Pub Date : 2023-01-31DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duad001
C. Lindell
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Pub Date : 2023-01-16DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac052
Brianne E. Brussee, P. Coates, Shawn T. O’Neil, M. Ricca, Jonathan E. Dudko, Shawn P. Espinosa, Scott C. Gardner, M. Casazza, D. Delehanty
ABSTRACT Resource managers and scientists across western U.S. agencies seek methodologies for identifying environmental attributes important to both wildlife conservation and broad-scale land stewardship. The Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter, sage-grouse) exemplifies a species in need of this broad-scale approach given widespread population declines that have resulted from loss and degradation of habitat from natural and anthropogenic disturbances. These include agricultural land conversion, conifer expansion, energy development, and wildfire coupled with ecological conversion by invasive plants such as cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum). Development of habitat assessments and conservation actions for sage-grouse benefit from studies that link demographic responses to habitat selection patterns. To address this, we examined nest survival of sage-grouse in relation to fine-scale habitat patterns (i.e., field-based habitat measurements) that influenced nest site selection, using data from nests of telemetered females at 17 sites over 6 years in Nevada and northeastern California, USA. Importantly, sites spanned mesic and xeric average precipitation conditions that contributed substantially to vegetation community structure across cold desert ecosystems of the North American Great Basin. Vegetative cover immediately surrounding sage-grouse nests was important for both nest site selection and nest survival, but responses varied between mesic and xeric sites. For example, while taller perennial grasses were selected at xeric sites, we found no evidence of selection for perennial grass at mesic sites, indicating a functional response to availability of habitat features between hydrographic regions. Furthermore, perennial grass height and forb height both had positive effects on nest survival at xeric sites, but we found varying effects at mesic sites. We emphasize that precipitation conditions driving ecosystem productivity vary regionally among sagebrush communities, shaping vegetation structure and suitable habitat conditions for nesting sage-grouse. How to Cite Brussee, B. E., P. S. Coates, S. T. O'Neil, M. A. Ricca, J. E. Dudko, S. P. Espinosa, S. C. Gardner, M. L. Casazza, and D. J. Delehanty (2022). Influence of fine-scale habitat characteristics on sage-grouse nest site selection and nest survival varies by mesic and xeric site conditions. Ornithological Applications 125:duac052. LAY SUMMARY Effective conservation and management for sensitive species requires maintenance of habitat conditions that promote demographic success and persistence of populations. We measured field-based fine-scale vegetation characteristics at nests of Greater Sage-Grouse across 17 sites within California and Nevada, USA, during 2012–2017, and we examined associations with nest selection and nest survival among female sage-grouse nesting in mesic and xeric sagebrush-steppe environments. We demonstrate strong associations with fine-scale features and
美国西部各机构的资源管理者和科学家都在寻找方法，以确定对野生动物保护和大规模土地管理都很重要的环境属性。大鼠尾草松鸡(Centrocercus urophasianus;由于自然和人为干扰导致栖息地的丧失和退化，大范围的种群数量下降，因此，鼠尾草(sage-松鸡)就是需要这种大规模方法的一个例子。这些措施包括农业用地转换、针叶树扩张、能源开发和野火，以及由入侵植物(如沙草)造成的生态转换。鼠尾草生境评估和保护行动的发展得益于将人口反应与生境选择模式联系起来的研究。为了解决这个问题，我们研究了鼠尾草的巢存活与影响巢址选择的细尺度栖息地模式(即基于野外的栖息地测量)的关系，使用了美国内华达州和加利福尼亚州东北部6年来17个地点的遥测雌性巢穴数据。重要的是，这些地点跨越了仲夏和干旱的平均降水条件，这对北美大盆地寒冷沙漠生态系统的植被群落结构有很大贡献。艾草松鸡巢周围的植被覆盖对巢址选择和存活都有重要影响，但在湿润地和干旱地的响应有所不同。例如，虽然在干旱地选择了较高的多年生草，但我们没有发现在湿润地选择多年生草的证据，这表明在水文区域之间存在对生境特征可用性的功能响应。多年生草高和牧草高对干旱地的巢存活均有正向影响，但对禾本科地的影响不同。我们强调，降水条件对艾草群落生态系统生产力的驱动作用存在区域差异，影响着艾草松鸡筑巢的植被结构和适宜栖息地条件。如何引用Brussee, b.e.， P. S. Coates, S. T. O'Neil, M. A. Ricca, J. E. Dudko, S. P. Espinosa, S. C. Gardner, M. L. Casazza和D. J. Delehanty(2022)。细尺度生境特征对艾草松鸡巢址选择和巢存的影响因立地条件和干地条件而异。鸟类学应用[j];对敏感物种的有效保护和管理需要维持生境条件，以促进人口统计学上的成功和种群的持久性。2012-2017年，我们在美国加利福尼亚州和内华达州的17个地点测量了大鼠尾草巢穴的野外精细尺度植被特征，并研究了中等和干旱鼠尾草-草原环境中雌鼠尾草筑巢与巢选择和巢生存的关系。我们展示了与细尺度特征的强烈关联，以及这些关联在不同降水条件下的变化。我们的研究结果表明，在干旱和干旱条件下，影响鼠尾草发生和繁殖成功的重要植被成分的区域可用性存在差异，并强调了生态背景和长期平均降水量在制定栖息地管理处方时的重要性。本研究中不同生境类型间草本覆盖相对影响的变化有助于阐明影响艾草松鸡巢选择或存活的草相关变量研究之间的差异。RESUMEN管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员的行政管理人员。棘球绦虫是一种特殊的有必要的个体，它有一个特别的个体，它有一个特别的个体，它有一个特别的个体，它有一个特别的个体，它有一个特别的个体，它有一个特别的个体，它有一个特别的个体，它有一个特别的个体，它有一个特别的个体，它有一个特别的个体，它有一个特别的个体。Estos包括:conversión de tierras agrícolas、expansión de coníferas、关于森林资源的信息收集、关于conversión ecológica入侵植物的信息收集、关于森林资源的信息收集。1 .研究人员对研究人员的评估情况(hábitat)和研究人员对conservación的评估情况(C. urophasianus)进行了分析，研究人员对研究人员的研究结果(demográficas)和研究人员对selección de hábitat的研究结果进行了分析。对位abordar当,examinamos supervivencia de los nido de c urophasianus en relacion con赞助人de栖息地escala国际泳联(即mediciones de栖息地basadas en el坎波),influyeron en la seleccion del sitio de anidacion使用的拿督de nido provenientes de hembras medidas con telemetria en 17 sitios杜兰特6岁在内华达州y el noreste de加州,美国。
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Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac043
Matthew B. Shumar
The issue of bird–building collisions has received increased attention in recent years, both from the scientific community and the general public. Well-publicized events such as the death of nearly 400 birds at a Galveston, Texas building on May 4, 2017, and media coverage of the issues with the Minnesota Vikings’ glass-veiled stadium may seem like exceptional outliers, but through Solid Air, Klem makes the case that these events are not exceptions to the rule, they are the rule. Indeed, as Klem notes on more than one occasion, annual estimates of bird–building collisions for the United States alone may total as many as one billion (Loss et al. 2014). Given the relatively small amount of study that window collisions have received in the past, we may even be underestimating the magnitude of this important conservation issue. The subject matter of Solid Air is rather depressing, and it is likely that many of its readers are those intimately familiar with bird–building collisions. Indeed, anyone reading this book is likely to have discovered the imprint of a bird on their window or have found the remains of a beautiful Neotropical migrant below a window at their home. For those not as familiar with the material, Klem quickly brings them up to speed through a concise primer on the issues with reflective glass. Stories such as the one of an abandoned building that entrapped American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) until their death are crushing, but Klem uses these sparingly and to great effect. Twelve chapters of varying length divide the book into a logical procession not wholly different from that of a peer-reviewed scientific paper. Klem’s career in academia devoted to making the case for the importance of understanding and addressing window collisions has no doubt affected the structure of this book. However, while the original intent of the text may have been a focused description of the factors leading to bird–building collisions and the challenges associated with addressing those issues, the book provides much more than that. Solid Air also serves as the life story of one man’s journey as an ecological researcher, and the trials and tribulations of publishing work on a subject not in fashion. Klem is not shy about detailing his frustration with the scientific community, and his critiques are warranted. Championing the work of a small but devoted group of individuals keen on affecting conservation action, Klem recalls a quote by Calvin Coolidge. To paraphrase, when talent, education, or genius fall short, persistence and dedication will ultimately solve the problem. The same could be said for Klem’s career. His work is finally being given the serious attention it truly deserves, and the issues surrounding bird–building collisions are getting broader support and outreach from organizations with public appeal such as the American Bird Conservancy and National Audubon Society. However, with nearly three billion birds gone from the North American lands
近年来，鸟类建筑碰撞的问题受到了科学界和公众越来越多的关注。众所周知的事件，如2017年5月4日德克萨斯州加尔维斯顿的一座建筑中近400只鸟的死亡，以及媒体对明尼苏达维京人玻璃面纱体育场问题的报道，可能看起来像是例外的异常值，但通过Solid Air，克莱姆证明了这些事件不是例外，而是规则。事实上，正如克莱姆不止一次指出的那样，仅在美国，每年估计的造鸟碰撞总数就可能高达10亿起(Loss et al. 2014)。考虑到过去对窗口碰撞的研究相对较少，我们甚至可能低估了这个重要的守恒问题的重要性。《固体空气》的主题相当令人沮丧，很可能它的许多读者都非常熟悉造鸟碰撞。事实上，任何读这本书的人都可能在他们的窗户上发现了一只鸟的印记，或者在他们家的窗户下发现了一只美丽的新热带候鸟的遗骸。对于那些对材料不熟悉的人，克莱姆很快就通过一个关于反光玻璃问题的简明入门带他们加快速度。像一座废弃的建筑困住了美国红隼(Falco sparverius饰)直到他们死亡的故事是令人心碎的，但克莱姆很少使用这些故事，却产生了巨大的效果。长短不一的12个章节将这本书分成了一个合乎逻辑的过程，与同行评议的科学论文没有完全不同。克莱姆在学术界的职业生涯致力于证明理解和解决窗口碰撞的重要性，这无疑影响了本书的结构。然而，虽然文本的初衷可能是集中描述导致鸟类建筑碰撞的因素以及与解决这些问题相关的挑战，但本书提供的远不止于此。《固体空气》还讲述了一个人作为生态研究者的人生故事，以及在非时尚领域发表作品的考验和磨难。克莱姆并不羞于详细描述他对科学界的失望，他的批评是有根据的。克莱姆回忆起卡尔文·柯立芝(Calvin Coolidge)的一句话，他支持一小群热心于影响保护行动的个人的工作。换句话说，当天赋、教育或天才不足时，坚持和奉献将最终解决问题。克莱姆的职业生涯也是如此。他的工作终于得到了应有的重视，而围绕鸟类建筑碰撞的问题也得到了美国鸟类保护协会和国家奥杜邦协会等具有公众吸引力的组织的广泛支持和推广。然而，在此期间，近30亿只鸟从北美消失，克莱姆致力于研究窗户碰撞(1970年至2017年;Rosenberg et al. 2019)，我们能等待坚持和奉献最终得到我们吗
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Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac053
N. Shephard, P. Szczys, David J. Moore, M. Reudink, Jeffrey Costa, Annie M Bracey, Simeon Lisovski, A. McKellar
ABSTRACT Understanding population mixing, movements, and connectivity of populations is an important first step towards effective conservation, particularly for long distance migrants that are suffering the greatest population declines, as this allows researchers to recognize how populations may face different risks throughout the annual cycle. We combined population genetic and individual tracking data to quantify the genetic structure and full-cycle movements of the declining North American Black Tern (Chlidonias niger surinamensis). A total of 147 genetic samples were collected from 9 breeding colonies across the range (Maine, Ontario, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Saskatchewan, and Oregon), and 19 light-level geolocators were recovered from 3 colonies (Ontario, Michigan, and Saskatchewan). Our results demonstrated weak genetic structure, and tracking data demonstrated the use of shared nonbreeding areas between central (Saskatchewan) and eastern (Ontario and Michigan) breeding populations. Our tracking data also provide novel evidence of long-distance breeding dispersal (∼1,400 km between breeding locations across years) based on an individual tracked across multiple years, as well as short distance dispersal (∼2.5–57 km) based on new recovery locations of 6 tracked individuals. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the shared use of nonbreeding areas influences physical condition, timing of departure, and subsequent reproductive timing in such a way as to facilitate dispersal across the breeding range and contribute to weak genetic structure among breeding populations. This study is the first to explore population genetics and migration of North American Black Terns. Extensive movement of individuals may pose a challenge from a conservation perspective as important areas and habitats throughout the annual cycle may be difficult to predict, and future studies should build on our work via extensive mark-resight effort using color bands, tracking individuals from more breeding sites, and examining carry-over effects to further investigate when in the annual cycle populations are most limited. How to Cite Shephard, N. G., P. Szczys, D. J. Moore, M. W. Reudink, J. N. Costa, A. M. Bracey, S. Lisovski, and A. E. McKellar (2022). Weak genetic structure, shared nonbreeding areas, and extensive movement in a declining waterbird. Ornithological Applications 125:duac053. LAY SUMMARY Conserving migratory birds is challenging, as they often travel thousands of kilometers throughout the year and, for most species, we lack information on connections between breeding and wintering populations as well as movements of individuals on the breeding grounds from one year to the next (breeding dispersal).Yet understanding these movements is crucial as they shape the patterns of genetic variability within a species—information that directly impacts conservation management strategies. In studying North American Black Terns (Chlidonias niger surin
{"title":"Weak genetic structure, shared nonbreeding areas, and extensive movement in a declining waterbird","authors":"N. Shephard, P. Szczys, David J. Moore, M. Reudink, Jeffrey Costa, Annie M Bracey, Simeon Lisovski, A. McKellar","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duac053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duac053","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Understanding population mixing, movements, and connectivity of populations is an important first step towards effective conservation, particularly for long distance migrants that are suffering the greatest population declines, as this allows researchers to recognize how populations may face different risks throughout the annual cycle. We combined population genetic and individual tracking data to quantify the genetic structure and full-cycle movements of the declining North American Black Tern (Chlidonias niger surinamensis). A total of 147 genetic samples were collected from 9 breeding colonies across the range (Maine, Ontario, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Saskatchewan, and Oregon), and 19 light-level geolocators were recovered from 3 colonies (Ontario, Michigan, and Saskatchewan). Our results demonstrated weak genetic structure, and tracking data demonstrated the use of shared nonbreeding areas between central (Saskatchewan) and eastern (Ontario and Michigan) breeding populations. Our tracking data also provide novel evidence of long-distance breeding dispersal (∼1,400 km between breeding locations across years) based on an individual tracked across multiple years, as well as short distance dispersal (∼2.5–57 km) based on new recovery locations of 6 tracked individuals. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the shared use of nonbreeding areas influences physical condition, timing of departure, and subsequent reproductive timing in such a way as to facilitate dispersal across the breeding range and contribute to weak genetic structure among breeding populations. This study is the first to explore population genetics and migration of North American Black Terns. Extensive movement of individuals may pose a challenge from a conservation perspective as important areas and habitats throughout the annual cycle may be difficult to predict, and future studies should build on our work via extensive mark-resight effort using color bands, tracking individuals from more breeding sites, and examining carry-over effects to further investigate when in the annual cycle populations are most limited. How to Cite Shephard, N. G., P. Szczys, D. J. Moore, M. W. Reudink, J. N. Costa, A. M. Bracey, S. Lisovski, and A. E. McKellar (2022). Weak genetic structure, shared nonbreeding areas, and extensive movement in a declining waterbird. Ornithological Applications 125:duac053. LAY SUMMARY Conserving migratory birds is challenging, as they often travel thousands of kilometers throughout the year and, for most species, we lack information on connections between breeding and wintering populations as well as movements of individuals on the breeding grounds from one year to the next (breeding dispersal).Yet understanding these movements is crucial as they shape the patterns of genetic variability within a species—information that directly impacts conservation management strategies. In studying North American Black Terns (Chlidonias niger surin","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"246 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124710149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac051
Lay Win, Niti Sukumal, N. M. Shwe, T. Savini
ABSTRACT Habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation following intensive agricultural expansion, and both legal and illegal logging, have contributed to the rapid decline of the Green Peafowl (Pavo muticus) over mainland Southeast Asia. Dry forest habitat in the Bago Yoma range (Myanmar) is considered one of the region's last remaining strongholds for the species. However, the area has been fragmented over the past years, mostly due to large-scale teak (Tectona grandis) plantations. This study aimed to estimate the Green Peafowl population in the Bago Yoma range with a particular focus on the use of large-scale teak plantations as possible complementary habitat for the species. The survey was conducted over 47 line transects located in the natural forest and teak plantations. The average estimated density, using distance sampling, was 0.800 calling males km–2 across the whole survey area. Estimated densities were similar within the natural forest and teak plantations (0.825 and 0.866 calling males km–2, respectively), suggesting an extensive use of this crop by Green Peafowl. The remaining suitable habitat covered an area of 8,554 km2 divided into 8 large forest patches (>40 km2). When including large-scale teak plantations in the landscape matrix, more suitable habitat fragments could be connected to each other, with the remaining suitable habitat grouped into 6 large forest patches. These results suggest teak plantations could be used for connecting remaining forest patches and improving fragmented natural habitats for Green Peafowl. How to Cite Win, L., N. Sukumal, N. M. Shwe, and T. Savini (2022). Teak plantations are complementary habitat for the Green Peafowl movement within the fragmented Bago Yoma range, south-central Myanmar. Ornithological Applications 125:duac051. LAY SUMMARY Habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation following intensive agricultural expansion, and both legal and illegal logging, have contributed to the rapid decline of the Green Peafowl (Pavo muticus) over mainland Southeast Asia. Dry forest habitat in the BagoYoma range (Myanmar) is considered one of the region's last remaining strongholds for the species. However, the area has been fragmented over the past years, mostly due to large-scale teak (Tectona grandis) plantations. Our study aimed to estimate the Green Peafowl population in the BagoYoma range with a particular focus on the use of large-scale teak plantations as possible complementary habitat for the species. Our findings suggest teak plantations could be used for connecting remaining forest patches and improving fragmented natural habitats for Green Peafowl.
由于集约化农业扩张以及合法和非法采伐，栖息地丧失、退化和破碎化导致了东南亚大陆绿孔雀(Pavo muticus)数量的迅速减少。Bago Yoma山脉(缅甸)的干燥森林栖息地被认为是该地区仅存的栖息地之一。然而，在过去的几年里，该地区已经支离破碎，主要是由于大规模的柚木种植园(Tectona grandis)。本研究旨在估计Bago Yoma地区绿孔雀的数量，并特别关注大规模柚木种植园的使用，作为该物种的补充栖息地。这项调查是在位于天然林和柚木种植园的47条线的横断面上进行的。在整个调查区域内，采用距离采样法估计的平均密度为0.800只雄鸟km-2。在天然林和柚木人工林中，估计密度相似(分别为0.825和0.866)，表明绿孔雀广泛利用柚木作物。剩余适宜生境面积为8,554 km2，分为8个大森林斑块(>40 km2)。当景观基质中包含大规模柚木人工林时，更多的适宜生境片段可以相互连接，剩余的适宜生境被划分为6个大的森林斑块。这些结果表明，柚木人工林可以用来连接剩余的森林斑块，改善绿孔雀的破碎自然栖息地。如何引用Win, L.， N. Sukumal, N. M. Shwe和T. Savini(2022)。柚木种植园是缅甸中南部破碎的Bago Yoma山脉内绿孔雀运动的补充栖息地。鸟类学应用[j];集约化农业扩张导致的栖息地丧失、退化和破碎化，以及合法和非法砍伐，导致了东南亚大陆上绿孔雀(Pavo muticus)数量的迅速减少。bagyooma山脉(缅甸)的干燥森林栖息地被认为是该地区仅存的栖息地之一。然而，在过去的几年里，该地区已经支离破碎，主要是由于大规模的柚木种植园(Tectona grandis)。我们的研究旨在估计BagoYoma地区绿孔雀的数量，并特别关注大规模柚木种植园作为该物种可能的补充栖息地的使用。我们的研究结果表明，柚木人工林可以用来连接剩余的森林斑块，改善绿孔雀的破碎自然栖息地。
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Pub Date : 2022-12-06DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac049
E. M. Andersen, R. Steidl
ABSTRACT Woody plants are proliferating in grassland ecosystems worldwide, altering distributions and demography of many imperiled species. The transition from grassland to shrubland is especially prevalent in semiarid regions, but the influence of woody plant encroachment (WPE) on birds that breed in desert grasslands is poorly understood, which reduces the potential for developing effective conservation actions for this imperiled group. During 2013–2015, we surveyed breeding birds on 140 10-ha plots in southeastern Arizona, USA, that spanned a gradient of encroachment (0–37% cover) by Prosopis (mesquite), which has invaded grasslands worldwide. We evaluated the effect of WPE on density, nest placement, and nest survival at 3 spatial scales (within 1.5 m and 5 m of the nest and at the 10-ha plot) for common species and 3 species groups: obligate grassland specialists (n = 7 species), facultative grassland specialists (n = 17), and species not typically associated with grasslands (n = 42). Density of the obligate species group decreased by 30% across the gradient of shrub (0.5–2 m tall) cover and by 23% across the gradient of tree (>2 m tall) cover. For 3 of 4 obligate species, density decreased by ≥50% when tree cover increased from 0 to 15%. In contrast, density of the facultative species group nearly tripled as tree cover increased from 0 to 22%. Obligate species placed nests 3.5 times farther from trees than facultative species (51.9 vs. 14.8 m). WPE influenced nest survival for 2 species but effects were inconsistent across spatial scales: nest survival of Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) decreased with increasing cover of trees on plots and shrubs within 5 m of the nest, and nest survival of Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) increased with increasing cover of shrubs on plots. Our results demonstrate that many grassland obligates are affected adversely even by small increases in woody cover. Consequently, restoration efforts should focus on early stages of WPE (i.e., cover <10% and shrubs <2 m tall) when removal of woody plants is more effective and less expensive relative to later stages. How to Cite Andersen, E. M., and R. J. Steidl (2022). Woody plant encroachment reduces density of most grassland specialists in a desert grassland but has limited influence on nest survival. Ornithological Applications 125:duac049. LAY SUMMARY Over the past century, woody plants have invaded grasslands worldwide, altering markedly the quantity and quality of habitat for grassland specialists. Although the process of woody plant encroachment is especially prevalent in desert grasslands, little is known about how it affects birds that breed in these ecosystems, which can hinder efforts to restore habitat for imperiled species. From 2013 to 2015, we surveyed breeding birds and monitored their nests on 140 plots in desert grasslands of Arizona that spanned the full range of woody cover in the region (0–37%). Woody plant encroachment altered densities
木本植物在全球草原生态系统中大量繁殖，改变了许多濒危物种的分布和种群结构。从草原到灌丛的转变在半干旱地区尤其普遍，但木本植物入侵(WPE)对在荒漠草原上繁殖的鸟类的影响知之甚少，这降低了为这一危险群体制定有效保护行动的潜力。2013-2015年，我们对美国亚利桑那州东南部140个10公顷的样地进行了种鸟调查，这些样地跨越了覆盖范围为0-37%的牧豆科植物(Prosopis)的入侵梯度。我们在3个空间尺度上(距巢1.5 m和5 m范围内，10-ha样地)评估了WPE对常见物种和3个物种群的密度、巢设置和巢存活的影响:专性草地专性物种(n = 7)、兼性草地专性物种(n = 17)和与草地无关的物种(n = 42)。在灌丛(0.5 ~ 2 m高)和乔木(>2 m高)覆盖梯度上，专性物种群的密度分别下降了30%和23%。当树木盖度从0增加到15%时，4种专性树种中有3种的密度下降≥50%。相比之下，兼性物种群的密度随着树木盖度从0增加到22%而增加了近三倍。专性物种的巢距树木的距离是同时性物种的3.5倍(51.9比14.8 m)。WPE影响了2种物种的巢存活率，但在不同的空间尺度上效果不一致:草蜢麻雀(Ammodramus savannarum)的巢存活率随着样地树木覆盖度的增加而降低，而在样地5 m范围内灌木覆盖度的增加而增加，哀悼鸽(Zenaida macoura)的巢存活率随着样地灌木覆盖度的增加而增加。我们的研究结果表明，即使树木覆盖的少量增加也会对许多草地义务生物产生不利影响。因此，恢复工作应侧重于WPE的早期阶段(即覆盖2米海拔)。第3款第4款规定了义务，a densidad disminuyó en≥50%，a cobertura arbórea aumentó de≥15%。与此形成对比的是，“大学校园”和“大学校园”的比例分别为triplicó和arbórea aumentó，两者的比例为22%。拉斯维加斯especies obligadas colocaron洛尼多3、5有时mas lejos de los arboles,拉斯维加斯especies facultativas(51岁,9和14日8米)。La OPL influyo en La supervivencia德尔尼多para 2 especies,佩洛对fueron一致traves de Las escalas espaciales:热带雨林的森林管理disminuyó森林管理árboles森林管理árboles森林管理5米，森林管理aumentó森林管理aumentó森林管理，森林管理。Nuestros resultdoos demustran que许多物种的义务，甚至影响到负面的数据，包括贫穷的pequeños aumentos和la cobertura leñosa。依次，los esfuerzos de restauración deben enfocense En las primeras etapas de la OPL(即，cobertura <10%， arbustos <2 m de altura)， cudo la eliminación de plantas leñosas es más effective menos costosa En relación con las etapas posteriores。
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Pub Date : 2022-12-06DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac048
Z. A. Wilkinson, H. A. Kramer, Gavin M. Jones, Ceeanna J. Zulla, Kate McGinn, Joshua M. Barry, Sarah C. Sawyer, Richard Tanner, R. J. Gutiérrez, J. Keane, M. Z. Peery
ABSTRACT Predator–prey interactions can be profoundly influenced by vegetation conditions, particularly when predator and prey prefer different habitats. Although such interactions have proven challenging to study for small and cryptic predators, recent methodological advances substantially improve opportunities for understanding how vegetation influences prey acquisition and strengthen conservation planning for this group. The California Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) is well known as an old-forest species of conservation concern, but whose primary prey in many regions—woodrats (Neotoma spp.)—occurs in a broad range of vegetation conditions. Here, we used high-resolution GPS tracking coupled with nest video monitoring to test the hypothesis that prey capture rates vary as a function of vegetation structure and heterogeneity, with emergent, reproductive consequences for Spotted Owls in Southern California. Foraging owls were more successful capturing prey, including woodrats, in taller multilayered forests, in areas with higher heterogeneity in vegetation types, and near forest-chapparal edges. Consistent with these findings, Spotted Owls delivered prey items more frequently to nests in territories with greater heterogeneity in vegetation types and delivered prey biomass at a higher rate in territories with more forest-chaparral edge. Spotted Owls had higher reproductive success in territories with higher mean canopy cover, taller trees, and more shrubby vegetation. Collectively, our results provide additional and compelling evidence that a mosaic of large tree forest with complex canopy and shrubby vegetation increases access to prey with potential reproductive benefits to Spotted Owls in landscapes where woodrats are a primary prey item. We suggest that forest management activities that enhance forest structure and vegetation heterogeneity could help curb declining Spotted Owl populations while promoting resilient ecosystems in some regions. How to Cite Wilkinson, Z. A., H. A. Kramer, G. M. Jones, C. J. Zulla, K. McGinn, J. M. Barry, S. C. Sawyer, R. Tanner, R. J. Gutiérrez, J. J. Keane, and M. Z. Peery (2023). Tall, heterogenous forests improve prey capture, delivery to nestlings, and reproductive success for Spotted Owls in southern California. Ornithological Applications 125:duac048. LAY SUMMARY Identifying where prey is captured can help understand high-quality hunting habitat for predators but is very difficult to do for small cryptic predators. We combined high-resolution GPS and camera technology to examine how vegetation conditions influence prey capture, delivery rate, and reproductive success for a small nocturnal predator, the Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis). Spotted Owl prey captures increased with heterogeneous vegetation, larger trees, complex multilayered canopies, and more forest-chaparral edge. Prey delivery increased with more cover type heterogeneity and forest-chaparral edge. Spotted Owl reproduc
在平均冠层覆盖率较高、乔木较高、植被浓密的地区，西花蓟马的繁殖成功率较高。集体,我们的发现提供了更多证据令人信服一个选框拼画大森林与树木和植被复杂arbustiva增加获得潜在的猎物与生殖利益为s . o . occidentalis在老鼠的森林景观是一个主要猎物。我们认为，改善森林结构和植被异质性的森林管理活动可能有助于减缓西花楸种群的减少，同时促进一些地区的恢复力生态系统。
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Pub Date : 2022-12-06DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac050
A. Skinner, S. Matthews, Martin P. Ward, Ian Souza-Cole, James R. Wright, F. Thompson, T. J. Benson, C. Tonra
ABSTRACT Migratory bird populations can be limited by events in disparate parts of the world. Birds wintering in tropical regions are facing rapid habitat loss, climate change, and intensive agricultural regimes, potentially contributing to population declines. However, an understanding of basic nonbreeding ecology of species, such as habitat and space use, is critical for determining if this is the case. Populations of the nocturnal/crepuscular Eastern Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus) have declined by 70% since the 1960's, yet data on the species are sparse outside of the breeding season. We extracted data from 41 archival GPS tags deployed on whip-poor-wills and estimated nonbreeding home ranges and land covers used. We used satellite imagery and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values from claws grown during the nonbreeding season to analyze how land cover and habitat moisture impacted home range size and relative trophic level. Forest was by far the most prevalent land cover used by whip-poor-wills, occurring in all home ranges and accounting for >80% of diurnal roosting points. We found that less forest, the presence of agriculture, and more edge (irrespective of land cover) were associated with larger home ranges. Stable isotope values differed by broadscale ecoregion but not local land cover characteristics in our study, indicating that regional idiosyncrasies or broadscale processes can be more important in determining stable isotope ratios. Our findings suggest that the loss, fragmentation, and replacement of forest by agriculture in the core of the whip-poor-will's nonbreeding range may represent a threat to the species, as they rely heavily upon forest, and appear to alter space use in response to changes in forest cover. How to Cite Skinner, A. A., S. N. Matthews, M. P. Ward, I. Souza-Cole, J. R. Wright, F. R. Thompson III, T. J. Benson, and C. M. Tonra (2022). Eastern Whip-poor-wills have larger nonbreeding home ranges in areas with more agriculture and forest fragmentation. Ornithological Applications 125:duac050. LAY SUMMARY Understanding threats and basic ecology throughout the full annual cycle is critical for effective conservation of migratory birds. We used GPS data with satellite imagery during the nonbreeding period to describe foraging and roosting habitat use in the declining Eastern Whip-poor-will. We combined these data with stable isotope values to analyze how land use and habitat moisture impacted home range size and relative trophic level. Whip-poor-will nonbreeding home ranges are small (mean: 1.86 ± 1.90 ha) compared to breeding home ranges, and all birds depended on forests for both foraging and roosting. Smaller, more fragmented forests were associated with increased home range sizes in whip-poor-wills, particularly when agriculture was present, potentially reflecting a reduced capacity for human-altered lands to meet habitat requirements. Minimizing the conversion of forest to agricultural lands, includin
候鸟数量可能受到世界不同地区事件的限制。在热带地区越冬的鸟类正面临栖息地的迅速丧失、气候变化和集约化农业制度，这可能导致种群数量下降。然而，了解物种的基本非繁殖生态学，如栖息地和空间利用，对于确定是否存在这种情况至关重要。自20世纪60年代以来，夜行/黄昏的东方小须鲸(Antrostomus vociferus)的种群数量下降了70%，但在繁殖季节之外，该物种的数据很少。我们从41个档案GPS标签中提取了数据，这些标签部署在鞭子贫乏的遗嘱上，并估计了非繁殖的家庭范围和土地覆盖范围。我们使用卫星图像和非繁殖季节生长的爪的稳定碳和氮同位素值来分析土地覆盖和栖息地湿度如何影响家庭范围大小和相对营养水平。到目前为止，森林是鞭-贫-遗嘱使用的最普遍的土地覆盖，发生在所有的家庭范围内，占白天栖息点的80%以上。我们发现，较少的森林、农业的存在和更多的边缘(不考虑土地覆盖)与更大的家园范围有关。稳定同位素值因大尺度生态区域而异，但局部土地覆盖特征不存在差异，这表明区域特征或大尺度过程在确定稳定同位素比值方面可能更重要。我们的研究结果表明，在鞭贫意志的非繁殖范围的核心地区，森林的丧失、破碎化和被农业取代可能对该物种构成威胁，因为它们严重依赖森林，并且似乎根据森林覆盖的变化而改变了空间利用。如何引用Skinner, a.a.， s.n. Matthews, m.p. Ward, I. Souza-Cole, J. R. Wright, F. R. Thompson III, T. J. Benson和C. M. Tonra(2022)。在农业和森林破碎化程度较高的地区，东部鞭贫犬的非繁殖范围更大。鸟类学应用[j]: 050。了解整个年周期的威胁和基本生态对有效保护候鸟至关重要。利用非繁殖期的GPS数据和卫星图像，描述了日益减少的东部长须鲸觅食和栖息栖息地的利用情况。我们将这些数据与稳定同位素值相结合，分析了土地利用和栖息地湿度对家庭范围大小和相对营养水平的影响。与繁殖栖息地相比，非繁殖栖息地面积较小(平均:1.86±1.90公顷)，所有鸟类都依赖森林觅食和栖息。更小、更破碎的森林与鞭子-穷人的家庭范围增加有关，特别是在存在农业的情况下，这可能反映了人类改造土地满足生境要求的能力下降。尽量减少将森林转为农业用地，包括保护小片森林碎片，可以防止丧失更多的栖息地，以供鞭子和其他依赖森林的物种使用。在世界各地发生的各种各样的事件中，移民的问题是有限的。热带地区的热带地区的热带地区的热带地区的热带地区的热带地区的热带地区的热带地区的热带地区的热带地区的热带地区的热带地区的热带地区的热带地区的热带地区的热带地区。在禁运中，entender la ecología básica没有任何物种的繁殖能力，como el uso del hábitat y del space，是最基本的决定因素。在1960年的一项研究中，有一项研究表明，在1960年的一项研究中，有一项研究表明，在1960年的一项研究中，有一项研究表明，在1960年的一项研究中，有一项研究表明，这是一项研究。对41个登记者的GPS数据进行了额外的分析，其中包括A. vociferus的GPS数据，这些数据估计是由la tierra利用率的coberturas提供的。Usamos imágenes卫星通过valores de isótopos建立了carbono de nitrógeno de las garras que crecierque durente la temporada no reproductivtiva para analogar cómo de cobertura de la hummedad de hábitat afectaron de tamaño de rango de hogar and el nivel trófico relativo。El bosque fue la cobertura más占主导地位的利用A. vociferus，呈现在todos los rangos del hogar代表中> 80%的los puntos de descanso diurnos。墨西哥农业协会成立más格兰德斯农业协会，成立más格兰德斯农业协会。En nuestro estudio, los valores de isótopos estables diferían a gran escala según la ecorregión, pero no por las características locales de la cobertura, lo cudique idiosas regionales of los procos a gran escala pueden ser más importantes para determinar los valores de isótopos estables。
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Pub Date : 2022-11-18DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac044
F. Wyndham, Karen Park
ABSTRACT The ways people think, feel, speak about, and act in and with environments are inextricably intertwined with the well-being of other living things, including birds. We report on the kinds of messages contained in 598 examples of locally-defined signs from 498 bird taxa from 169 sources and 123 ethnolinguistic groups. Using Peirce's three sign forms: symbolic, iconic, and indexical, we analyze one aspect of human–bird interactions: that of reading bird sign for ecological and social interpretations. Understanding ecological semiotic nuance is important for translating between local, regional, and global science, and for respecting autonomous processes of local people attributing value or lack thereof to birds and their habitats. Over one-third of the signs in our sample (216; 36%) were specifically described as omens of some kind, commonly of death, illness, or something “bad”. Three modes of message delivery account for the majority of the data: predicting (60%), bringing (15%; including news, rain, luck), and indicating (15%; including seasonal change, fruit ripening, animals). Reading birds to predict weather (especially rain) was common, as was listening to and interpreting birds' alarm calls warning of snakes or predators, and knowing that a certain bird indicates the presence of certain other animals, or of a water source. We collected 51 examples of warblish, the imitation or translation of bird sounds into non-onomatopoeic words. We argue for the amplification of ecocultural conservation (attending to histories of human–nonhuman relationships in place) to channel resources and land control to local and Indigenous managers who are immersed in relevant bird–people information networks. We discuss the importance of (1) reduction of uncertainty in local and hyper-local environments, (2) biocultural provocations in which birds fulfill important roles in human society, and (3) informational connectivity and locally-defined interspecies ethical relationships as key elements for inclusive and effective ecocultural bird conservation. LAY SUMMARY The ways people think, feel, speak about, and act in and with their environments are inextricably intertwined with the well-being of other living things, including birds. We report on the kinds of messages in 598 examples of culturally-defined signs from 498 bird taxa from 169 sources and 123 ethnolinguistic groups. We used Peirce's 3 sign forms: (1) symbolic, (2) iconic, and (3) indexical, to analyze human–bird interactions. In our sample 216 of the signs (36%) were specifically described as omens of some kind, most commonly of death, illness, or something “bad”. Reading birds to predict weather, especially rain, was common, as was listening to and interpreting birds' alarm calls warning of snakes or predators, or indicating food or water. We collected 51 examples of warblish, the imitation or translation of bird sounds into non-onomatopoeic words. Some key ecocultural interactions include (1) red
{"title":"Bird signs can be important for ecocultural conservation by highlighting key information networks in people–bird communities","authors":"F. Wyndham, Karen Park","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duac044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duac044","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The ways people think, feel, speak about, and act in and with environments are inextricably intertwined with the well-being of other living things, including birds. We report on the kinds of messages contained in 598 examples of locally-defined signs from 498 bird taxa from 169 sources and 123 ethnolinguistic groups. Using Peirce's three sign forms: symbolic, iconic, and indexical, we analyze one aspect of human–bird interactions: that of reading bird sign for ecological and social interpretations. Understanding ecological semiotic nuance is important for translating between local, regional, and global science, and for respecting autonomous processes of local people attributing value or lack thereof to birds and their habitats. Over one-third of the signs in our sample (216; 36%) were specifically described as omens of some kind, commonly of death, illness, or something “bad”. Three modes of message delivery account for the majority of the data: predicting (60%), bringing (15%; including news, rain, luck), and indicating (15%; including seasonal change, fruit ripening, animals). Reading birds to predict weather (especially rain) was common, as was listening to and interpreting birds' alarm calls warning of snakes or predators, and knowing that a certain bird indicates the presence of certain other animals, or of a water source. We collected 51 examples of warblish, the imitation or translation of bird sounds into non-onomatopoeic words. We argue for the amplification of ecocultural conservation (attending to histories of human–nonhuman relationships in place) to channel resources and land control to local and Indigenous managers who are immersed in relevant bird–people information networks. We discuss the importance of (1) reduction of uncertainty in local and hyper-local environments, (2) biocultural provocations in which birds fulfill important roles in human society, and (3) informational connectivity and locally-defined interspecies ethical relationships as key elements for inclusive and effective ecocultural bird conservation. LAY SUMMARY The ways people think, feel, speak about, and act in and with their environments are inextricably intertwined with the well-being of other living things, including birds. We report on the kinds of messages in 598 examples of culturally-defined signs from 498 bird taxa from 169 sources and 123 ethnolinguistic groups. We used Peirce's 3 sign forms: (1) symbolic, (2) iconic, and (3) indexical, to analyze human–bird interactions. In our sample 216 of the signs (36%) were specifically described as omens of some kind, most commonly of death, illness, or something “bad”. Reading birds to predict weather, especially rain, was common, as was listening to and interpreting birds' alarm calls warning of snakes or predators, or indicating food or water. We collected 51 examples of warblish, the imitation or translation of bird sounds into non-onomatopoeic words. Some key ecocultural interactions include (1) red","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116006953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-10DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac045
Sirena Lao, Abigail W. Anderson, R. Blair, Joanna Eckles, Reed J. Turner, S. Loss
ABSTRACT Collisions with building windows are a top bird mortality source, but few studies have evaluated how bird–window collisions are influenced by weather. By monitoring collisions daily at 21 buildings in Minneapolis, Minnesota, over 4 migration seasons, we show that weather influences numbers of window collisions of nocturnal migrants in spring and fall, indicating that collisions may be forecastable based on weather conditions. Collisions increased with weather favoring migration, such as consecutive nights of south wind in spring and even short periods of north wind in fall. We also found evidence that spring and fall collisions increase with weather changes that impede migration, such as changes from fair conditions and tailwinds early in the night to headwinds near sunrise. Our study suggests complex weather effects never before considered in the context of bird collisions, including possible time lag effects of conditions 2–3 nights before collisions occur, effects of multi-day sequences of conditions, and interactions between conditions at different times of night. More research is needed to determine if the accuracy of weather-based collision prediction systems improves by integrating such nuances and to clarify mechanisms through which these complex effects operate, such as influences of weather on migration intensity and collision avoidance behavior. Weather-based forecasts may allow refinement of collision mitigation approaches (e.g., reducing building lighting on certain nights or using temporary glass coverings or treatments). However, because challenges remain to communicating such temporally targeted actions and implementing them in a timely manner, other bird-friendly practices (e.g., season-long lighting reduction and permanent glass treatments) should continue to be prioritized. How to Cite Lao, S., A. W. Anderson, R. B. Blair, J. W. Eckles, R. J. Turner, and S. R. Loss (2022). Bird–building collisions increase with weather conditions that favor nocturnal migration and with inclement and changing weather. Ornithological Applications 125:duac045. LAY SUMMARY Collisions with windows are a top bird mortality source. Information about weather effects on bird–window collisions could help predict collisions. In Minneapolis, Minnesota, we studied 21 buildings over 4 migrations to evaluate how weather affects collisions for birds that migrate at night. Spring and fall collisions increased with weather favoring migration, like tailwinds. We also found evidence that collisions increase with weather changes that cause migrating birds to be grounded, like changes from tailwinds to headwinds during the night. We also found more-nuanced weather effects, including possible effects of weather 2–3 nights before collisions occur, and of multi-day sequences of conditions. Weather forecasts may help target temporary measures to reduce bird–window collisions, but relationships are complex, and recommendations to building managers could be diffi
与建筑物窗户的碰撞是鸟类死亡的主要原因，但很少有研究评估鸟类与窗户碰撞如何受到天气的影响。通过对明尼苏达州明尼阿波里斯市21座建筑物的碰撞监测，我们发现天气会影响春季和秋季夜间候鸟的窗户碰撞次数，表明碰撞可以根据天气条件进行预测。碰撞随着有利于迁徙的天气而增加，例如春季连续晚上的南风，甚至秋季短时间的北风。我们还发现，有证据表明，春季和秋季的碰撞会随着阻碍迁徙的天气变化而增加，比如从夜晚早些时候的有利条件和顺风到日出时的逆风的变化。我们的研究表明，在鸟类碰撞的背景下，从未考虑过复杂的天气影响，包括碰撞发生前2-3个晚上的条件可能的滞后效应，多日条件序列的影响，以及夜间不同时间条件之间的相互作用。需要更多的研究来确定基于天气的碰撞预测系统的准确性是否通过整合这些细微差别而提高，并澄清这些复杂效应运作的机制，例如天气对迁移强度和碰撞避免行为的影响。基于天气的预报可使减少碰撞的方法得到改进(例如，在某些夜晚减少建筑物照明或使用临时玻璃覆盖物或处理)。然而，由于在传达这些临时目标行动并及时实施这些行动方面仍然存在挑战，因此应继续优先考虑其他对鸟类友好的做法(例如，在整个季节减少照明和永久性玻璃处理)。如何引用Lao, S.， A. W. Anderson, R. B. Blair, J. W. Eckles, R. J. Turner和S. R. Loss(2022)。造鸟碰撞随着有利于夜间迁徙的天气条件和恶劣多变的天气而增加。鸟类学应用[j];与窗户的碰撞是鸟类死亡的主要原因。有关天气对鸟窗碰撞的影响的信息可以帮助预测碰撞。在明尼苏达州的明尼阿波利斯，我们研究了21座建筑的4次迁徙，以评估天气如何影响夜间迁徙的鸟类的碰撞。春季和秋季的碰撞会随着有利于迁徙的天气而增加，比如顺风。我们还发现有证据表明，碰撞会随着天气变化而增加，而天气变化会导致候鸟停飞，比如夜间从顺风到逆风的变化。我们还发现了更细微的天气影响，包括碰撞发生前2-3个晚上的天气可能产生的影响，以及多天的连续条件。天气预报可能有助于采取有针对性的临时措施，以减少鸟与窗户的碰撞，但两者之间的关系很复杂，给建筑管理人员的建议可能很难在短时间内实施。因此，更持久的做法，如在迁徙过程中关闭夜间灯光，使用对鸟类友好的建筑设计和玻璃处理，应该优先考虑。简历Las colisiones con Las ventanas de los edificios和Las principales fuentes de mortalidad de Las aves, perpocos studios和evaluado cómo Las colisiones entres ventanas y Las aves están influenciadas poras condiciones del tiempo。在明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市的21个建筑物中监测到冲突的发生情况，在4个时间内监测到migración，在大多数情况下监测到时间的变化情况，在número中监测到移民的冲突情况，在otoño中监测到移民的冲突情况，在otoño中监测到可能发生的冲突情况，在función中监测到时间的情况。在此基础上，我们提出了以下建议:首先，我们提出了以下建议:首先，我们提出了以下建议:períodos，我们提出了以下建议:otoño。tamamaciman和tamamaciman之间的冲突与冲突的证据是一致的otoño和tamamaciman之间的冲突与冲突是一致的migración, tamamacan和tamamican之间的冲突是一致的，tamamacan和tamamican之间的冲突是一致的。Nuestro estudio sugiere la current de effectos complejos del tiempo, uncantes tes desdeses context of las collision de aves，包括可能的损失效应、不同的损失效应、不同的损失效应、不同的损失效应、不同的损失效应、不同的影响效应、不同的相互作用、不同的影响效应、不同的影响效应、不同的影响效应、不同的影响效应、不同的影响效应。Se伴随mas investigacion对位确定如果精度de los sistema de prediccion de colisiones basados en el tiempo mejora al integrar说电气自动方式y对位aclarar洛杉矶mecanismos traves de los哪种operan来说会对complejos,科莫las influencias del y en el tiempo en la intensidad de la migracion comportamiento对位避免colisiones。 天气预报可以改进碰撞缓解方法(例如，在某些晚上减少建筑物的照明，或使用临时屋顶或玻璃处理)。然而，由于在沟通和及时实施这些有针对性的临时行动方面仍然存在挑战，因此应继续优先考虑其他对鸟类友好的做法(例如，在整个季节减少照明和永久性玻璃处理)。
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