregon to the western Aleutians) in the North American breeding range of the species and identify potential barriers to dispersal. Our results show that most breeding colonies form a single genetic cluster, and mtDNA data show substantial historical gene flow among populations. For the microsatellite dataset, all FST comparisons that include St. Lazaria, in southeast Alaska, except Oregon, which had a small sample size, were significant as were comparisons between Triangle Island and the two westernmost sampling sites of Buldir and Aiktak. For the SNP dataset, FST comparisons were low and nonsignificant, further suggesting that breeding colonies form a single panmictic population. Individuals were more closely related to individuals from the same colony, and we found a weak relationship between genetic and geographic distance. This suggests that dispersal among colonies is high, likely facilitated by an overlap in wintering ranges among colonies. The high connectivity among breeding colonies indicates that Tufted Puffins form a single conservation unit, although future genetic studies should incorporate a whole genome sequencing approach to assessing how functional genetic diversity varies across their distribution. How to Cite Graham, B. A., J. M. Hipfner, N. A. Rojek, S. W. Stephensen, and T. M. Burg (2023). Tufted Puffins exhibit low levels of genetic differentiation among breeding colonies in North America. Ornithological Applications 125:duad023. LAY SUMMARY Tufted Puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) are experiencing population declines in some parts of their distribution, making this a species of increased conservation interest. Here we use 3 different types of genetic markers (mtDNA, microsatellites, and SNPs) to examine population genetic structure among 7 breeding colonies (Oregon to the western Aleutians) in the North American breeding range of the species. We examined population genetic structure to determine whether Tufted Puffin populations form single or multiple conservation units. All 3 types of markers showed a similar pattern and indicate that North American breeding colonies form a single genetic cluster. Our results suggest that dispersal among colonies is high, likely facilitated by an overlap in wintering ranges among colonies. The high connectivity
簇毛海雀(Fratercula cirrata)在其分布的某些地区正经历着种群数量的下降，这使得它成为一个越来越受保护的物种。遗传数据将有助于确定具有保护意义的簇毛海雀种群，并为制定保护管理计划提供重要工具。该物种广泛分布在北太平洋，但对其范围内的遗传变异和分化程度知之甚少。在这项研究中，我们检测了线粒体DNA (mtDNA)、8个微卫星位点和1260个单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)，以确定该物种在北美繁殖范围内的7个繁殖群体(俄勒冈至西阿留申群岛)之间的基因流动程度，并确定潜在的传播障碍。我们的研究结果表明，大多数繁殖群体形成一个单一的遗传集群，mtDNA数据显示种群之间存在大量的历史基因流动。对于微卫星数据集，除了俄勒冈州样本量小外，包括阿拉斯加东南部的圣拉扎里亚在内的所有FST比较都具有重要意义，三角岛与最西端的两个采样点Buldir和Aiktak之间的比较也具有重要意义。对于SNP数据集，FST比较低且不显著，进一步表明繁殖菌落形成单一的泛型种群。个体与来自同一群体的个体之间的关系更为密切，我们发现遗传和地理距离之间的关系较弱。这表明蚁群之间的分散程度很高，可能是由于蚁群之间的越冬范围重叠。繁殖群体之间的高连通性表明簇毛海雀形成了一个单一的保护单元，尽管未来的遗传研究应结合全基因组测序方法来评估其分布中功能遗传多样性的变化。如何引用格雷厄姆，b.a.， j.m.希夫纳，n.a.罗耶克，s.w.斯蒂芬森和t.m.伯格(2023)。簇毛海雀在北美的繁殖种群中表现出低水平的遗传分化。鸟类学应用125:duad023。簇毛海雀(Fratercula cirrata)在其分布的某些地区正经历着种群数量的下降，这使得它成为一个日益受到保护的物种。本研究使用3种不同类型的遗传标记(mtDNA、微卫星和snp)对该物种在北美繁殖范围内的7个繁殖群体(俄勒冈至阿留申群岛西部)进行了种群遗传结构分析。我们研究了种群遗传结构，以确定簇毛海雀种群是形成单个还是多个保护单位。这三种类型的标记都显示出相似的模式，表明北美繁殖群体形成了一个单一的遗传集群。我们的研究结果表明，蚁群之间的分散程度很高，可能是由于蚁群之间的越冬范围重叠。尽管未来的遗传研究应该包括来自亚洲的样本，以评估其整个分布的种群遗传结构，但繁殖群体之间的高连通性表明簇毛海雀形成了一个单一的保护单位。resume .联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会，联谊会数据交换系统的数据交换系统ayudarán与数据交换系统的数据交换系统相同，数据交换系统的数据交换系统的数据交换系统conservación和proporcionarán与数据交换系统的数据交换系统的数据交换系统的数据交换系统conservación相同。斯塔especie物质ampliamente distribuida en el Oceano太平洋北,佩罗se萨比少尤其la magnitud de la variacion y la diferenciacion苏rango遗传。1.在ADN线粒体(ADNmt)的研究中，有8个微小的变异位点(1 260个单一的变异位点nucleótido (PSN))，确定的变异位点(7个繁殖种群(Oregón西方阿留申群岛的变异位点)和reproducción北美洲变异位点(特别是确定的可能的变异位点dispersión)。1 .新结果显示，在<s:1>结肠直肠和生殖器官组织中，<s:1>结肠直肠和生殖器官组织中，<s:1>结肠直肠和生殖器官组织中，<s:1>结肠直肠和生殖器官组织中，<s:1>结肠直肠和生殖器官组织中，<s:1>结肠直肠和生殖器官组织。关于微观数据的联合调查，包括圣拉扎里亚、阿拉斯加州的联合调查、excepción联合调查Oregón、tamaño联合调查pequeño、重要的联合调查、伊斯兰三角的联合调查、más西方的联合调查、保加利亚的联合调查和伊拉克的联合调查。关于PSN数据的比较，关于FST fueron baas的比较，没有显著的差异，关于sugiere aún más关于colonias reproductivtivas forman unsola población panmíctica。 我们的研究结果表明，在同一群体中，个体的亲缘关系更密切，遗传距离与地理距离的关系较弱。这表明群体之间的分散程度很高，可能是由于群体之间越冬范围的重叠。生殖群体之间的高连通性表明，圆耳F. cirrhata形成了一个单一的保护单元，尽管未来的遗传学研究应该纳入全基因组测序方法，以评估功能遗传多样性在其分布中的变化。
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Pub Date : 2023-06-12DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duad022
Victoria J. Bakker, M. Finkelstein, D. Doak, R. Wolstenholme, Alacia Welch, J. Burnett, Ariana Punzalan, Joseph Brandt, Steve Kirkland, Estelle A. Sandhaus, Erin Lehnert, Nadya E Seal Faith
ABSTRACT In the first comprehensive assessment of the reproductive rates of critically endangered California Condors (Gymnogyps californianus) recovering from complete extirpation in the wild, we analyzed 20 years (1999–2018) of data from condor flocks in southern and central California. We found that several anthropogenic threats affected reproductive rates: (1) coastal space use by female condors was associated with lower hatch probability, presumably due to foraging on marine mammals and associated DDE exposure; (2) trash ingestion by chicks decreased fledging probability prior to implementation of trash management in 2007; and (3) all parent deaths during rearing resulted in chick or early fledgling deaths, and most parental deaths were due to lead poisoning. We also detected several effects on reproductive rates from the complex individual-based management of condors, which involves ongoing releases of captive-bred individuals and health interventions including treatment of lead poisoning. Recruitment rates were lower for new release sites, which we attribute to a lack of individual- and flock-level experience. In addition, the number of free-flying days in the wild in the year before first breeding and in the 8 weeks before subsequent breeding was positively associated with female and male recruitment and with female rebreeding probabilities, respectively, indicating that removing individuals from the wild may reduce their breeding success. Finally, probabilities of recruitment, rebreeding, and fledging all increased with age, and given the age distribution skew of the recovering flocks toward younger individuals, overall reproductive success was lower than would be expected at the stable age distribution. Thus, reproductive rates should increase over time as the mean age of California Condors increases if current and emerging threats to reproduction, including the loss of breeders due to lead poisoning, can be addressed. How to Cite Bakker, V. J., M. E. Finkelstein, D. F. Doak, R. Wolstenholme, A. Welch, J. Burnett, A. Punzalan, J. Brandt, S. Kirkland, N. E. Seal Faith, E. R. Lehnert, and E. A. Sandhaus (2023). Lead, trash, DDE, and young age of breeders linked to lower fertility in the first two decades of reintroduction for critically endangered California Condors in California. Ornithological Applications 125:duad022. LAY SUMMARY In the first comprehensive assessment of reproduction in California Condors (Gymnogyps californianus) recovering from complete extirpation in the wild, we analyzed 20 years (1999–2018) of data from flocks in southern and central California. At the inception of the recovery program, reintroduced flocks of this critically endangered species consisted of young captive-bred individuals without breeding experience. We found that California Condor reproductive rates generally increased with age and time spent in the wild. Condors also faced anthropogenic threats that reduced reproductive rates. Hatch success was lowe
摘要:在首次全面评估极度濒危的加利福尼亚秃鹰(Gymnogyps California)从野外完全灭绝中恢复的繁殖率时，我们分析了20年(1999-2018)加利福尼亚南部和中部秃鹫群的数据。研究发现，几种人为威胁影响了秃鹰的繁殖率:(1)雌性秃鹰的沿海空间使用与较低的孵化概率相关，可能是由于觅食海洋哺乳动物和相关的DDE暴露;(2) 2007年实施垃圾管理前雏鸡垃圾摄取量降低了雏鸡羽化概率;(3)饲养过程中父母死亡均导致雏鸟或雏鸟早期死亡，且大多数父母死亡是由铅中毒引起的。我们还发现了秃鹰复杂的个体管理对繁殖率的几种影响，其中包括持续释放圈养繁殖的个体和包括铅中毒治疗在内的健康干预措施。新发布站点的招聘率较低，我们将其归因于缺乏个人和群体层面的经验。此外，首次繁殖前一年和随后繁殖前8周的野外自由飞行天数分别与雌性和雄性的招募以及雌性的再繁殖概率呈正相关，表明从野外移除个体可能会降低其繁殖成功率。最后，招募、再繁殖和羽化的概率都随着年龄的增长而增加，并且考虑到恢复群的年龄分布倾向于更年轻的个体，总体繁殖成功率低于稳定年龄分布时的预期。因此，如果能够解决当前和新出现的繁殖威胁，包括由于铅中毒导致的繁殖者的丧失，那么随着加利福尼亚秃鹰平均年龄的增加，繁殖率应该会随着时间的推移而增加。如何引用Bakker, V. J, M. E. Finkelstein, D. F. Doak, R. Wolstenholme, A. Welch, J. Burnett, A. Punzalan, J. Brandt, S. Kirkland, N. E. Seal Faith, E. R. Lehnert和E. A. Sandhaus(2023)。铅、垃圾、DDE和繁殖者的年轻与加利福尼亚重新引入极度濒危的加利福尼亚秃鹰的头二十年的低生育率有关。鸟类学应用125:duad022。在首次全面评估加州秃鹰(Gymnogyps californianus)从野外完全灭绝中恢复过来的繁殖能力时，我们分析了20年(1999-2018)来自加州南部和中部地区的数据。在恢复计划开始时，重新引入的这种极度濒危物种的种群由没有繁殖经验的圈养繁殖的年轻个体组成。我们发现加州秃鹰的繁殖率通常随着年龄和在野外生活的时间而增加。秃鹰还面临着降低繁殖率的人为威胁。沿海雌性的孵化成功率较低，可能是由于喂养海洋哺乳动物时暴露在DDE中，在巢被处理成垃圾之前，羽翼的成功率较低。如果能够解决当前和新出现的繁殖威胁，包括由于铅中毒导致的繁殖者的丧失，那么随着加利福尼亚秃鹰年龄的增长，整体繁殖成功率应该会随着时间的推移而增加。RESUMEN Como partite de la primera evaluación精疲力尽地研究reproducción精疲力尽地研究crítico加利福尼亚裸鱼，que se estestreveranddo de una extirpación完整地研究自然，分析20 años(1999-2018)精疲力尽地研究cóndores加利福尼亚中心研究。Encontramos,瓦利亚斯amenazas antropogenicas afectaron las tasas de reproduccion: (1) el uso del espacio costero运动组成部分de las hembras estuvo asociado初步menor probabilidad de羽化presumiblemente所对应,se alimentan de mamiferos马里诺y la exposicion asociada DDE;(2) la ingestión de basura porte de los polluelos disminuyó la probabilidad de emplumamiento antes de que que se implementes la gestión de la basura en 2007;Y(3)今天las muertes de los progenores durante la crianza resultaron en la muerte de los polluelos de los volantones más jóvenes, Y la mayoría de las muertes de los progenores fute debido a venenamiente to pplo。tamamicen在以下情况下发现了各种影响:reproducción一个人的综合管理方式和个人的管理方式cóndores、一个人的隐含方式和liberación个人的持续管理方式和谨慎的干预措施和卫生保健方式，包括个人的管理方式和个人的管理方式和个人的管理方式。Las tasas de reclutamiento fueron más bajas en los nuevos sitios de liberación, lo que atribuimos a la falta de experience a nivel individual de la bandada。 此外,在自然界中自由飞行的天数在前一年的八个星期前首次繁殖和复制与招聘岗位与雌性和雄性再复制的可能性分别为雌性,这表明清除个人性质的可降低成功率。最后，招募、再繁殖和羽化的概率随着年龄的增长而增加，考虑到恢复群中较年轻个体的年龄偏差分布，考虑到稳定的年龄分布，总体繁殖成功率低于预期。因此，繁殖率应该随着加州G. california个体平均年龄的增加而增加，前提是能够解决当前和新兴的繁殖威胁，包括铅中毒造成的繁殖损失。
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Pub Date : 2023-06-09DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duad016
N. Buckley
In Vultures of the World, Keith Bildstein has produced an eminently readable account of the behavior and ecology of the world’s 23 species of vultures, as well as a cogent summary of the many threats they face today. When two forerunners of this book, Wilbur and Jackson (1983) and Mundy et al. (1992) appeared, the global status of vultures was very different than it is today. On the Indian subcontinent, White-rumped (Gyps bengalensis), Slender-billed (Gyps tenuirostris), and Indian (Gyps indicus) vultures were all widespread (Grubh 1983), while in Africa, Hooded (Necrosyrtes monachus) and White-backed (Gyps africanus) vultures were both abundant (Mundy et al. 1992). Today, all 5 of these species are classified as Critically Endangered by the IUCN. Thus, at a time when globally vultures are under threat as never before, the publication of this new book is both timely and welcome. The book capably summarizes the recent scientific literature on vultures and describes the unique features of their biology in a clear and approachable fashion. Setting aside the Palm-nut Vulture (Gypohierax angolensis), which feeds mainly on palm fruits, vultures, of course, depend for their survival on exploiting carrion, a resource that is patchily distributed across the landscape. Solving the problems inherent in efficiently locating and exploiting such a scattered, ephemeral resource has shaped all aspects of the biology of vultures, and describing how they overcome these challenges provides the unifying narrative thread that ties the book together. As Bildstein explains, adaptations such as acute vision and (in cathartid vultures) a keen sense of smell, the use of low-cost soaring flight to minimize search costs, and the rapid transmission of information between foragers, have all been key to the success of vultures in finding carcasses efficiently enough to make a living as obligate scavengers. While describing the biology of vultures, Bildstein also does an excellent job of carefully explaining the various broader ecological and evolutionary concepts within which he frames his discussion. Consequently, the reader does not need much specialist background knowledge to follow along, so the book can be enjoyed by anyone with an interest in the natural history of these birds. Certainly, the book appears to have been designed to attract a wide audience. It is reasonably priced, comes wrapped in a tasteful dustjacket that features a striking image of an imperious Cape Vulture (Gyps coprotheres), and at 244 pages, some 60 of which are devoted to a glossary, appendix, bibliography, and index, it is not a daunting read. The book, therefore, neatly fills a previously vacant niche in the market as an affordable book on vultures that is suitable for the general public. It would be an excellent choice for purchase by public and university libraries.
在《世界秃鹫》一书中，基思·比尔德斯坦对世界上23种秃鹫的行为和生态进行了极具可读性的描述，并对它们今天面临的许多威胁进行了令人信服的总结。当这本书的两位先行者Wilbur and Jackson(1983)和Mundy et al.(1992)出现时，秃鹫的全球地位与今天大不相同。在印度次大陆，白背秃鹫(Gyps bengalensis)、细长喙秃鹫(Gyps tenuirostris)和印度秃鹫(Gyps indicus)都很普遍(Grubh 1983)，而在非洲，连帽秃鹫(necrosytes monachus)和白背秃鹫(Gyps africanus)都很丰富(Mundy et al. 1992)。今天，这5个物种都被世界自然保护联盟列为极度濒危物种。因此，在全球秃鹫面临前所未有的威胁之际，这本新书的出版既及时又受欢迎。这本书总结了最近关于秃鹫的科学文献，并以清晰易懂的方式描述了秃鹫生物学的独特特征。除了主要以棕榈果实为食的棕榈坚果秃鹫(Gypohierax angolensis)之外，秃鹫的生存当然依赖于利用腐肉，这种资源零星地分布在整个景观中。解决有效定位和利用这种分散的、短暂的资源所固有的问题，塑造了秃鹫生物学的各个方面，并描述了它们如何克服这些挑战，提供了统一的叙事线索，将本书联系在一起。正如Bildstein所解释的那样，敏锐的视觉和敏锐的嗅觉，利用低成本的飞行来最小化搜索成本，以及觅食者之间的快速信息传递等适应能力，都是秃鹫成功的关键，它们能有效地找到尸体，从而以专性食腐动物的身份谋生。在描述秃鹫的生物学的同时，Bildstein还做了一项出色的工作，他仔细解释了各种更广泛的生态和进化概念，这些概念是他讨论的框架。因此，读者不需要太多的专业背景知识来跟随，所以任何对这些鸟类的自然史感兴趣的人都可以享受这本书。当然，这本书似乎是为了吸引广大读者而设计的。这本书价格合理，包装在一个雅致的防尘套里，上面印着一只傲慢的秃鹰(海角秃鹰)的醒目形象。这本书共有244页，其中约60页是专门用于词汇表、附录、参考书目和索引的，读起来并不令人生畏。因此，这本书巧妙地填补了市场上以前空缺的空白，成为一本适合普通大众的廉价秃鹫书。这将是公共和大学图书馆购买的绝佳选择。
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