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Introduction: Dopamine is one of the most important neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Along with other mediators, such as serotonin, noradrenaline, adrenaline, it enormously contributes to the human mental health. Any concentration alterations of dopamine in the brain result in devastating consequences, expressed as mental disorders, movement deviations, etc. From this point of view, it is crucial to make possible to determine the concentration of dopamine in the blood, and, with more probability, in the urine. Dopamine concentration monitoring may be possible by implementation to create dopamine-sensitive biosensors, where there should be an underlayer, interacting with and detecting dopamine. Nucleic acids, particularly, DNA can serve as sensitive biomolecules for dopamine-sensors.

Methods: In this work, the interaction of DNA with dopamine, depending on the ionic strength of the solution, has been studied, using the method of UV-melting and absorption spectroscopy. In the experiments calf thymus DNA, dopamine hydrochloride ("Sigma-Aldrich", USA), physiological solution were used. Concentrations of DNA and dopamine were determined spectrophotometrically, using the following values of the extinction coefficients: 260=6600 M-1cm-1 for DNA and 280=2200 M-1cm-1 for dopamine hydrochloride. The experiments were carried out at the ionic strengths of the solution 0.02 M and 0.01 M Na+. The medium pH was equal to 7.0.

Result: For this aim, the interaction between dopamine and DNA, depending on the solution ionic strength, was explored to reveal whether there exists a binding or not. The results, obtained in this study, show that dopamine binds to DNA, at least, in two regions at low ionic strength of the solution and, at least, in three regions at high ionic strength of the solution. It was shown that DNA-dopamine complex melting curve is shifted toward high temperatures, as compared to that of DNA. It results in melting temperature increasing by more, than 3-4C, in high concentration ratios dopamine/DNA. Besides, the absorption spectra of DNA start decreasing, while titrating by dopamine. The binding constant of dopamine with DNA was calculated and it was shown that for the strong binding this parameter is 1.2105 M-1 and for weak binding - 2.3103 M-1. From the data, obtained in this work, one can conclude that DNA may be used as a possible sensitive biomolecule in the dopamine-sensors.

Objective: To investigate the correlation between HER2 expression and lymph node metastasis in Kazakh gastric cancer patients, assess the clinicopathological characteristics of HER2-negative and HER2-positive patients, and evaluate the association of HER2 expression with advanced lymph node involvement, while assessing its impact on overall survival to enhance clinical understanding and treatment strategies. In this study, "prognostic marker" refers to markers that predict clinical outcomes such as overall survival; markers associated only with pathological features (e.g., nodal stage) are described as "associated with" or "linked to" those features.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 159 gastric cancer patients at NJSC West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessments were performed, including HER2 evaluation using IHC. Statistical analysis with SPSS version 26 was used to identify predictors of lymph node metastasis.

Result: This study investigates the correlation between HER2 expression and lymph node metastasis in Kazakh gastric cancer patients. The mean age of participants was 58.87±9.14 years, with a predominance of males (70.4%). Most patients were diagnosed with locally advanced GC (56%), with tumors predominantly located in the body of the stomach (40.3%). HER2-negative patients had a higher incidence of localized GC (45.5%) and lower lymph node involvement compared to HER2-positive patients, who exhibited more extensive lymph node metastasis (36.0%), especially in the N3 stage (p=0.027). Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between HER2 status and pathological lymph node stage (p=0.027). Survival analysis showed no significant difference in overall survival between HER2-negative and HER2-positive groups (p=0.58), suggesting HER2 status does not significantly impact survival.

Conclusion: This study identifies a significant association between HER2 overexpression and lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer, suggesting HER2 expression is associated with more advanced lymph node involvement in this cohort; no significant association with overall survival was observed (log-rank p=0.58), though its impact on survival remains inconclusive.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the physical and mental health of populations worldwide. Particular attention has been paid to the study of the long-term consequences of infection, known as "long-term COVID-19", which can persist for months after the acute period of illness.

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate HRQoL in patients with COVID-19 sequelae.

Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in the Republic of Kazakhstan among COVID-19 survivors. The data collection period covered the period from April 24 to December 25, 2024. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Abay region involving individuals with persistent symptoms approximately one month after COVID-19 infection or hospital discharge, in which all patients underwent clinical evaluation.

Results: Out of 257 patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome, 209 (81.3%) were hospitalized during the acute phase. No statistically significant differences were observed between hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients in terms of age, sex, BMI, or blood pressure (p>0.05). Neurological symptoms such as paresthesias (43.5% vs. 29%, p=0.0001) and dizziness (65.5% vs. 35%, p=0.003) were more prevalent among non-hospitalized patients. In contrast, hospitalized patients more frequently reported dyspnea and muscle weakness, although without statistical significance. Hospitalization was significantly associated with the presence of diabetes mellitus (15.4% vs. 4.35%, p=0.0001), and obesity (22% vs. 4.2%, p=0.004), indicating a strong link between metabolic comorbidities and severe COVID-19. Quality of life assessment using the SF-36 questionnaire revealed greater physical limitations in hospitalized patients (p=0.005), while they reported significantly better mental health scores compared to non-hospitalized patients (70.46±22.42 vs. 56.38±28.08, p=0.001).

Conclusion: Post-COVID-19 syndrome significantly affects patients' physical and mental health in Kazakhstan, regardless of the severity of the initial infection. Hospitalized patients reported more physical limitations but better mental health outcomes. These findings highlight the need for early detection and multidisciplinary rehabilitation to improve quality of life and reduce the burden on the healthcare system.

Crush syndrome (CS) is a severe stress-induced condition that leads to systemic metabolic and neuroendocrine disturbances. The hypothalamus, serving as a central integrator of neuroendocrine and autonomic regulation, is particularly sensitive to prolonged stress. In this context, we examined neuronal changes in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the hypothalamus in rats subjected to prolonged hind limb compression. To assess the dynamics of the morphological and functional state of hypothalamic neurons after limb compression, we employed histochemical detection of Ca²⁺-dependent acid phosphatase activity. Animals were randomly assigned to three groups: control (Co), compression for 3 hours (CS3), and compression for 6 hours (CS6). Experimental CS models were created using a specialized apparatus to apply hind limb compression for the designated durations. Brain tissue samples containing the SON and PVN were collected one hour after compression. The results demonstrated differential morphological responses in the SON and PVN following 3 hours of compression. SON neurons largely preserved their structural integrity, showing increased phosphatase activity in the neuron cytoplasm. In contrast, PVN neurons displayed pronounced cytoplasmic rarefaction and central chromatolysis. After 6 hours of compression, degenerative changes were observed in neurons of both nuclei, accompanied by a sharp rise in phosphatase activity in the neuron cytoplasm. This increase indicates enhanced metabolic processes that may support cellular regeneration and survival, reflecting the activation of neuroprotective mechanisms. Overall, these findings suggest that hypothalamic nuclei undergo distinct, time-dependent morphological and functional responses to crush syndrome, encompassing both compensatory and maladaptive processes.

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously termed NAFLD/MAFLD, can be reproduced in rats by a high-fructose diet and leads to hepatic steatosis and liver injury.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the effects of silymarin, fenofibrate, betaine and ademetionine on biochemical and morphological manifestations of high-fructose-induced MASLD in rats.

Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=20 per group) were fed a high-fructose diet for 5 weeks and treated with one of the four agents. Serum ALT and AST activities and hepatic triglyceride (TG) content were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD post hoc test; results are presented as mean±SD.

Results: In the fructose control group ALT and AST were 95.2±2.8 and 88.0±2.1 U/L, respectively; hepatic TG concentration was 12.50±0.38 mg/g. Fenofibrate produced the most pronounced effect, lowering hepatic TG by about 60 % (5.02±0.22 mg/g, p<0.001) and reducing ALT and AST by about 40 % (56.8±2.9 U/L and 55.0±2.4 U/L, p<0.001). Silymarin and betaine induced intermediate reductions (all p<0.001), whereas ademetionine markedly lowered transaminases (p<0.001) with only modest effects on hepatic TG (11.94±0.28 mg/g, p<0.001).

Conclusion: Fenofibrate was the most effective agent in preventing fructose-induced hepatic steatosis and transaminase elevation, in line with activation of PPAR-α-dependent β-oxidation and inhibition of lipogenesis.

Objective: Understanding the current state of negative emotions among boarding school students in Anhui Province and their relationship with family environment and educational methods, providing scientific basis for psychological health intervention and family education optimisation for boarding school students.

Method: This study employed an anonymous online convenience sampling survey method to select 4,800 junior high and high school students in grades 7 to 12 from Hefei, Wuhu, Anqing, and other regions in Anhui Province to conduct a current situation survey. Among the valid respondents, 1,064 were boarding students. The questionnaire included general demographic characteristics, the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (DASS-21), and other items.

Results: The detection rates for depression, anxiety, and stress among boarding school students were 31.86%, 49.44%, and 17.29%, respectively. The detection rate for the coexistence of two negative emotions was 18.80% (the detection rates for the coexistence of depression and anxiety, depression and stress, and anxiety and stress were 14.94%, 0.28%, and 3.57%, respectively), and the detection rate for the coexistence of all three negative emotions was 13.35%. The multi-factor logistic regression adjustment model showed that more frequent visits home and higher maternal education levels were significantly associated with a reduced risk of depression and anxiety. Conversely, factors such as coming from a reconstituted family, poor parent-child relationships, and punitive and abusive parenting styles were closely associated with an increased risk of depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as their comorbidity.

Conclusion: Negative emotions among boarding school students are closely related to family environment and educational methods. It is recommended that the family and school support systems be optimised to promote students' mental health development.

Background: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is highly prevalent in Sudan. Platelet indices serve as potential non-invasive markers for liver disease severity, yet limited data exist for Sudanese populations.

Objective: To evaluate platelet indices in Sudanese patients with chronic hepatitis B and assess relationships with disease phases, age, and gender.

Methods: This case-control study included 198 participants (127 chronic HBV patients, 71 healthy controls) from Khartoum State, Sudan. Platelet indices were measured using automated hematology analyzers. HBV DNA quantification was performed by real-time PCR. Patients were stratified by viral load into immune control (<2,000 IU/mL), immune clearance/escape (2,000-20,000 IU/mL), and immune tolerance (>20,000 IU/mL) phases.

Results: Chronic HBV patients showed significantly elevated platelet counts (290.13±99.74 vs 235.48±50.50 ×10³/μL, p<0.001), mean platelet volume (9.25±1.30 vs 7.66±0.76 fL, p<0.001), platelet distribution width (15.87±0.66 vs 15.55±0.64%, p=0.001), and plateletcrit (0.27±0.097 vs 0.18±0.033%, p<0.001) compared to controls. No significant differences existed across disease phases or between demographic groups.

Conclusions: Sudanese chronic HBV patients demonstrate paradoxically elevated platelet indices, challenging conventional associations with thrombocytopenia. These parameters showed limited correlation with disease phases, suggesting reduced utility as activity markers in this population.

Objective: The study investigates coping mechanisms and the severity of continuous traumatic stress (CTS) factors among individuals with different types of exposure in the context of armed conflict.

Method: The study included 201 participants, divided into two primary groups: Group 1 (direct exposure, n=100), which included Subgroup 1.1 (n=70; continuously residing in the conflict zone) and Subgroup 1.2 (n=30; temporarily left the conflict zone), and Group 2 (indirect exposure, n=101). Data were collected using the Method for the Determination of Individual Coping Strategies (MDICS) by E. Heim and a biographical questionnaire.

Results: Subgroup 1.1 primarily relied on stabilizing and restraint strategies and demonstrated associations with all three CTS factors-fear and helplessness, rage and betrayal, and exhaustion and detachment. Subgroup 1.2 exhibited dominant emotional reactions, including rage and detachment, along with avoidant behavior. Participants in Group 2 more often demonstrated fear and helplessness while maintaining a relatively adaptive coping profile.

Conclusion: The results reveal significant differences in coping responses and CTS factors depending on the type of exposure, confirming the influence of traumatic context on coping mechanisms.

The Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS) was a major source of radiation exposure for the population of East Kazakhstan between 1949 and 1989. Ionizing radiation is known to have significant mutagenic effects on thyroid tissue, increasing the incidence of benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms. This study analyzes the cytological features of thyroid nodules among native residents of radiation-affected areas and evaluates intergenerational differences in disease prevalence.

Objectives: To assess the diagnostic value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in identifying benign and malignant thyroid lesions among populations exposed to chronic radiation and to investigate the cytomorphological patterns associated with each generation of residents.

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 134 native patients from high-radiation-risk areas of East Kazakhstan who underwent ultrasound-guided FNAB between 2013 and 2023. Clinical, ultrasound, and cytological data were evaluated, with generational stratification based on birth year in relation to periods of nuclear testing.

Results: A total of 134 patients were included in the study, with 92.5% females (n=124) and 7.5% males (n=10). The majority of patients were of Kazakh ethnicity (60.4%, n=81), with the remainder belonging to other ethnic minorities, predominantly of Slavic origin (38.8%, n=52). The mean age was 63.98±12.6 years. Based on fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), the diagnoses were as follows: papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) - 42 cases (31.3%), suspicion of PTC - 40 cases (30.1%), follicular adenoma - 45 cases (33.8%), follicular variant of PTC (FVPTC) - 6 cases (4.5%), and medullary carcinoma - 1 case (0.8%). The highest incidence of malignant lesions was observed in the first generation (born 1949-1962), which correlates with higher radiation exposure during atmospheric nuclear testing. The second generation (born 1963-1983) showed a moderate decline in malignancy rates, though the risk remained elevated. The third generation (post-1983) exhibited minimal incidence of malignancy, but a notable increase in benign lesions, such as follicular adenomas, potentially due to residual radiation exposure.

Conclusion: The findings underscore the long-term impact of radiation exposure on thyroid pathology in affected populations. FNAB remains a highly effective diagnostic tool, especially when combined with ultrasound criteria. Intergenerational analysis supports a radiation dose-dependent relationship in the development of thyroid malignancies, with implications for screening and preventive strategies in high-risk regions.

The field of anaesthesia, or anesthesiology, has undergone several advancements in recent years, becoming more precise and personalized to patients' needs, and more viable in clinical settings. As a result, anesthesiology has become more viable in clinical settings, tailored to patients' needs. Furthermore, it is not only the intraoperative care during surgery that requires attention, but also the pre-operative and post-operative care, as any coexisting conditions can obstruct proper pain management and recovery, and also to focus on any preexisting comorbidities to provide a more personalised anaesthesia care. And when it comes to a personalised anaesthesia plan, the patient's genomic data plays a crucial role, as it can enhance not only the effectiveness of the anaesthetics used but also the safety and reliability of total anaesthesia care. Therefore, pharmacogenomics is a critical factor in the evolution of anesthesiology and, furthermore, also plays a pivotal role in precision medicine. In this review, we revise Current Clinical and genomics approaches regarding anaesthesia. Taken all together, the field of anaesthesia is increasingly dependent on precision and personalised approaches, thereby significantly improving patient safety. A greater focus on personalised approaches can be achieved by fully incorporating pharmacogenomics; it is precisely based on the patient's genetic characteristics that individualized treatment plans can be developed. Identifying specific genetic markers that affect drug metabolism and efficacy will enable clinicians to enhance the effectiveness and safety of anaesthetic care. Accordingly, the transition from a generic approach to a more tailored strategy significantly reduces the risk of adverse drug reactions, while also contributing to and focusing on better therapeutic outcomes. Overall, it contributes to patient recovery and a better prognosis. Pharmacogenomics, nanotechnology, three-dimensional printing technology, and AI hold potential to transform precision anaesthesia, enhancing perioperative care by providing patient-centered drug delivery systems, customized surgical tools, and improved therapeutic outcomes personalised to patients' needs.