Geoscience frontiers最新文献

{"title":"Early–Middle Permian paleogeomorphic transformations in the northwestern Upper Yangtze region: Implications for the evolution of the eastern Paleo-Tethys oceans","authors":"Minglong Li ,&nbsp;Qiang Xu ,&nbsp;Xiucheng Tan ,&nbsp;Bing Luo ,&nbsp;Yuan Zhong ,&nbsp;Di Xiao ,&nbsp;Zhanfeng Qiao ,&nbsp;Wenjie Yang ,&nbsp;Qilong Yang ,&nbsp;Yu Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding how the multi-branches subduction of the Paleo-Tethyan Ocean controlled the intraplate tectono-sedimentary evolution of the South China Block (SCB) is fundamental to comprehending the mechanisms of ocean-continent transformation in cratonic basins and the formation of the Sichuan super-basin. This study investigated the Lower–Middle Permian successions (Liangshan, Chihsia, and Maokou formations) on the northwestern margin of the SCB, a critical area lies at the junction between the Songpan–Garzê and Qinling tectonic domains. These Permian successions are subdivided into four three-order sequences based on an isochronous stratigraphic framework that integrates various analyses of lithofacies, gamma-ray, stable isotopes, and zircon U-Pb ages. Lithofacies associations reveal that Lower-Middle Permian sequences record the sedimentary evolution process from shore–swamp environments to rimmed platforms. The paleogeomorphology pattern transitioned from a northwest lowland and southeast highland in the early Permian to a northeast lowland and southwest highland in the middle Permian, with corresponding development of linear high-energy grain shoals trending to northeast and northwest, respectively. These changes in lithofacies and paleogeography were attributed to the evolution of multiple branches of the Paleo-Tethyan, including the opening of the Garzê–Litang back-arc Ocean, along the western margin of the SCB in the Early Permian, followed by the rapid northward subduction of the Mianlue Ocean stretching along the northern margin of the SCB. Our findings demonstrate the regional cratonic tectono-sedimentary evolution coupled the multi-stage and multi-directional subduction of Paleo-Tethyan oceanic branches enhances our understanding of global deep-time multi-sphere interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 102204"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-stage exhumation and preservation of the Mujicun porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, North China: A geo-thermochronological perspective","authors":"Fan Yang ,&nbsp;Jingwen Mao ,&nbsp;Gilby Jepson ,&nbsp;Fuquan Yang ,&nbsp;Leon Bagas ,&nbsp;Yingjie Li ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porphyry deposits are critical global sources of Cu, Mo, and Au. However, the mechanisms of post-mineralisation modification, exhumation, and preservation across different tectonic regimes remain poorly understood. The Mujicun deposit, a rare intracontinental porphyry Cu-Mo deposit in the North China Block, formed during the Early Cretaceous lithospheric thinning induced by the Paleo-Pacific slab rollback. Early studies focused predominantly on its genesis, the lack of research on post-mineralisation evolution has hindered regional prospecting. This study employs multiple geo-thermochronology, including zircon-apatite U-Pb and (U-Th)/He dating, as well as apatite fission-track analysis, combined with associated thermal history modelling, to elucidate the deposit’s temporal evolution, exhumation history, and preservation potential. Geochronological data indicate that dioritic magma emplacement and related Cu-Mo mineralisation at Mujicun occurred at ca. 146–141 Ma and ca. 145–138 Ma, respectively, coinciding with regional extension driven by Paleo-Pacific subduction. Integrated geo-thermochronological data and thermal history modelling reveal four tectono-thermal phases: (1) Late Cretaceous rapid cooling (ca. 110–95 Ma) and slow cooling during ca. 95–66 Ma, linked to lithospheric thinning of the eastern North China Block and the early uplift of the Taihang Mountains, triggered by Paleo-Pacific subduction and Okhotomorsk-Eurasia collision; (2) Late Cretaceous to Paleogene weak reheating (ca. 85–35 Ma), attributed to coeval sedimentary burial in the North Taihang Mountain and the nearby Bohai Basin; (3) Paleogene slow cooling (ca. 66–35 Ma), correlated with Pacific slab rollback and far-field effects from the India-Eurasia collision, inducing extensional uplift and exhumation of the Taihang Mountains; and (4) Neogene enhanced cooling (ca. 35–15 Ma), driven by Pacific subduction, India-Eurasia convergence, Tibetan Plateau extrusion, and the intensified East Asian monsoon, resulting in differential exhumation and planation of the Taihang Mountains. The Mujicun deposit shows exceptional preservation, as its total exhumation depth since ∼110 Ma (∼3.56 km) closely aligns with its original ore-forming depth (∼3.2–3.9 km). This indicates minimal post-mineralisation exhumation and limited erosional modification. Whereas current exploration targets shallow mineralisation (&lt;1.5 km), significantly deeper regional ore-forming depths (e.g., Dawan Mo deposit: 0.76–9.76 km) highlight the important potential for undiscovered Cu-Mo resources at depth within the North Taihang Mountain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 102184"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145474585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in hydrological regime regulate POC export across permafrost-dominated Arctic River basins","authors":"Shiqi Liu ,&nbsp;Ping Wang ,&nbsp;Jingjie Yu ,&nbsp;Renjie Zhou ,&nbsp;Bing Bai ,&nbsp;Olga I. Gabysheva ,&nbsp;Natalia L. Frolova ,&nbsp;Sergey P. Pozdniakov","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Warming-driven acceleration of hydrological processes is altering the carbon cycle in permafrost-dominated Arctic regions, yet the underlying drivers remain unclear. This study analyzes ArcticGRO data (2003–2021) from six major Arctic rivers (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Kolyma, Yukon, and Mackenzie) to investigate trends and spatial–temporal variations in riverine particulate organic carbon (POC). The annual POC flux from these six rivers, estimated using the Load Estimator (LOADEST), averaged 2.78 Tg. Only the Lena River showed a notable annual decrease in POC flux (−3.9%/yr, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and concentration (−12%/yr, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), while the Yukon River exhibited increasing streamflow (+0.98%/yr, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and POC flux (+3.2%/yr, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). POC flux variations were primarily governed by streamflow and POC concentration, with higher concentrations in spring floods period and lower during winter. Spatial differences were linked to drainage density (<em>Dd</em>) and forest coverage (<em>Fc</em>). The Yukon River basin, with a higher <em>Dd</em> of 0.2 km/km² and lower <em>Fc</em> approximately 24%, exhibits the highest POC concentrations (2.3 mg/L). In contrast, the Yenisei River basin has the lowest POC concentration (∼0.4 mg/L), along with a relatively low drainage density (<em>Dd</em> = 0.18 km/km²) and a high forest cover (<em>Fc</em> = 67%). Permafrost conditions constrained riverine POC export, with isotopic evidence indicating a shift from a carbon sink to a source, as POC carbon age increased by ∼ 200 to 1700 years (4%–68%) annually, peaking in winter (700–2500 years) after 2012. Rivers with lower permafrost coverage (e.g., Ob, Yenisei), exhibit higher winter POC fluxes contributions (10%–20%), while others contributed &lt; 5%, suggesting the role of permafrost degradation in winter carbon export. This study emphasizes the need to assess climate-driven hydrological shifts and permafrost thaw in shaping Arctic land-to-ocean carbon fluxes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 102208"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145526176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical mineral supply chains and the economics of energy transition: A carbon decomposition perspective of growth and decoupling","authors":"Hu Fu ,&nbsp;Mona Alariqi","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Critical minerals like copper, lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements form the backbone of low-carbon technologies and are central to the success of global energy transitions. Their availability and the security of their supply chains determine the scalability of renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, battery storage, and hydrogen technologies. For member countries of the International Energy Agency (IEA), which plays a pivotal role in global energy markets, ensuring resilient access to these minerals is inseparable from the broader challenge of decoupling economic growth from carbon emissions. This study examines the dynamics of energy and carbon decomposition as mechanisms for decoupling economic growth from energy-related emissions across certain IEA countries between 1995 and 2022. The analysis employs a decomposition framework that incorporates value-added carbon intensity, value-added energy intensity, and CO₂ transport and storage while accounting for the enabling role of critical mineral availability. The results reveal that improvements in energy decomposition significantly strengthen the decoupling of growth from emissions, whereas increases in carbon decomposition weaken it. Similarly, higher value-added energy intensity and carbon intensity are positively associated with decoupling, while expanded CO₂ transport and storage capacity tend to reduce its effectiveness. Notably, integrating into the analysis considerations related to mineral supply demonstrates that stable and diversified access to critical resources magnifies the benefits of energy decomposition while mitigating the risks that are linked to carbon intensity. These findings underscore the dual importance of policy frameworks that advance energy efficiency and decomposition and strategies that secure critical mineral supply chains to ensure clean technologies’ scalability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 102181"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon enrichment processes in the oceanic upper mantle preserved in peridotites from Sal Island (Cape Verde)","authors":"Andrea Maffeis ,&nbsp;Maria Luce Frezzotti ,&nbsp;Rosario Esposito ,&nbsp;Marco G. Malusà ,&nbsp;Alessandro Aiuppa ,&nbsp;Andrea Luca Rizzo ,&nbsp;Simona Ferrando","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the petrological and metasomatic processes that lead to carbon enrichment in peridotites from Sal Island, Cape Verde. Geochemical and mineralogical analyses reveal a heterogeneous lithospheric mantle, consisting of harzburgites showing ultrarefractory compositions indicative of 20 %–40 % melting degrees, as well as fertile spinel lherzolites. Evidence of metasomatism is demonstrated by the formation of reaction coronae around dissolving orthopyroxene, consisting of olivine, clinopyroxene, spinel, and interstitial phonolitic glass, together with trachytic/phonolitic glass + carbonate (calcite, aragonite, and dolomite) microveins associated with CO₂ fluid-rich melt inclusions (Type I and II) cutting through olivine and orthopyroxene. The widely differing proportions of silicate and carbonate components in inclusions likely reflect heterogeneous trapping of melt/fluid and degassing CO₂. Thermobarometric data indicate equilibration temperatures from 950 to 1060 °C in harzburgites and up to 1200 °C for reaction coronas in harzburgites and lherzolites, with pressures reaching the aragonite stability field (∼2.2–3.5 GPa, or 66–106 km depth). These observations indicate the infiltration at the base of the lithosphere of a silicate-carbonate melt enriched in alkalies, Al, and volatiles (Cl, S, F, N, P). In microveins, the silicate glass composition (e.g., K and Ti content) is consistent with experimental partial melts derived from carbonated sediments with a minor addition of a carbonated eclogite. Enrichments in major and trace elements in clinopyroxene in harzburgites and lherzolites suggest at least two significant metasomatic events involving alkali-rich silicate-carbonate melts at the base of the lithosphere, and CO₂-rich fluid, alkali-rich silicate melts in the deep lithosphere, close to pressure conditions of the carbonate ledge. The introduction of recycled carbon into the upper mantle beneath the Cape Verde archipelago likely occurred during the multiple subduction events that affected the region in the half a billion years leading to the Pangea assembly. Major mobilisation of crustal components, generation of carbonate-rich melts, and subsequent lithospheric metasomatism were triggered by the Oligocene thermal perturbation associated with the Cape Verde mantle plume.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 102179"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental simulation of the formation processes of natural metal hydrides in sedimentary basins","authors":"Yutong Su ,&nbsp;Renbiao Tao ,&nbsp;Zhijun Jin ,&nbsp;Runchao Liu ,&nbsp;Yunhua Fu ,&nbsp;Lu Wang ,&nbsp;Haozhe Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metal hydrides are essential materials with broad scientific and technological significance, showing unique properties in the fields of energy storage, catalysis, and superconductivity. Inspired by material science, we propose that natural hydrides can form in the Earth’s sedimentary basins due to existing favorable basis of matter and energy, which may provide a new perspective on understanding the geological origin and storage of natural hydrogen. In this study, we use a high-pressure gas reaction analyzer system to explore the hydrogenation reaction of typical transition metal powders (i.e., titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn)) under 50–200 °C and 3–5 MPa conditions relevant to sedimentary basins, and find that the hydrogenation reaction processes show apparent temperature dependence and can be efficiently promoted by pressure. Titanium exhibits a strong affinity for hydrogen, and its reaction with hydrogen is the largest among the four metals. The affinity of vanadium is second only to titanium. The affinity of chromium and manganese is at a similarly low level. As the temperature rises, the reaction quantity of titanium with hydrogen continues to increase; in contrast, the reaction quantity of vanadium and manganese with hydrogen shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing; at 3 MPa, the reaction quantity of chromium with hydrogen shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, and at 5 MPa, the reaction quantity of chromium with hydrogen shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. After the in-situ hydrogenation experiments, combined XRD, ToF-SIMS, and NMR analysis on the quenched samples confirm the formation and stability of metal hydrides. Our study not only reveals the possibility of forming metal hydrides in sedimentary basins but also deepens our understanding of the metal-hydrogen interaction mechanism, providing a specific research basis for the formation of hydrides in shallow basins, which sheds light on the search for natural hydrides in sedimentary basins as a new energy source in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 102206"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145526144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The missing late Cretaceous magmatic arc in the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone (NW Iran): constraints from zircon geochronology, Hf isotopes, and geochemistry","authors":"Ali Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Hadi Shafaii Moghadam ,&nbsp;Amaneh Kaveh-Firouz ,&nbsp;Anna Lechmann ,&nbsp;Fulong Cai ,&nbsp;Lin Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Late Cretaceous magmatic evolution of northwestern (NW) Iran reveals a previously unrecognized continental arc system, the Azerbaijan Continental Magmatic Arc, herein termed the Azerbaijan Continental Magmatic Arc, which is largely obscured by subsequent tectonic overprinting, erosion, and basin burial. Integration of new zircon U-Pb ages, Lu-Hf isotopic data, and whole-rock geochemical compositions from volcanic and plutonic rocks in the Misho, Sufian, Moro, Amand, Vanyar, and Iskandar regions identifies a subduction-related arc system distinct from the Sanandaj–Sirjan and Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic belts. The ∼ 101–97 Ma gabbros and granodiorites record <em>ε</em>_Hf(<em>t</em>) values from + 9.8 to −7.2, reflecting variable mantle and crustal inputs. Arc-like trace-element patterns, including LREE enrichment and subduction-related anomalies, together with structural alignments along the Siah Cheshmeh–Khoy–Misho–Tabriz Fault (SKMT), indicate arc magmatism contemporaneous with transpressional deformation. The magmatic series evolved from juvenile tholeiitic to enriched shoshonitic compositions, tracking increasing crustal assimilation and slab rollback. This flare-up event represents a transient phase of Neo-Tethyan subduction, later overprinted by Eocene intrusions of the Urumieh–Dokhtar Magmatic Arc. Collectively, these results highlight the cryptic preservation of continental arcs and propose that the SKMT Fault marks a concealed suture accommodating Late Cretaceous arc migration and back-arc basin development in NW Iran.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 102205"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145526175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Messinian halite facies: Insights into halite crystallisation and depositional environments using geochemical, petrographic and fluid inclusion studies","authors":"Mara Cipriani ,&nbsp;Alessandra Costanzo ,&nbsp;Martin Feely ,&nbsp;Adriano Guido ,&nbsp;Massimo D’Antonio ,&nbsp;Giovanni Vespasiano ,&nbsp;Sandro Donato ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Cianflone ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Maruca ,&nbsp;Carmine Apollaro ,&nbsp;Francesca Alessandro ,&nbsp;Francesco Perri ,&nbsp;Rocco Dominici","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Crotone Basin (Calabria, Southern Italy) is a representative area in the Italian peninsula where Messinian halite deposits preserve three distinct crystal facies: (i) <em>banded</em> composed of cumulate halite and mud-rich interlayers, (ii) <em>white</em> consisting of bottom-growth crystals with chevron fabrics, and (iii) <em>transparent</em> made up of massive, optically pure crystals. The transparent facies appears to be undocumented in other Mediterranean Messinian basins, offering new perspective on halite crystallisation under variable environmental conditions. Microscopic observations (optical and scanning electron microscopy), supported by high-resolution 3D imaging through synchrotron-based X-ray microtomography, revealed a lack of pervasive recrystallisation in all facies, enabling the non-destructive visualisation of internal fabrics and inclusions. These methods provided critical insights into halite growth dynamics and the environmental conditions prevailing during deposition.</div><div>Microthermometric data indicated that all halite crystals precipitated from a NaCl-MgCl₂-H₂O salt-water system under extreme evaporative conditions, with fluid salinity exceeding 340 ‰ – 360 ‰ and a distinct brine temperature for each facies (∼35 °C in the banded, ∼45 °C in the white, and ∼ 20 °C in the transparent). Strontium isotope ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) placed halite formation within the TG14-TG12 interval (ca. 5.61 – 5.55 Ma), with progressively increasing values from banded to transparent facies, suggesting enhanced continental input and brine dilution in the later stages of deposition.</div><div>Organic matter was detected both in primary fluid inclusions and within the halite lattice, particularly in the white and transparent facies. Raman spectroscopy and UV-epifluorescence revealed amorphous organic compounds, including carotenoids and aliphatic functional groups such as methyl and methylene, which are commonly associated with microbial activity. These findings suggested that organic-rich brines may have played an active role in crystal nucleation and growth dynamics. The chemical immaturity and heterogeneous distribution of organic compounds imply a combination of autochthonous microbial input and episodic allochthonous influx, pointing to complex organic-mineral interactions during halite formation.</div><div>The coexistence of three petrographically distinct halite facies within a confined area, each linked to specific environmental and geochemical conditions, supports the view that halite precipitation was modulated by fluctuations in hydrological balance, brine composition, and organic matter availability. These data contribute to a better understanding of the environmental and geochemical processes that controlled evaporite deposition during the Messinian Salinity Crisis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 102207"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling 4.5 billion years of Earth’s thermal evolution: Insights from core-mantle coupling, lithospheric viscosity, grain-size-dependent rheology, and surface boundary conditions","authors":"Petar Glišović ,&nbsp;Alexander Braun","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102173","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We investigate Earth’s evolution through thermally coupled core-mantle models spanning 4.5 billion years. These models employ a spherical pseudo-spectral approach to solve the conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy within a compressible, self-gravitating mantle. The methodology incorporates time-dependent treatments for core-mantle coupling, dislocation and diffusion creep mechanisms, internal heating, and thermal conductivity. Using 3-D numerical simulations, we evaluate the sensitivity of mantle cooling, viscosity structure, and inner-core growth to variations in lithospheric viscosity, diffusion viscosity, mechanical surface boundary conditions, and initial core-mantle boundary and core liquidus temperatures. Results underscore the central role of lithospheric viscosity, particularly near an effective value of ∼10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;Pa&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;·&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;s&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, in producing a mantle cooling pattern consistent with petrological constraints, characterized by net warming prior to ∼3 billion years ago (Ga) followed by long-term cooling, as predicted by low-Urey-ratio thermal evolution models. Notably, one model with lithospheric viscosity allowed to vary between 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; and 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;Pa&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;·&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;s&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; exhibits nonlinear rheological feedbacks that trigger an early-stage thermal rebound. This behavior results from a relatively abrupt increase in lithospheric viscosity which redirects the mantle onto a sustained warming trajectory that departs from the expected monotonic cooling. This example also demonstrates how nonlinear parameter interactions can produce non-monotonic thermal evolution. However, lithospheric viscosity alone cannot fully account for present-day observations of heat flux, inner-core radius, and depth-dependent viscosity profiles. We find that varying the activation enthalpy ratio for grain-growth-controlled diffusion viscosity modifies the radial viscosity structure while leaving the overall cooling pattern intact. Furthermore, surface boundary conditions permitting viscous coupling between rigid surface plates and underlying mantle flow — specifically in our plate-like (PL) model — yield the most acceptable mantle cooling rates and dynamic evolution. This PL configuration also facilitates more realistic coupling between surface kinematics and internal convection, allowing plate velocities to emerge from the flow dynamics rather than being imposed. The PL model exhibits patterns which are similar to independently estimated present-day mantle viscosity profiles, including features such as the lithosphere-asthenosphere gradient and the viscosity jump at the 660 km discontinuity. The PL model also exhibits persistent large-scale lateral temperature anomalies, consistent with previous billion-year convection studies, and illustrates how plate-like surface coupling promotes the emergenc","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 102173"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel mixed-frequency deep learning forecasting model for natural resource prices: A case study of copper futures price","authors":"Pei Du ,&nbsp;Mingyang Ji ,&nbsp;Juntao Du ,&nbsp;Jianzhou Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of natural resource prices plays a significant role in national economic development. However, existing research often focuses solely on same-frequency forecasting, neglecting the rich information contained in high-frequency data. To bridge this gap and explore whether mixed-frequency prediction improves the forecasting performance, this study develops an innovative mixed-frequency deep learning forecasting model grounded in Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, long-short-term memory, particle swarm optimization, and mixed-frequency data sampling regression. Taking copper price as an example, this study first applies Pearson correlation analysis to select the most relevant influencing factors from mixed-frequency variables. These factors include policy uncertainty, macroeconomic conditions, energy costs, and other non-ferrous metal prices. Subsequently, the proposed mixed-frequency deep learning model is used for predicting copper price. Experiments include comparisons with the benchmark model, multi-step prediction, statistical hypothesis testing, in-depth evaluation of forecasting effectiveness, and robustness analysis. The final experimental results demonstrate that the proposed mixed-frequency deep learning model significantly outperforms the comparison models, effectively improving prediction accuracy. This study not only expands the scope of futures price prediction research, but also provides a new perspective for time series prediction work in other fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 102159"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}