Fungal biology最新文献_第4页

Biocontrol of Leucoagaricus gongylophorus by Trichoderma asperelloides with implications to ant mini-colony survival 曲霉对红白松茸的生物防治及其对蚁群生存的影响

IF 3 3区生物学 Q2 MYCOLOGY

Fungal biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101680

Tássia Tuane Moreira dos Santos , Gabriel Moura Mascarin , Christopher A. Dunlap , Amanda Abdallah Chaibub , Jaqueline Magalhães Pereira , Leticia de Maria Oliveira Mendes , Danielle Santos Ribeiro , Leila Garcês de Araújo , Paulo Marçal Fernandes

Leaf-cutting ants (LCAs) of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex are major agricultural pests in the Americas, relying on their mutualism with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus for colony survival. Mycoparasites such as Trichoderma spp. offer promising biocontrol tools by antagonizing this essential symbiont. This study aimed to identify the most antagonistic isolate of Trichoderma asperelloides, elucidate its mechanisms of action against the fungal garden-symbiont L. gongylophorus, and further evaluate its indirect biocontrol activity on the health and survival of Atta sexdens mini-colonies. Isolates of T. asperelloides namely Tricho 4, Tricho 5, Tricho 7, and Tricho 11 exhibited strong antagonism, reducing L. gongylophorus colony growth by more than 94 % in dual culture assays. Additionally, antibiosis mechanism and volatile compound release by T. asperelloides induced over an 80 % reduction in L. gongylophorus growth. Moreover, exposure to these isolates significantly disrupted ant mini-colonies, leading to mortality rates of up to 60 % and a concurrent reduction in waste production, likely linked to the antagonism effects of T. asperelloides on the garden-symbiont fungus. Overall, these T. asperelloides isolates demonstrate potent antifungal activities against L. gongylophorus and may serve as a sustainable biological strategy for managing LCA colonies.

Impact statement

This work demonstrates T. asperelloides may serve as a potential biological agent for implementation in the integrated management of leaf-cutting ants in the tropics and subtropics.

切叶蚁属（Atta）和切叶蚁属（Acromyrmex）是美洲主要的农业害虫，它们依靠与真菌Leucoagaricus gongylophorus的共生关系来生存。像木霉这样的真菌通过拮抗这种重要的共生体提供了有前途的生物防治工具。本研究旨在鉴定具有最强拮抗作用的曲霉木霉分离物，阐明其对花园共生体弓形真菌的作用机制，并进一步评价其对阿塔蜂小菌落健康和存活的间接生物防治作用。在双培养试验中，曲霉4号菌株、5号菌株、7号菌株和11号菌株表现出较强的拮抗作用，可使弓形真菌菌落生长减少94%以上。此外，曲霉的抗菌机制和挥发性化合物释放诱导弓形真菌生长减少80%以上。此外，暴露于这些分离物显著破坏了蚂蚁的小菌落，导致高达60%的死亡率，同时减少了废物的产生，这可能与曲霉对花园共生真菌的拮抗作用有关。总的来说，这些曲霉菌分离物对弓形真菌具有有效的抗真菌活性，可以作为管理LCA菌落的可持续生物策略。本研究表明，曲霉可以作为一种潜在的生物制剂，在热带和亚热带地区实施对切叶蚁的综合管理。

{"title":"Biocontrol of Leucoagaricus gongylophorus by Trichoderma asperelloides with implications to ant mini-colony survival","authors":"Tássia Tuane Moreira dos Santos , Gabriel Moura Mascarin , Christopher A. Dunlap , Amanda Abdallah Chaibub , Jaqueline Magalhães Pereira , Leticia de Maria Oliveira Mendes , Danielle Santos Ribeiro , Leila Garcês de Araújo , Paulo Marçal Fernandes","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leaf-cutting ants (LCAs) of the genera <em>Atta</em> and <em>Acromyrmex</em> are major agricultural pests in the Americas, relying on their mutualism with the fungus <em>Leucoagaricus gongylophorus</em> for colony survival. Mycoparasites such as <em>Trichoderma</em> spp. offer promising biocontrol tools by antagonizing this essential symbiont. This study aimed to identify the most antagonistic isolate of <em>Trichoderma asperelloides</em>, elucidate its mechanisms of action against the fungal garden-symbiont <em>L. gongylophorus</em>, and further evaluate its indirect biocontrol activity on the health and survival of <em>Atta sexdens</em> mini-colonies. Isolates of <em>T. asperelloides</em> namely Tricho 4, Tricho 5, Tricho 7, and Tricho 11 exhibited strong antagonism, reducing <em>L. gongylophorus</em> colony growth by more than 94 % in dual culture assays. Additionally, antibiosis mechanism and volatile compound release by <em>T. asperelloides</em> induced over an 80 % reduction in <em>L. gongylophorus</em> growth. Moreover, exposure to these isolates significantly disrupted ant mini-colonies, leading to mortality rates of up to 60 % and a concurrent reduction in waste production, likely linked to the antagonism effects of <em>T. asperelloides</em> on the garden-symbiont fungus. Overall, these <em>T. asperelloides</em> isolates demonstrate potent antifungal activities against <em>L. gongylophorus</em> and may serve as a sustainable biological strategy for managing LCA colonies.</div></div><div><h3>Impact statement</h3><div>This work demonstrates <em>T. asperelloides</em> may serve as a potential biological agent for implementation in the integrated management of leaf-cutting ants in the tropics and subtropics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 8","pages":"Article 101680"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145413743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ecology of Rozellomycota in aquatic environments with differing redox conditions 不同氧化还原条件下水生环境中罗氏菌的生态学研究

IF 3 3区生物学 Q2 MYCOLOGY

Fungal biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101670

Katrin Stüer-Patowsky , Luis Javier Galindo , Yvonne Bösch , Christian Wurzbacher

The recently discovered prevalence of Rozellomycota in aquatic ecosystems establishes this poorly understood, holomycotan lineage as a group of critical importance for understanding aquatic ecology and fungal evolution. While gradually more genomes become available, knowledge on the ecology of Rozellomycota is still very scarce. After compiling their occurrences from public databases, we can clearly establish their abundance in aquatic environments, interestingly, with a dominance in carbon-rich sediments. Similarly, the carbon and nutrient rich artificial wastewater environment may serve as an example for a highly reduced environment that is inhabited by a diverse range of Rozellomycota lineages, despite being a prokaryote dominated environment. As the Rozellomycota from anaerobic environments are not monophyletic, the questions arise how the Rozellomycota adapt to differing redox conditions and if their parasitism could also have led to anaerobiosis.

最近在水生生态系统中发现的Rozellomycota的流行建立了这一鲜为人知的全菌系，对理解水生生态和真菌进化具有至关重要的意义。虽然逐渐有更多的基因组可用，但关于罗泽洛菌的生态学知识仍然非常匮乏。在从公共数据库中编译它们的出现后，我们可以清楚地确定它们在水生环境中的丰度，有趣的是，它们在富碳沉积物中占主导地位。同样，碳和营养丰富的人工废水环境可以作为一个高度还原的环境的例子，尽管是一个原核生物为主的环境，但仍有各种各样的罗泽洛菌系居住在这个环境中。由于来自厌氧环境的罗氏菌不是单系的，因此问题出现了，罗氏菌如何适应不同的氧化还原条件，以及它们的寄生是否也可能导致厌氧。

引用次数: 0

Response of pulcherrimin-producing Metschnikowia yeast to different iron sources 产pulcherrimin的metschnikoia酵母对不同铁源的响应

IF 3 3区生物学 Q2 MYCOLOGY

Fungal biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101679

Vytautas Melvydas , Kęstutis Mažeika , Antanas Matelis , Algimantas Paškevičius , Rasa Garjonytė

Metschnikowia pulcherrima clade yeasts produce pulcherriminic acid, which binds with iron to form pulcherrimin, a red pigment. However, the functions of pulcherriminic acid in yeasts and bacteria that synthesize it remain incompletely understood. To gain deeper understanding of these functions the responses of pulcherriminic acid-secreting Metschnikowia yeast in the presence of various solid iron sources (metallic iron, magnetite, and lepidocrocite) containing iron in different valence states were examined. By applying the classical plate method, the formation of pulcherrimin, was observed both when iron source is in the close contact and at some distance. Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to determine type of iron compounds formed through the interaction of the iron materials and the growth medium and the yeast, electrochemistry was used to test the ability of Metschnikowia cells to reduce iron ions, and microscopy was used to examine the pulcherrimin accumulation sites in cells. The Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed the presence of non-soluble pulcherrimin, intermediate Fe³⁺ compounds and some Fe²⁺ containing substances. Electrochemical measurements suggested the presence of redox active centers, which are able to reduce Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺, in the cell membranes. Microscopy showed that the red pigment mostly accumulated in the chlamydospores. Although inhibition of Metschnikowia yeast growth was observed in the initial phase, pulcherrimin-producing yeast showed good resistance to high concentrations of metals (both iron and copper).

pulcherrima Metschnikowia pulcherrima分支酵母产生pulcherrimin酸，它与铁结合形成pulcherrimin，一种红色色素。然而，pulcherriminic酸在酵母和合成它的细菌中的功能仍然不完全清楚。为了更深入地了解这些功能，研究了分泌pulcherriminic酸的Metschnikowia酵母在含不同价态铁的各种固体铁源（金属铁、磁铁矿和蛭石）存在下的反应。应用经典平板法，观察了铁源在近距离接触和一定距离时，pulcherrimin的形成。Mössbauer光谱法测定了铁材料与生长培养基和酵母相互作用形成的铁化合物类型，电化学法检测了Metschnikowia细胞还原铁离子的能力，显微镜法检测了细胞中pulcherrimin的积累位点。Mössbauer光谱分析结果显示存在不溶性pulcherrimin、中间Fe3+化合物和一些含Fe2+的物质。电化学测量表明，在细胞膜中存在氧化还原活性中心，能够将Fe3+还原为Fe2+。显微镜观察发现，红色素主要积聚在衣孢子中。虽然在初始阶段观察到对Metschnikowia酵母生长的抑制，但产生pulcherriman的酵母对高浓度金属（铁和铜）表现出良好的抗性。

{"title":"Response of pulcherrimin-producing Metschnikowia yeast to different iron sources","authors":"Vytautas Melvydas , Kęstutis Mažeika , Antanas Matelis , Algimantas Paškevičius , Rasa Garjonytė","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Metschnikowia pulcherrima</em> clade yeasts produce pulcherriminic acid, which binds with iron to form pulcherrimin, a red pigment. However, the functions of pulcherriminic acid in yeasts and bacteria that synthesize it remain incompletely understood. To gain deeper understanding of these functions the responses of pulcherriminic acid-secreting <em>Metschnikowia</em> yeast in the presence of various solid iron sources (metallic iron, magnetite, and lepidocrocite) containing iron in different valence states were examined. By applying the classical plate method, the formation of pulcherrimin, was observed both when iron source is in the close contact and at some distance. Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to determine type of iron compounds formed through the interaction of the iron materials and the growth medium and the yeast, electrochemistry was used to test the ability of <em>Metschnikowia</em> cells to reduce iron ions, and microscopy was used to examine the pulcherrimin accumulation sites in cells. The Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed the presence of non-soluble pulcherrimin, intermediate Fe<sup>3+</sup> compounds and some Fe<sup>2+</sup> containing substances. Electrochemical measurements suggested the presence of redox active centers, which are able to reduce Fe<sup>3+</sup> to Fe<sup>2+</sup>, in the cell membranes. Microscopy showed that the red pigment mostly accumulated in the chlamydospores. Although inhibition of <em>Metschnikowia</em> yeast growth was observed in the initial phase, pulcherrimin-producing yeast showed good resistance to high concentrations of metals (both iron and copper).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 8","pages":"Article 101679"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of color formation in Naematelia sinensis fruiting bodies through multi-omics approaches 利用多组学方法解读中华栗子实体颜色形成的调控机制

IF 3 3区生物学 Q2 MYCOLOGY

Fungal biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101667

Yukang Zeng , Zhenhui Shen , Yao Cao , Xiangying Luo , Linlei Yang , Qingqing Lu , Rongchun Li

Naematelia sinensis fruiting bodies, a complex composed of Naematelia sinensis and Stereum hirsutum, exhibit unique characteristics due to the symbiosis of these two fungi and their distinct color features. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the coloration of N. sinensis fruiting bodies and the interactions between the two fungi remain poorly understood. In this study, we integrated transcriptomic and non-targeted metabolomic data from three variants of N. sinensis fruiting bodies—white fruiting bodies (control), yellow variant (treatment_1), and yellow fruiting bodies (treatment_2)—to investigate the relationship between the two fungi and color accumulation. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the transcriptomic and metabolomic data showed overlap between control and treatment_1 but a clear separation from treatment_2, indicating the reliability of the data. Integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome has unveiled key metabolic pathways associated with pigment accumulation in N. sinensis fruiting bodies. These pathways include the biosynthesis of cofactors, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, as well as the metabolism of tryptophan. In riboflavin metabolism, one gene (NAU27003364) was identified in N. sinensis, while three genes (STEHIDRAFT_95968, STEHIDRAFT_153579, and STEHIDRAFT_86958) were identified in S. hirsutum. The quantification of riboflavin and qRT-PCR results also indicated that most of them exhibited differences. This study represents the first multi-omics investigation into the functional pathways underlying color transformation in the fruiting bodies of N. sinensis, elucidating the regulatory interactions between N. sinensis and S. hirsutum. Our findings provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of color transformation and the selective cultivation of fungal strains.

Naematelia sinensis子实体是Naematelia sinensis和Stereum hirsutum组成的复合体，由于这两种真菌的共生关系和不同的颜色特征，其子实体具有独特的特征。然而，关于中华乳霉子实体着色的调控机制以及两种真菌之间的相互作用仍知之甚少。本研究综合了三种不同菌种——白色子实体（对照）、黄色子实体（处理_1）和黄色子实体（处理_2）的转录组学和非靶向代谢组学数据，探讨了这两种真菌与颜色积累的关系。主成分分析（PCA）表明，对照组和处理组的转录组学和代谢组学数据存在重叠，而处理组的转录组学和代谢组学数据存在明显的分离，表明数据的可靠性。通过转录组学和代谢组学的综合分析，揭示了白杨子实体色素积累的关键代谢途径。这些途径包括辅助因子、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成，以及色氨酸的代谢。在核黄素代谢方面，在中华白颡鱼中鉴定到1个基因（NAU27003364），在毛颡鱼中鉴定到3个基因（STEHIDRAFT_95968、STEHIDRAFT_153579和STEHIDRAFT_86958）。核黄素的定量和qRT-PCR结果也表明，它们大部分存在差异。本研究首次采用多组学方法研究了中华白檀子实体颜色转化的功能通路，阐明了中华白檀与毛檀之间的调控相互作用。本研究结果为理解颜色转化的分子机制和真菌菌株的选择性培养提供了理论基础。

{"title":"Deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of color formation in Naematelia sinensis fruiting bodies through multi-omics approaches","authors":"Yukang Zeng , Zhenhui Shen , Yao Cao , Xiangying Luo , Linlei Yang , Qingqing Lu , Rongchun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Naematelia sinensis</em> fruiting bodies, a complex composed of <em>Naematelia sinensis</em> and <em>Stereum hirsutum</em>, exhibit unique characteristics due to the symbiosis of these two fungi and their distinct color features. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the coloration of <em>N. sinensis</em> fruiting bodies and the interactions between the two fungi remain poorly understood. In this study, we integrated transcriptomic and non-targeted metabolomic data from three variants of <em>N. sinensis</em> fruiting bodies—white fruiting bodies (control), yellow variant (treatment_1), and yellow fruiting bodies (treatment_2)—to investigate the relationship between the two fungi and color accumulation. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the transcriptomic and metabolomic data showed overlap between control and treatment_1 but a clear separation from treatment_2, indicating the reliability of the data. Integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome has unveiled key metabolic pathways associated with pigment accumulation in <em>N. sinensis</em> fruiting bodies. These pathways include the biosynthesis of cofactors, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, as well as the metabolism of tryptophan. In riboflavin metabolism, one gene (<em>NAU27003364</em>) was identified in <em>N. sinensis</em>, while three genes (<em>STEHIDRAFT_95968</em>, <em>STEHIDRAFT_153579</em>, and <em>STEHIDRAFT_86958</em>) were identified in <em>S</em>. <em>hirsutum</em>. The quantification of riboflavin and qRT-PCR results also indicated that most of them exhibited differences. This study represents the first multi-omics investigation into the functional pathways underlying color transformation in the fruiting bodies of <em>N. sinensis</em>, elucidating the regulatory interactions between <em>N. sinensis</em> and <em>S</em>. <em>hirsutum</em>. Our findings provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of color transformation and the selective cultivation of fungal strains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 8","pages":"Article 101667"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Observation of novel internal structures within sclerotia of industrial Aspergillus oryzae strains 工业米曲霉菌核内新结构的观察

IF 3 3区生物学 Q2 MYCOLOGY

Fungal biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101669

Kazunori Sawada , Takuji Yamada

This study explored sclerotia-forming strains from industrial Aspergillus oryzae strains, focusing on factors contributing to sclerotial morphological diversity. Using rice bran medium, ten MAT1-1 industrial strains capable of producing sclerotia were newly identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains in the specific clade are particularly prone to sclerotia formation under the conditions tested. Controlled environmental conditions, including specific CO₂ concentrations and incubation periods, facilitated the development of novel internal structures that have not been previously reported in A. oryzae. Although these internal structures resemble ascocarps found in other Aspergillus species, no evidence related to reproduction was identified. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the roles of these internal structures. The findings of this study provide a foundation for future research into the cryptic sexual reproduction of A. oryzae.

本研究从工业米曲霉菌株中探索了形成菌核的菌株，重点研究了影响菌核形态多样性的因素。以米糠为培养基，新鉴定了10株具有产菌核能力的MAT1-1工业菌株。系统发育分析显示，在测试条件下，特定分支中的菌株特别容易形成菌核。可控的环境条件，包括特定的二氧化碳浓度和孵育期，促进了a.o oryzae中以前未报道的新型内部结构的发展。虽然这些内部结构类似于其他曲霉菌物种的子囊，但没有发现与繁殖有关的证据。需要进一步的研究来阐明这些内部结构的作用。本研究结果为进一步研究稻芽孢杆菌的隐性有性生殖奠定了基础。

引用次数: 0

Effector molecules and pathogenicity-associated gene expression in Ascochyta rabiei 豚鼠蛔蚴的效应分子及致病性相关基因表达

IF 3 3区生物学 Q2 MYCOLOGY

Fungal biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101668

Mahmuda Binte Monsur, Ido Bar, Jonathan Wanderley Lawley, Rebecca Ford

The necrotrophic fungus Ascochyta rabiei poses a significant threat to chickpea cultivation worldwide, leading to severe yield losses and quality reduction. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the pathogenicity of A. rabiei is essential for developing effective management strategies. This study employed transcriptomic analyses to compare the gene expression profiles among two A. rabiei isolates with differing pathogenicity levels (highly pathogenic AR0231 and low pathogenic AR0225) during interaction of PBA HatTrick chickpea genotype at the early podding stage. PBA HatTrick is classified as moderately susceptible to A. rabiei based on field trial ratings from the GRDC National Variety Trials. Like most cultivated chickpea varieties, its resistance to A. rabiei is generally considered polygenic and quantitative in nature, with no major resistance gene identified to date. A total of 105 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 57 upregulated and 48 downregulated in AR0231. Notably, effector-related genes were prominent among the upregulated DEGs, including EKO05_0002468, a homolog of the CoNIS1 effector gene that suppresses plant immunity, and EKO05_0010552, a homolog of PsGIP2/PsGIP1 encoding a glucanase inhibitor that protects fungal cell walls from host enzymes. Additionally, EKO05_0001368, homologous to PesCDA/VdPDA1, encodes a chitin-binding effector linked to immune evasion. Downregulated DEGs included EKO05_0006947, a LysM-domain effector homolog implicated in masking fungal chitin from host detection. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms employed by A. rabiei during infection of mature chickpea tissue and highlight candidate genes for future research on improving chickpea resistance to Ascochyta blight.

坏死性真菌Ascochyta rabiei对全球鹰嘴豆种植构成重大威胁，导致严重的产量损失和质量下降。了解rabiei致病性背后的分子机制对于制定有效的管理策略至关重要。本研究采用转录组学分析方法，比较了两株不同致病性水平（高致病性AR0231和低致病性AR0225）的拉贝伊芽胞杆菌与PBA鹰嘴豆基因型在结荚早期互作过程中的基因表达谱。根据GRDC国家品种试验的现场试验评级，PBA HatTrick被归类为中等易感的rabiei。与大多数栽培鹰嘴豆品种一样，鹰嘴豆对rabiei的抗性通常被认为是多基因和定量的，迄今为止没有发现主要的抗性基因。共鉴定出105个差异表达基因（DEGs），其中AR0231中有57个表达上调，48个表达下调。值得注意的是，效应相关基因在上调的deg中表现突出，包括EKO05_0002468 （CoNIS1效应基因的同源物，抑制植物免疫）和EKO05_0010552 （PsGIP2/PsGIP1的同源物，编码葡聚糖酶抑制剂，保护真菌细胞壁免受宿主酶的侵害）。此外，EKO05_0001368与PesCDA/VdPDA1同源，编码与免疫逃避相关的几丁质结合效应。下调的DEGs包括EKO05_0006947，这是一个lysm结构域效应同源物，涉及掩盖真菌几丁质的宿主检测。这些发现为进一步了解rabiei侵染鹰嘴豆成熟组织的分子机制提供了新的思路，并为今后鹰嘴豆抗枯萎病的研究提供了候选基因。

{"title":"Effector molecules and pathogenicity-associated gene expression in Ascochyta rabiei","authors":"Mahmuda Binte Monsur, Ido Bar, Jonathan Wanderley Lawley, Rebecca Ford","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The necrotrophic fungus <em>Ascochyta rabiei</em> poses a significant threat to chickpea cultivation worldwide, leading to severe yield losses and quality reduction. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the pathogenicity of <em>A. rabiei</em> is essential for developing effective management strategies. This study employed transcriptomic analyses to compare the gene expression profiles among two <em>A. rabiei</em> isolates with differing pathogenicity levels (highly pathogenic AR0231 and low pathogenic AR0225) during interaction of PBA HatTrick chickpea genotype at the early podding stage. PBA HatTrick is classified as moderately susceptible to <em>A. rabiei</em> based on field trial ratings from the GRDC National Variety Trials. Like most cultivated chickpea varieties, its resistance to <em>A. rabiei</em> is generally considered polygenic and quantitative in nature, with no major resistance gene identified to date. A total of 105 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 57 upregulated and 48 downregulated in AR0231. Notably, effector-related genes were prominent among the upregulated DEGs, including EKO05_0002468, a homolog of the CoNIS1 effector gene that suppresses plant immunity, and EKO05_0010552, a homolog of PsGIP2/PsGIP1 encoding a glucanase inhibitor that protects fungal cell walls from host enzymes. Additionally, EKO05_0001368, homologous to PesCDA/VdPDA1, encodes a chitin-binding effector linked to immune evasion. Downregulated DEGs included EKO05_0006947, a LysM-domain effector homolog implicated in masking fungal chitin from host detection. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms employed by <em>A. rabiei</em> during infection of mature chickpea tissue and highlight candidate genes for future research on improving chickpea resistance to Ascochyta blight.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 8","pages":"Article 101668"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Improved production of mycophenolic acid in Penicillium brevicompactum by RNAi-mediated hmgcl gene silencing rnai介导的hmgcl基因沉默提高短压缩青霉霉霉酚酸的产量

IF 3 3区生物学 Q2 MYCOLOGY

Fungal biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101666

Yi Lin , JingJing Wang , Lin Lin , Tao Li , Yan Yan , Wei Wei , Dongzhi Wei

Penicillium brevicompactum is an industrial fungus used to produce mycophenolic acid (MPA), which has a strong Mevalonate (MVA) pathway metabolic flux. However, there are currently limited genetic manipulation tools available and few reports on metabolic regulation analysis for P. brevicompactum. In the synthesis of MPA, the MVA pathway is an important metabolic pathway, and it bifurcates at HMG-CoA, a critical node directing metabolic flux toward either MPA biosynthesis via HMG-CoA reductase or a bypass route mediated by HMG-CoA lyase (HMGCL). While metabolic engineering strategies for enhancing MPA have focused on upregulating the MVA pathway, suppression of competing HMG-CoA lyase-driven carbon diversion remains underexplored. Here, we employ RNA interference (RNAi) to silence hmgcl in P. brevicompactum, redirecting flux toward farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), the MPA precursor. Plasmid-based RNAi knockdown reduced hmgcl transcript levels to 6.3 % of wild-type, yielding a 59 % increase in MPA titer (4.36 g/L). Our findings establish RNAi-mediated pathway balancing as a potent strategy for optimizing isoprenoid biosynthesis and underscore the untapped potential of silencing competing enzymes in fungal secondary metabolism. This approach provides a scalable framework for enhancing high-value metabolites in non-model filamentous fungi.

短孔青霉菌是一种用于生产霉酚酸（MPA）的工业真菌，具有很强的甲羟戊酸（MVA）途径代谢通量。然而，目前可用的遗传操作工具有限，关于短包皮草代谢调控分析的报道很少。在MPA的合成过程中，MVA途径是一个重要的代谢途径，它在HMG-CoA处分叉，这是一个关键节点，指导代谢通量通过HMG-CoA还原酶或HMG-CoA裂解酶（HMGCL）介导的MPA生物合成途径。虽然提高MPA的代谢工程策略主要集中在上调MVA途径上，但抑制竞争的HMG-CoA裂解酶驱动的碳转移仍未得到充分探索。在这里，我们使用RNA干扰（RNAi）来沉默P. brevicompactum中的hmgcl，将通量重定向到法尼酯焦磷酸（FPP）， MPA前体。基于质粒的RNAi敲低将hmgcl转录物水平降低至野生型的6.3%，使MPA滴度增加59% （4.36 g/L）。我们的研究结果证实了rnai介导的通路平衡是优化类异戊二烯生物合成的有效策略，并强调了在真菌次生代谢中沉默竞争酶的未开发潜力。这种方法为增强非模式丝状真菌的高价值代谢物提供了可扩展的框架。

{"title":"Improved production of mycophenolic acid in Penicillium brevicompactum by RNAi-mediated hmgcl gene silencing","authors":"Yi Lin , JingJing Wang , Lin Lin , Tao Li , Yan Yan , Wei Wei , Dongzhi Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Penicillium brevicompactum</em> is an industrial fungus used to produce mycophenolic acid (MPA), which has a strong Mevalonate (MVA) pathway metabolic flux. However, there are currently limited genetic manipulation tools available and few reports on metabolic regulation analysis for <em>P. brevicompactum</em>. In the synthesis of MPA, the MVA pathway is an important metabolic pathway, and it bifurcates at HMG-CoA, a critical node directing metabolic flux toward either MPA biosynthesis via HMG-CoA reductase or a bypass route mediated by HMG-CoA lyase (HMGCL). While metabolic engineering strategies for enhancing MPA have focused on upregulating the MVA pathway, suppression of competing HMG-CoA lyase-driven carbon diversion remains underexplored. Here, we employ RNA interference (RNAi) to silence <em>hmgcl</em> in <em>P. brevicompactum</em>, redirecting flux toward farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), the MPA precursor. Plasmid-based RNAi knockdown reduced <em>hmgcl</em> transcript levels to 6.3 % of wild-type, yielding a 59 % increase in MPA titer (4.36 g/L). Our findings establish RNAi-mediated pathway balancing as a potent strategy for optimizing isoprenoid biosynthesis and underscore the untapped potential of silencing competing enzymes in fungal secondary metabolism. This approach provides a scalable framework for enhancing high-value metabolites in non-model filamentous fungi.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 8","pages":"Article 101666"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Two homeobox transcription factors CgrHtf1 and CgrAfh1 hierarchically regulate asexual sporulation and appressorium formation in the maize anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola. 两个同源盒转录因子CgrHtf1和CgrAfh1在玉米炭疽病真菌Colletotrichum graminicola中分层调节无性孢子形成和附着胞形成。

IF 3 3区生物学 Q2 MYCOLOGY

Fungal biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101637

Shuangzhen Zhou, Chenchen Guo, Wen Tang, Zhiqiang Liu, Xiaoyu Li

Maize anthracnose, caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola, is among the most devastating diseases affecting maize production. Homeobox transcription factors (HTFs) regulate key developmental and physiological processes in eukaryotes, including fungal pathogenesis. In this study, we identified two HTFs, CgrHtf1 and CgrAfh1, in C. graminicola. Both CgrHtf1 and CgrAfh1 contain a conserved homeobox domain and exhibit distinct nuclear localization, consistent with their predicted roles as transcriptional regulators. Disruption of Cgrhtf1 sharply reduced conidial production while increasing melanin biosynthesis. In contrast, deletion of Cgrafh1 not only impaired conidiation but also abolished the formation of functional appressoria and hyphopodia. Notably, overexpression of Cgrafh1 enhanced appressorium formation compared to the wild-type strain, suggesting its crucial role in the morphogenesis of appressoria. Transcriptome analysis revealed that CgrHtf1 regulates many genes associated with melanin biosynthesis, fungal development and cell cycle control, while CgrAfh1 predominantly modulates the expression of genes linked to signal transduction, cell cycle progression and autophagy processes. Collectively, we demonstrate that CgrHtf1 controls conidiation and melanin biosynthesis, whereas CgrAfh1 governs appressorium development, revealing hierarchical regulation of infection-related morphogenesis in C. graminicola.

玉米炭疽病是影响玉米生产的最具破坏性的病害之一，由真菌病原菌炭疽菌引起。同源盒转录因子（HTFs）调节真核生物的关键发育和生理过程，包括真菌发病机制。在本研究中，我们在C. graminicola中鉴定了CgrHtf1和CgrAfh1两个HTFs。CgrHtf1和CgrAfh1都含有一个保守的同源盒结构域，并表现出不同的核定位，这与它们作为转录调节因子的预测作用一致。Cgrhtf1的破坏急剧减少了分生孢子的产生，同时增加了黑色素的生物合成。相比之下，Cgrafh1的缺失不仅损害了孢子的形成，而且还破坏了功能性附着胞和菌丝的形成。值得注意的是，与野生型菌株相比，Cgrafh1的过表达增强了附着胞的形成，表明其在附着胞的形态发生中起着至关重要的作用。转录组分析显示，CgrHtf1调节许多与黑色素生物合成、真菌发育和细胞周期控制相关的基因，而CgrAfh1主要调节与信号转导、细胞周期进程和自噬过程相关的基因的表达。总之，我们证明CgrHtf1控制条件和黑色素生物合成，而CgrAfh1控制附着胞发育，揭示了C. graminicola感染相关形态发生的分层调节。

{"title":"Two homeobox transcription factors CgrHtf1 and CgrAfh1 hierarchically regulate asexual sporulation and appressorium formation in the maize anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola.","authors":"Shuangzhen Zhou, Chenchen Guo, Wen Tang, Zhiqiang Liu, Xiaoyu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maize anthracnose, caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola, is among the most devastating diseases affecting maize production. Homeobox transcription factors (HTFs) regulate key developmental and physiological processes in eukaryotes, including fungal pathogenesis. In this study, we identified two HTFs, CgrHtf1 and CgrAfh1, in C. graminicola. Both CgrHtf1 and CgrAfh1 contain a conserved homeobox domain and exhibit distinct nuclear localization, consistent with their predicted roles as transcriptional regulators. Disruption of Cgrhtf1 sharply reduced conidial production while increasing melanin biosynthesis. In contrast, deletion of Cgrafh1 not only impaired conidiation but also abolished the formation of functional appressoria and hyphopodia. Notably, overexpression of Cgrafh1 enhanced appressorium formation compared to the wild-type strain, suggesting its crucial role in the morphogenesis of appressoria. Transcriptome analysis revealed that CgrHtf1 regulates many genes associated with melanin biosynthesis, fungal development and cell cycle control, while CgrAfh1 predominantly modulates the expression of genes linked to signal transduction, cell cycle progression and autophagy processes. Collectively, we demonstrate that CgrHtf1 controls conidiation and melanin biosynthesis, whereas CgrAfh1 governs appressorium development, revealing hierarchical regulation of infection-related morphogenesis in C. graminicola.</p>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 6","pages":"101637"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145015001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative analysis of Biomod2 statistical and machine learning methods for Lactarius deliciosus distribution in Refahiye, Turkiye. 土耳其Refahiye地区美味乳牛分布的Biomod2统计与机器学习方法比较分析。

IF 3 3区生物学 Q2 MYCOLOGY

Fungal biology

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101638

Daniela Cedano Giraldo, Derya Mumcu Kucuker

The spatial prediction of edible fungi is essential for the conservation and sustainable use of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) and contributes to the understanding of fungal biodiversity in forest ecosystems. This study compares multiple species distribution modeling (SDM) techniques to predict the spatial distribution of Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray in the Refahiye and Tekçam Forest Planning Units (FPUs) in Türkiye. Using the Biomod2 platform, we implemented five modeling algorithms: generalized linear models (GLM), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), classification tree analysis (CTA), boosted regression trees (BRT), and random forests (RF). Among these, the RF model outperformed the others, demonstrating superior accuracy across all performance metrics, likely due to its ability to handle non-linear relationships, categorical predictor variables, and complex interactions without requiring extensive parameter tuning. The resulting RF-based suitability map provides valuable guidance for sustainable mushroom harvesting, forest management planning, and the conservation of mycological resources.

食用菌的空间预测对非木材林产品的保护和可持续利用具有重要意义，有助于了解森林生态系统真菌的生物多样性。采用多物种分布模型（SDM）预测美味乳牛（Lactarius deliciosus， L.）的空间分布。灰色在Refahiye和tekam森林规划单位（fpu）在缅甸。利用Biomod2平台，我们实现了五种建模算法：广义线性模型（GLM）、多元自适应样条回归（MARS）、分类树分析（CTA）、增强回归树（BRT）和随机森林（RF）。其中，RF模型的表现优于其他模型，在所有性能指标上都表现出卓越的准确性，这可能是由于它能够处理非线性关系、分类预测变量和复杂的相互作用，而不需要大量的参数调整。由此产生的基于rf的适宜性图为蘑菇的可持续收获、森林管理规划和真菌资源保护提供了有价值的指导。

{"title":"Comparative analysis of Biomod2 statistical and machine learning methods for Lactarius deliciosus distribution in Refahiye, Turkiye.","authors":"Daniela Cedano Giraldo, Derya Mumcu Kucuker","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The spatial prediction of edible fungi is essential for the conservation and sustainable use of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) and contributes to the understanding of fungal biodiversity in forest ecosystems. This study compares multiple species distribution modeling (SDM) techniques to predict the spatial distribution of Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray in the Refahiye and Tekçam Forest Planning Units (FPUs) in Türkiye. Using the Biomod2 platform, we implemented five modeling algorithms: generalized linear models (GLM), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), classification tree analysis (CTA), boosted regression trees (BRT), and random forests (RF). Among these, the RF model outperformed the others, demonstrating superior accuracy across all performance metrics, likely due to its ability to handle non-linear relationships, categorical predictor variables, and complex interactions without requiring extensive parameter tuning. The resulting RF-based suitability map provides valuable guidance for sustainable mushroom harvesting, forest management planning, and the conservation of mycological resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 6","pages":"101638"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145014981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Phylogeny and ecological roles shaping yeast-hyphae morphogenesis in Ophiostomataceae 蛇气孔科酵母菌丝形态发生的系统发育及其生态作用

IF 3 3区生物学 Q2 MYCOLOGY

Fungal biology

Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101665

Khaled Abdrabo El-Sayid Abdrabo , Guan Jie Phang , Yu-Hsuan Fan , Yin-Tse Huang

The Ophiostomataceae family encompasses numerous species that exhibit yeast-hyphae dimorphism, including well-known pathogens like the causal agents of Dutch elm disease, blue-staining fungi, and sporotrichosis. This dimorphism is not only observed in pathogenic interactions but also plays a crucial role in symbiotic relationships, such as ambrosia fungi. The ability to switch between these morphological forms may contribute to their adaptability and ecological functions within different environments and host interactions. This study seeks to elucidate the intricate interplay between dimorphism and fungal lifestyles across the species within the Ophiostomataceae family. We investigated six Ophiostomataceae genera: Raffaelea, Harringtonia, Leptographium, Ophiostoma, Heinzbutinia, and Esteya, representing four contrasting fungal lifestyles: ambrosia, non-ambrosia, pathogenic, and non-pathogenic. Under standardized growth conditions using a chemically defined medium with DL-proline as the sole nitrogen source, all strains, except one, exhibited increased yeast morphotype growth (≥50%). Our tested species exhibited varied responses to inoculum size, highlighting inter-species variation in response to inoculum size effects. Moreover, we traced the evolutionary history of dimorphism across the Ophiostomataceae family. Our results suggest that dimorphism was likely a trait of the common ancestor of Ophiostomataceae. Our analyses revealed that the dimorphic trait shows a strong phylogenetic signal, i.e., its presence or loss is conserved within specific phylogenetic lineages. Moreover, we found that dimorphism and ambrosia lifestyle are evolutionarily correlated across the Ophiostomataceae phylogeny. This study deepens our understanding of how the interplay between dimorphism and lifestyle has shaped the evolutionary trajectory of the Ophiostomataceae

麻口菌科包括许多表现出酵母-菌丝二态性的物种，包括众所周知的病原体，如荷兰榆树病的致病因子，蓝染真菌和孢子菌病。这种二态性不仅在病原相互作用中观察到，而且在共生关系中也起着至关重要的作用，例如ambrosia真菌。在这些形态形式之间切换的能力可能有助于它们在不同环境和宿主相互作用中的适应性和生态功能。本研究旨在阐明二态性和真菌生活方式之间复杂的相互作用在整个物种内的蛇口科。我们调查了6个蛇口科属：Raffaelea， Harringtonia, Leptographium, Ophiostoma， Heinzbutinia和Esteya，代表了四种不同的真菌生活方式：ambrosia， non-ambrosia，致病性和非致病性。在以dl -脯氨酸为唯一氮源的化学定义培养基的标准化生长条件下，除1株外，所有菌株都表现出酵母形态型增长（≥50%）。我们测试的物种对接种量的反应不同，突出了物种间对接种量效应的反应差异。此外，我们还追溯了整个蛇口科二态性的进化历史。我们的结果表明，二态性可能是蛇口科共同祖先的一个特征。我们的分析表明，二态性状显示出强烈的系统发育信号，即它的存在或消失在特定的系统发育谱系中是保守的。此外，我们还发现在整个蛇口科系统发育中，二态性和双生生活方式具有进化相关性。这项研究加深了我们对二态性和生活方式之间的相互作用如何塑造了蛇口科植物的进化轨迹的理解

{"title":"Phylogeny and ecological roles shaping yeast-hyphae morphogenesis in Ophiostomataceae","authors":"Khaled Abdrabo El-Sayid Abdrabo , Guan Jie Phang , Yu-Hsuan Fan , Yin-Tse Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The <em>Ophiostomataceae</em> family encompasses numerous species that exhibit yeast-hyphae dimorphism, including well-known pathogens like the causal agents of Dutch elm disease, blue-staining fungi, and sporotrichosis. This dimorphism is not only observed in pathogenic interactions but also plays a crucial role in symbiotic relationships, such as ambrosia fungi. The ability to switch between these morphological forms may contribute to their adaptability and ecological functions within different environments and host interactions. This study seeks to elucidate the intricate interplay between dimorphism and fungal lifestyles across the species within the <em>Ophiostomataceae</em> family. We investigated six <em>Ophiostomataceae</em> genera: <em>Raffaelea</em>, <em>Harringtonia</em>, <em>Leptographium</em>, <em>Ophiostoma</em>, <em>Heinzbutinia</em>, and <em>Esteya</em>, representing four contrasting fungal lifestyles: ambrosia, non-ambrosia, pathogenic, and non-pathogenic. Under standardized growth conditions using a chemically defined medium with DL-proline as the sole nitrogen source, all strains, except one, exhibited increased yeast morphotype growth (≥50%). Our tested species exhibited varied responses to inoculum size, highlighting inter-species variation in response to inoculum size effects. Moreover, we traced the evolutionary history of dimorphism across the <em>Ophiostomataceae</em> family. Our results suggest that dimorphism was likely a trait of the common ancestor of <em>Ophiostomataceae.</em> Our analyses revealed that the dimorphic trait shows a strong phylogenetic signal, i.e., its presence or loss is conserved within specific phylogenetic lineages. Moreover, we found that dimorphism and ambrosia lifestyle are evolutionarily correlated across the <em>Ophiostomataceae</em> phylogeny. This study deepens our understanding of how the interplay between dimorphism and lifestyle has shaped the evolutionary trajectory of the <em>Ophiostomataceae</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"130 1","pages":"Article 101665"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0