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The success of FDP is dependent on the interplay between restorative materials, gingiva tissues, and oral biofilm. Chlorhexidine (CHX) has been accepted as the gold standard for chemical plaque control because of its effect on both plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. Prosthetic materials' surfaces may be modified when in contact with CHX, which presents higher surface roughness, colour stability loss and more ion release. Thus, this study evaluated the clinical and microbiological effects of CHX on FDPs with metal-ceramic and monolithic zirconia restorations. Thirty participants were enrolled. Both plaque and gingival indices were recorded, and biofilm samples were collected at baseline and after 2 weeks of rinsing with 0.12%CHX mouthrinse. Surface characteristics and mechanical properties of the restoratives were assessed in vitro following CHX exposure using surface roughness measurements, color stability analysis, and standard mechanical testing. The study demonstrated that CHX lowered plaque and microorganism counts. Metal-ceramic restorations showed significant surface changes and reduction in strength, while zirconia retained stable surface roughness values and mechanical integrity. These results suggest that zirconia is more chemically stable in CHX than metal ceramic restorations.

High fructose intake disrupts metabolic homeostasis, leading to neuronal dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of glibenclamide on hippocampal and basolateral amygdala neurons in rats subjected to chronic fructose consumption. Male albino rats were divided into three groups: (I) a Control group (standard drinking water for 6 weeks, n=5), (II) a Fructose group (20% fructose solution for 6 weeks, n=5), and (III) a Fructose + Glibenclamide group (20% fructose solution with glibenclamide at 5 mg/kg orally during weeks 3-6, n=5). Neuronal activity was recorded in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, and responses were classified as tetanic depression-posttetanic depression (TD-PTD), tetanic depression-posttetanic potentiation (TD-PTP), or tetanic potentiation-posttetanic potentiation (TP-PTP). The high-fructose diet induced progressive hyperglycemia and suppressed background spike activity. Glibenclamide normalized firing rates and shifted the distribution of synaptic responses toward a predominance of inhibition. Reduced tetanic potentiation observed in fructose-fed rats was enhanced by glibenclamide, while tetanic depression was significantly increased. These findings demonstrate that glibenclamide modulates the excitation-inhibition balance in hippocampal and amygdala networks under metabolic stress, suggesting its therapeutic potential in preventing neurodegenerative complications associated with metabolic syndrome.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains the most common oral malignancy, with prognosis strongly dependent on stage at diagnosis. Early-stage detection is linked to significantly better survival and reduced recurrence risk. This review synthesizes recent clinical evidence to support early diagnosis and structured follow-up in OSCC.

Methods: A structured literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2019-2025) to identify English-language clinical studies reporting stage-stratified overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and recurrence patterns in OSCC. Included studies were case series, retrospective or prospective cohorts, and clinical trials. Data were extracted and summarized in tables describing survival by stage and recurrence features.

Results: Earlier stages consistently showed better survival outcomes, with 5-year OS and DSS rates highest in stage I-II cancers. Depth of invasion (DOI) emerged as a critical prognostic factor linked to upstaging and nodal metastasis. Recurrence was most frequent within the first two years post-treatment, especially among patients with high-stage tumors, nodal involvement, or positive margins. Structured follow-up and early intervention strategies were shown to improve outcomes.

Conclusions: Early detection remains the cornerstone of improving OSCC outcomes. Clinicians should adopt standardized pathways including risk assessment, clinical examination, biopsy of suspicious lesions, selective use of adjunctive tools, and DOI-based staging to enable earlier diagnosis and effective surveillance.

This is a case presentation of a 3-year-old girl child suffering from recurrent episodes of itchy, erythematous plaques mainly on extremities relapsing to standard antihistamine drug that was prescribed after each episode. A diagnosis of Chronic urticaria (CU) was made as the duration of symptoms presentation was for past 2 months. An extensive workup was planned initially with general examination and routine blood tests which did not reveal anything significant. Allergy tests found slight sensitization to cow milk and epithelium. But the total Serum Immunoglobulin (Ig) E and eosinophils were dramatically elevated. A simple repeated stool analysis exposed the presence of Ascariasis lumbricoides. The patient was started on anthelmintic drug albendazole and follow-up in one month and three months showed total symptom relief with no relapse. Total serum IgE and eosinophils progressively declined reaching baseline values after three months and Total serum IgE and eosinophils progressively declined simultaneously with negative workup for A. lumbricoides in stool. This case strongly links CU to parasitic infestation especially A. lumbricoides which in literature has been demonstrated to be prevalent in CU patients but has not been elicited as direct cause. It should also be noted that our case forms a guide for physicians to evaluate such parasites as a strong association for CU and aim for curative intent with anthelmintic drug as CU can sometimes present with fatal angioedema and can also be distressing for the patient given the poor quality of life. This is especially true for paediatric population where GI parasitic infestations are more commonly found and also the asymptomatic nature of this infestation should be considered. This should also form the basis of future research to look for complete remission in a large-scale population and establish causality to lay down clinical guidelines.

Background: Diabetes mellitus remains a major public health challenge globally, and Saudi Arabia is among the countries with high type 2 diabetes prevalence. Although screening initiatives exist, delayed diagnosis persists, suggesting barriers to early detection.

Objective: To identify individual, sociocultural, and healthcare-system factors associated with low uptake of early diabetes screening in Saudi Arabia.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey of adults in Saudi Arabia (n=881) using a standardized self-administered Arabic questionnaire. Descriptive statistics summarized participant characteristics and responses. Chi-square tests examined associations between sociodemographic variables and awareness/screening behaviors, and multivariable logistic regression identified independent predictors of screening participation.

Results: Participants were predominantly female (61.3%), with the largest age groups 18-24 and 35-44 years (26.8% each); 71.7% reported no health insurance. While 86.7% reported awareness of early diabetes symptoms, 53.1% had never monitored blood glucose and only 17.5% reported screening participation. Barrier analysis was based on respondents who completed the barrier items (n=753); the most commonly reported barriers were absence of symptoms (66.3%), lack of time (24.3%), and fear of diagnosis (18.5%). In regression analysis, screening participation was independently associated with male gender (OR=1.47, p=0.037), awareness of symptoms (OR=2.61, p<0.001), family history of diabetes (OR=1.54, p=0.031), health insurance (OR=1.83, p=0.002), older age (≥35 years), and higher educational attainment.

Conclusion: Despite high symptom awareness, screening participation remains low-largely driven by the misconception that screening is unnecessary without symptoms, alongside time constraints and fear. Strengthening early detection will require culturally tailored preventive-health messaging, easier access to screening, and targeted digital interventions (e.g., risk-tailored reminders and proactive outreach), aligning with Saudi Vision 2030 priorities.

Background and objectives: Obliterating atherosclerosis of the lower extremity arteries (OALEA) is a major cause of morbidity and disability, requiring not only pharmacological and surgical treatment but also structured rehabilitation. Despite international guidelines emphasizing supervised rehabilitation as a key element of care, little is known about physicians' perspectives on its accessibility and quality in Kazakhstan. Aim to evaluate physicians' educational needs, practices, and perceived barriers to rehabilitation in OALEA.

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 217 physicians who met the inclusion criteria and completed a structured questionnaire. Respondents included general practitioners (75.1%, N=163), surgeons (17.1%, N=37), and vascular surgeons (7.8%, N=17). Descriptive and comparative statistical analyses were performed, with chi-square tests applied to assess differences between groups.

Results: The majority of respondents were female (67.7%) with a mean age of 38±11.1 years. Significant associations were observed between specialty and work experience (p=0.05), as well as between specialty and medical category (p = 0.001). Most physicians reported professional development once every five years, while one-third trained annually. General practitioners demonstrated the highest engagement in conferences (52.8%), whereas vascular surgeons preferred advanced courses (70.6%) (p=0.027; p=0.03). Barriers included lack of time among general practitioners (73.6%) and financial constraints among surgeons (54.1%) and vascular surgeons (58.8%) (p<0.001). Patient-related barriers were also identified: low adherence (47.2%), harmful habits (47.1%), and poor organization of rehabilitation (up to 58.8%). Almost all physicians (92-100%) supported the creation of vascular schools for patient education.

Conclusion: Physicians in Kazakhstan recognize the importance of rehabilitation in OALEA but face systemic and patient-level barriers that limit its implementation. Expanding supervised rehabilitation programs, introducing vascular schools, and enhancing physician training could significantly improve outcomes. Alignment with international standards should be prioritized in national healthcare strategies.

The characteristics of spontaneous electrical activity forming bursts of action potentials in the main rhythmogenic areas of the myometrium (ovarian area, cervical area, uterine corpus) were investigated. The results were analyzed by determining the values of the following parameters of action potentials: amplitude (A), mean rise-rate (V), rise-time (T/2), and half-width (t). The obtained data indicate that the ovarian horn area represents a distinct rhythmogenic site, characterized by generation of bursts of discharges with properties unique to this area, in contrast to the activity patterns observed in the cervical horn area and uterine corpus. Oxytocin, through its excitatory action, induces a synchronous increase in the measured parameters across the studied areas to the same extent. Comparable alterations in the main activity characteristics were observed under conditions of complete isolation of each uterine horn locus. Administration of oxytocin following isolation of loci resulted in a marked increase in spike amplitude and rise rate of action potentials in the ovarian area, approaching values observed in norm. Thus, these findings indicate that the ovarian horn area serves as a leading rhythmogenic site. Morphochemical results demonstrated the presence of different "functional" states in the examined myometrial areas, which is consistent with the presented electrophysiological data.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe complication of COVID-19. During the pathogenesis of ARDS, a deficiency of alveolar surfactant could lead to severe hypoxemia. This report demonstrates that exogenous surfactant administration improves the overall clinical condition, reduces severe hypoxemia, and enhances the P/F ratio, thereby preventing the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) that usually follows hypoxemia. In our experience, inhalational administration of surfactant preparations for one week was the key to successful treatment and recovery of extremely severe patients who would otherwise have had an unfavorable prognosis.

The Covid-19 pandemic represented a profound disruption to the stability of Armenian society. Key areas of public life and social relations were significantly affected. The daily lives of citizens were critically disrupted, and Armenia's healthcare system was burdened with the unforeseen effects of the pandemic. The disease imposed significant challenges on hospitals and medical staff. The crisis environment facilitated the emergence and intensification of conflicts, exacerbating an already difficult situation. Our goal is to identify the root causes, aspects, process, and practices applied in overcoming conflicts within medical institutions of Armenia during the pandemic. In-depth interviews were conducted with chief physicians of Armenian hospitals. The collected material was subjected to thematic analysis. The causes of conflicts have been identified as work and emotional overload, insufficient resources, insufficient reward, organizational contradictions, medical and sanitary norms, parties to conflicts: patients, relatives of patients, other structures, higher instances and coping practices - informal anti-conflict communications adopted by self-organization, adaptation.

Background: Dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, is one of the causes of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and its complications. The interactions of lipid-abnormalities with established traditional cardiovascular risk factors guide prevention and management efforts. This article aims to estimate the presence of lipid profile abnormalities on patients with ACS and their relationship with demographic, clinical, and metabolic risk variables.

Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Madani Heart Center, Sudan. The study included 231 patients diagnosed with ACS based on clinical and laboratory findings. Data on demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus), and biochemical markers (LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, TG, glycated hemoglobin, and random blood glucose) were collected. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Chi-square tests, and bivariate correlations, with statistical significance set at p≤0.05.

Results: The mean age of participants was 60.6±12.3 years. LDL cholesterol showed no significant association with smoking, hypertension, or diabetes. Triglycerides (TG) demonstrated positive correlations with glycated hemoglobin (r=0.180, p=0.006) and random blood glucose (r=0.163, p=0.013), indicating a strong link between dyslipidemia and glycemic control. HDL cholesterol correlated positively with body weight (r=0.149, p=0.024). Both TG and LDL levels showed insignificant association with ACS types, smoking and hypertension (p-values>0.05).

Conclusion: Triglycerides showed significant associations with markers of impaired glycemic control in patients with ACS indicating the importance of triglyceride management, especially among diabetic individuals.