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From the Mental to the Conceptual Model: The Challenge of Teaching Hydrogeology in the Field 从心理模式到概念模式:水文地质学领域教学的挑战。
IF 2.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13355
Joaquin Jimenez-Martinez

Field-based learning in hydrogeology enables students to develop their understanding and application of practical methodologies, and to enhance many of the generic skills (e.g., teamwork, problem-solving). However, teaching and learning hydrogeology in general, and especially in the field, presents cognitive difficulties, such as the diversity in student education and experience, the hidden nature of water movement and transport of chemicals, and the preexisting students' mental models of the subsurface, in particular. At any given experimental or teaching site there is only one reality for which lecturers can have an approximate conceptual model, including aquifer(s) geometry and functioning (e.g., flow direction). However, students' preconceptions (i.e., mental model), in some cases misconceptions, influence not only their outcome from the learning strategy designed, but also the conceptual model expression (i.e., flow chart, block diagram, or similar) for the study area or site. In practice, two general “teaching challenges” are identified to enable students' transition from the mental to the conceptual model: (1) identify and dispel any prior misconceptions and (2) show how to go from the partial information to the integration of new information for the development of the conceptual model. The inclusion of specific prior-to-field lessons in the classroom is recommended and in general, done. However, introducing a prior-to-field survey to learn about students' backgrounds, and methodologies for the development and expression of hydrogeological conceptual models and for testing multiple plausible conceptual models will help students transition from the mental to the conceptual model.

水文地质学的实地学习使学生能够理解和应用实用方法,并提高许多通用技能(如团队合作、解决问题)。然而,水文地质学的教学和学习,尤其是在该领域,存在认知困难,例如学生教育和经验的多样性,水运动和化学物质运输的隐蔽性,以及预先存在的学生对地下的心理模型。在任何给定的实验或教学场所,只有一个现实,讲师可以对其拥有近似的概念模型,包括含水层的几何形状和功能(例如流动方向)。然而,在某些情况下,学生的先入为主的观念(即心理模型)不仅会影响他们设计的学习策略的结果,还会影响学习区域或地点的概念模型表达(即流程图、框图或类似内容)。在实践中,确定了两个一般的“教学挑战”,以使学生能够从心理模型过渡到概念模型:(1)识别和消除任何先前的误解;(2)展示如何从部分信息到整合新信息,以发展概念模型。建议在课堂上加入具体的现场前课程,一般情况下也会这样做。然而,在实地调查之前引入一项调查,以了解学生的背景,以及水文地质概念模型的开发和表达以及测试多个看似合理的概念模型的方法,将有助于学生从心理模型过渡到概念模型。
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引用次数: 0
Continental Scale Hydrostratigraphy: Comparing Geologically Informed Data Products to Analytical Solutions 大陆尺度水文地层学:地质知情数据产品与分析解决方案的比较。
IF 2.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13354
Jackson S. Swilley, Danielle Tijerina-Kreuzer, Hoang V. Tran, Jun Zhang, Chen Yang, Laura E. Condon, Reed M. Maxwell

This study synthesizes two different methods for estimating hydraulic conductivity (K) at large scales. We derive analytical approaches that estimate K and apply them to the contiguous United States. We then compare these analytical approaches to three-dimensional, national gridded K data products and three transmissivity (T) data products developed from publicly available sources. We evaluate these data products using multiple approaches: comparing their statistics qualitatively and quantitatively and with hydrologic model simulations. Some of these datasets were used as inputs for an integrated hydrologic model of the Upper Colorado River Basin and the comparison of the results with observations was used to further evaluate the K data products. Simulated average daily streamflow was compared to daily flow data from 10 USGS stream gages in the domain, and annually averaged simulated groundwater depths are compared to observations from nearly 2000 monitoring wells. We find streamflow predictions from analytically informed simulations to be similar in relative bias and Spearman's rho to the geologically informed simulations. R-squared values for groundwater depth predictions are close between the best performing analytically and geologically informed simulations at 0.68 and 0.70 respectively, with RMSE values under 10 m. We also show that the analytical approach derived by this study produces estimates of K that are similar in spatial distribution, standard deviation, mean value, and modeling performance to geologically-informed estimates. The results of this work are used to inform a follow-on study that tests additional data-driven approaches in multiple basins within the contiguous United States.

本研究综合了两种不同的方法来大规模估计水力传导率(K)。我们得出了估计K的分析方法,并将其应用于毗邻的美国。然后,我们将这些分析方法与从公开来源开发的三维国家网格K数据产品和三种透射率(T)数据产品进行了比较。我们使用多种方法来评估这些数据产品:定性和定量比较它们的统计数据,并与水文模型模拟进行比较。其中一些数据集被用作科罗拉多河上游流域综合水文模型的输入,结果与观测结果的比较被用于进一步评估K数据产品。模拟的平均日流量与该领域10个美国地质调查局测流仪的日流量数据进行了比较,年平均模拟地下水深度与近2000个监测井的观测结果进行了比较。我们发现,分析知情模拟的流量预测在相对偏差和Spearman的rho方面与地质知情模拟相似。地下水深度预测的R平方值介于最佳分析模拟和地质模拟之间,分别为0.68和0.70,RMSE值低于10 m.我们还表明,本研究得出的分析方法产生的K估计值在空间分布、标准差、平均值和建模性能方面与地质知情估计值相似。这项工作的结果被用于为后续研究提供信息,该研究在美国境内的多个盆地中测试了额外的数据驱动方法。
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引用次数: 0
An Introduction to Solute Transport in Heterogeneous Geologic Media 异质地质介质中的溶质迁移导论
IF 2.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13353
Mohamad Reza Soltanian
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引用次数: 0
Coastal Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems are Falling Through Policy Gaps 沿海依赖地下水的生态系统正在经历政策缺口。
IF 2.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13352
Madeleine Dyring, Melissa M. Rohde, Ray Froend, Harald Hofmann

Coastal groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs), such as wetlands, estuaries and nearshore marine habitats, are biodiversity hotspots that provide valuable ecosystem services to society. However, coastal groundwater and associated ecosystems are under threat from groundwater exploitation and depletion, as well as climate change impacts from sea-level rise and extreme flood and drought events. Despite many well-intentioned policies focused on sustainable groundwater use and species protection, coastal GDEs are falling through gaps generated by siloed policies and as a result, are declining in extent and ecological function. This study summarized then examined policies related to the management of coastal groundwater and connected ecosystems in two key case study areas: Queensland (Australia) and California (USA). Despite both areas being regarded as having progressive groundwater policy, our analysis revealed three universal policy gaps, including (1) a lack of recognition of the underlying groundwater system, (2) fragmented policies and complex governance structures that limit coordination, and (3) inadequate guidance for coastal GDE management. Overall, our analysis revealed that coastal GDE conservation relied heavily on inclusion within protected areas or was motivated by species recovery, meaning supporting groundwater systems remained underprotected and outside the remit of conservation efforts. To close these gaps, we consider the adoption of ecosystem-based management principles to foster integrated governance between disparate agencies and consider management tools that bridge traditional conservation realms. Our findings advocate for comprehensive policy frameworks that holistically address the complexities of coastal GDEs across the land-sea continuum to foster their long-term sustainability and conservation.

沿海地下水依赖生态系统(GDE),如湿地、河口和近海海洋栖息地,是生物多样性热点,为社会提供了宝贵的生态系统服务。然而,沿海地下水和相关生态系统正受到地下水开采和枯竭的威胁,以及海平面上升和极端洪水和干旱事件对气候变化的影响。尽管许多善意的政策侧重于可持续地下水利用和物种保护,但沿海GDE正在通过孤立政策产生的缺口而下降,因此,其范围和生态功能正在下降。本研究总结并审查了昆士兰(澳大利亚)和加利福尼亚(美国)两个关键案例研究地区与沿海地下水和相关生态系统管理相关的政策。尽管这两个领域都被视为具有渐进的地下水政策,但我们的分析揭示了三个普遍的政策差距,包括(1)对潜在地下水系统缺乏认识,(2)分散的政策和复杂的治理结构限制了协调,以及(3)对沿海GDE管理的指导不足。总的来说,我们的分析表明,沿海GDE的保护在很大程度上依赖于保护区内的包容性,或者是受物种恢复的驱动,这意味着支持地下水系统的保护仍然不足,不在保护工作的范围内。为了缩小这些差距,我们考虑采用基于生态系统的管理原则,以促进不同机构之间的综合治理,并考虑桥接传统保护领域的管理工具。我们的研究结果主张建立全面的政策框架,全面解决陆海连续体中沿海GDE的复杂性,以促进其长期可持续性和保护。
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引用次数: 0
NGWA News NGWA新闻。
IF 2.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13346
Matthew “Matt” W. Becker, Ph.D., has been selected as the 2024 Darcy Distinguished Lecturer by NGWA and The Groundwater Foundation. Becker is currently the Conrey Chair in hydrogeology and professor of Earth sciences at California State University, Long Beach, and has previously worked with NASA, Los Alamos National Laboratory, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the University at Buffalo. Becker, who specializes in the research of fluid flow in complex subsurface environments, will be presenting two lectures throughout the year—“Fiber Optic Distributed Sensing as a Window on Subsurface Flow” and “How Groundwater Impacts the People and Ecosystems of the South Pacific Islands.” “I’ve wondered my whole career what it would be like to be the Darcy Lecturer so I’m excited and grateful for the opportunity,” Becker says. “The Darcy lecture is about connecting people and ideas. My goal for this coming year is to help develop new networks for groundwater scientists around the globe.” In his role as Darcy Distinguished Lecturer, Becker will be traveling throughout 2024 presenting his lecture at universities and groundwater industry events across the country and abroad. Becker earned his Ph.D. and M.S. degrees in civil engineering from the University of Texas and a B.S. degree in geology from Michigan State University. The Darcy Distinguished Lecture is named for Henry Darcy of France for his 1856 investigations that established the physical principle upon which modern groundwater hydrogeology is based. Additional financing for the award is provided by the environmental consulting firms S.S. Papadopulos & Associates Inc. and Woodard & Curran Inc. For more information about the Darcy Lecture series, visit www.ngwa.org/events-and-education/groundwaterlecture-series.
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引用次数: 0
MODFLOW as a Configurable Multi-Model Hydrologic Simulator MODFLOW 作为一种可配置的多模型水文模拟器。
IF 2.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13351
Christian D. Langevin, Joseph D. Hughes, Alden M. Provost, Martijn J. Russcher, Sorab Panday

MODFLOW 6 is the latest in a line of six “core” versions of MODFLOW released by the U.S. Geological Survey. The MODFLOW 6 architecture supports incorporation of additional hydrologic processes, in addition to groundwater flow, and allows interaction between processes. The architecture supports multiple model instances and multiple types of models within a single simulation, a flexible approach to formulating and solving the equations that represent hydrologic processes, and recent advances in interoperability, which allow MODFLOW to be accessed and controlled by external programs. The present version of MODFLOW 6 consolidates popular capabilities available in MODFLOW variants, such as the unstructured grid support in MODFLOW-USG, the Newton-Raphson formulation in MODFLOW-NWT, and the support for partitioned stress boundaries in MODFLOW-CDSS. The flexible multi-model capability allows users to configure MODFLOW 6 simulations to represent the local-grid refinement (LGR) capabilities available in MODFLOW-LGR, the multi-species transport capabilities in MT3DMS, and the coupled variable-density capabilities available in SEAWAT. This paper provides a new, holistic and integrated overview of simulation capabilities made possible by the MODFLOW 6 architecture, and describes how ongoing and future development can take advantage of the program architecture to integrate new capabilities in a way that is minimally invasive and automatically compatible with the existing MODFLOW 6 code.

MODFLOW 6 是美国地质调查局发布的 MODFLOW 六个 "核心 "版本中的最新版本。除地下水流外,MODFLOW 6 架构还支持纳入更多的水文过程,并允许各过程之间进行交互。该体系结构支持在单个模拟中使用多个模型实例和多种类型的模型,支持以灵活的方法制定和求解表示水文过程的方程,并支持最近在互操作性方面取得的进展,允许外部程序访问和控制 MODFLOW。当前版本的 MODFLOW 6 整合了 MODFLOW 变体中的常用功能,如 MODFLOW-USG 中的非结构网格支持、MODFLOW-NWT 中的牛顿-拉斐森公式以及 MODFLOW-CDSS 中的分区应力边界支持。灵活的多模型功能允许用户配置 MODFLOW 6 仿真,以体现 MODFLOW-LGR 中的局部网格细化(LGR)功能、MT3DMS 中的多物种传输功能以及 SEAWAT 中的耦合变密度功能。本文对 MODFLOW 6 体系结构所提供的模拟功能进行了全新的、整体的和综合的概述,并介绍了正在进行的和未来的开发工作如何利用该程序体系结构的优势,以最小的侵入和自动兼容现有 MODFLOW 6 代码的方式集成新功能。
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引用次数: 0
A Novel Semi-Analytical Solution of Over-Damped Slug Test in a Three-Layered Aquifer System 三层含水层系统中过阻尼弹头试验的新型半解析解法
IF 2.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-08-30 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13350
Mengxiong Cao, Zhang Wen, Gang Chen, Cheng Hu, Qi Zhu, Hamza Jakada

The slug test has been commonly used to estimate aquifer parameters. Previous studies on the slug test mainly focused on a single-layer aquifer. However, understanding the interaction between layers is particularly important when assessing aquifer parameters under certain circumstances. In this study, a new semi-analytical model on transient flow in a three-layered aquifer system with a partially penetrating well was developed for the slug test. The proposed model was solved using the Laplace transform method and the Goldstein-Weber transform method, where the semi-analytical solution for the model was obtained. The drawdowns of the proposed model were analyzed to understand the impacts of the different parameters on the drawdowns in a three-layered aquifer system. The results indicated that groundwater interactions between the layers have a significant impact on the slug test. In addition, a shorter and deeper well screen as well as a greater permeability ratio between the layers creates a greater interface flow between them, leading to a higher drawdown in the slug test. Finally, a slug test in a three-layered aquifer system was conducted in our laboratory to validate the new model, which indicated that the proposed model performed better in the interpretation of the experimental data than a previous model proposed by Hyder et al. (1994). We also proposed an empirical relationship to qualitatively identify the errors in the application of single-layer model for the analysis of response data in a three-layered aquifer system.

弹头试验通常用于估算含水层参数。以往关于弹头试验的研究主要集中在单层含水层上。然而,在某些情况下评估含水层参数时,了解各层之间的相互作用尤为重要。在本研究中,针对弹头试验建立了一个新的三层含水层系统瞬态流半解析模型,该模型带有一个部分贯通井。利用拉普拉斯变换法和 Goldstein-Weber 变换法对所提出的模型进行了求解,得到了模型的半解析解。对拟议模型的缩减量进行了分析,以了解三层含水层系统中不同参数对缩减量的影响。结果表明,各层之间的地下水相互作用对抽水试验有重大影响。此外,较短、较深的井筛以及各层之间较大的渗透率会在它们之间产生较大的界面流,从而导致在弹头试验中出现较高的缩减。最后,为了验证新模型,我们在实验室进行了三层含水层系统的抽吸试验,结果表明,与 Hyder 等人(1994 年)以前提出的模型相比,所提出的模型在解释实验数据方面表现更好。我们还提出了一种经验关系,以定性地识别应用单层模型分析三层含水层系统响应数据时的误差。
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引用次数: 0
Benefits and Cautions in Data Assimilation Strategies: An Example of Modeling Groundwater Recharge 数据同化策略的益处与注意事项:地下水补给建模实例
IF 2.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-08-28 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13349
Allen M. Shapiro, Frederick D. Day-Lewis

Assimilating recent observations improves model outcomes for real-time assessments of groundwater processes. This is demonstrated in estimating time-varying recharge to a shallow fractured-rock aquifer in response to precipitation. Results from estimating the time-varying water-table altitude (h) and recharge, and their error covariances, are compared for forecasting, filtering, and fixed-lag smoothing (FLS), which are implemented using the Kalman Filter as applied to a data-driven, mechanistic model of recharge. Forecasting uses past observations to predict future states and is the current paradigm in most groundwater modeling investigations; filtering assimilates observations up to the current time to estimate current states; and FLS estimates states following a time lag over which additional observations are collected. Results for forecasting yield a large error covariance relative to the magnitude of the expected recharge. With assimilating recent observations of h, filtering and FLS produce estimates of recharge that better represent time-varying observations of h and reduce uncertainty in comparison to forecasting. Although model outcomes from applying data assimilation through filtering or FLS reduce model uncertainty, they are not necessarily mass conservative, whereas forecasting outcomes are mass conservative. Mass conservative outcomes from forecasting are not necessarily more accurate, because process errors are inherent in any model. Improvements in estimating real-time groundwater conditions that better represent observations need to be weighed for the model application against outcomes with inherent process deficiencies. Results from data assimilation strategies discussed in this investigation are anticipated to be relevant to other groundwater processes models where system states are sensitive to system inputs.

吸收最近的观测资料可以改进模型对地下水过程进行实时评估的结果。在估算浅层断裂岩含水层随降水而变化的补给量时就证明了这一点。比较了预报、滤波和固定滞后平滑(FLS)对时变水位高度(h)和补给量的估算结果及其误差协方差。预测法利用过去的观测数据来预测未来的状态,是目前大多数地下水建模研究的范例;滤波法吸收截至当前时间的观测数据来估计当前的状态;而定时滞后平滑法是在收集了更多观测数据之后再估计状态。相对于预期补给量的大小,预测结果会产生较大的误差协方差。通过同化 h 的近期观测数据,滤波和 FLS 得出的补给量估计值能更好地反映 h 的时变观测值,与预测结果相比,减少了不确定性。虽然通过滤波或 FLS 应用数据同化的模型结果降低了模型的不确定性,但并不一定是质量保证的,而预测结果是质量保证的。由于任何模型都存在过程误差,因此预测结果的质量保证并不一定更准确。在估算实时地下水条件时,需要权衡模型应用与固有过程缺陷之间的关系,以便更好地反映观测结果。本研究中讨论的数据同化策略的结果预计将适用于系统状态对系统输入敏感的其他地下水过程模型。
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引用次数: 0
Performance of Gradient and Gradient-Free Optimizers in Transient Hydraulic Tomography 梯度和无梯度优化器在瞬态水文断层成像中的性能
IF 2.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-08-21 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13347
Syam Chintala, B.V.N. P. Kambhammettu, T. S. Harmya

Sub-surface characterization in fractured aquifers is challenging due to the co-existence of contrasting materials namely matrix and fractures. Transient hydraulic tomography (THT) is proved to be an efficient and robust technique to estimate hydraulic (Km, Kf) and storage (Sm, Sf) properties in such complex hydrogeologic settings. However, performance of THT is governed by data quality and optimization technique used in inversion. We assessed the performance of gradient and gradient-free optimizers with THT inversion. Laboratory experiments were performed on a two-dimensional, granite rock (80 cm × 45 cm × 5 cm) with known fracture pattern. Cross-hole pumping experiments were conducted at 10 ports (located on fractures), and time-drawdown responses were monitored at 25 ports (located on matrix and fractures). Pumping ports were ranked based on weighted signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) computed at each observation port. Noise-free, good quality (SNR > 100) datasets were inverted using Levenberg–Marquardt: LM (gradient) and Nelder–Mead: NM (gradient-free) methods. All simulations were performed using a coupled simulation-optimization model. Performance of the two optimizers is evaluated by comparing model predictions with observations made at two validation ports that were not used in simulation. Both LM and NM algorithms have broadly captured the preferential flow paths (fracture network) via K and S tomograms, however LM has outperformed NM during validation (RLM2=0.76,RMSELM=1.75cm,RNM2=0.73,RMSENM=1.77cm). Our results conclude that, while method of optimization has a trivial effect on model predictions, exclusion of low quality (SNR ≤ 100) datasets can significantly improve the model performance.

由于基质和裂缝这两种截然不同的物质同时存在,断裂含水层的地下特征描述具有挑战性。瞬态水力层析成像(THT)被证明是一种高效、稳健的技术,可用于估算此类复杂水文地质环境中的水力(Km、Kf)和储量(Sm、Sf)特性。然而,THT 的性能取决于数据质量和反演中使用的优化技术。我们评估了梯度和无梯度优化器在 THT 反演中的性能。实验室实验是在已知断裂模式的二维花岗岩岩石(80 厘米 × 45 厘米 × 5 厘米)上进行的。在 10 个端口(位于裂缝上)进行了跨孔抽水实验,并在 25 个端口(位于基质和裂缝上)监测了时间汲水响应。根据每个观测端口计算的加权信噪比(SNR)对抽水端口进行排序。使用 Levenberg-Marquardt 反演无噪声、高质量(信噪比为 100)的数据集:LM(梯度)和 Nelder-Mead(无梯度)方法对数据集进行反演:NM(无梯度)方法对数据集进行反演。所有模拟均采用耦合模拟-优化模型进行。通过将模型预测结果与两个未用于模拟的验证端口的观测结果进行比较,对两种优化器的性能进行了评估。LM 算法和 NM 算法都通过 K 层析成像图和 S 层析成像图大致捕捉到了优先流动路径(断裂网络),但在验证过程中,LM 算法的性能优于 NM 算法(R LM 2 = 0.76 , RMSE LM = 1.75 cm , R NM 2 = 0.73 , RMSE NM = 1.77 cm)。我们的结果得出结论,虽然优化方法对模型预测的影响微乎其微,但排除低质量(信噪比小于 100)数据集可以显著提高模型性能。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Hydraulic Conductivity Estimates from Various Approaches with Groundwater Flow Models 利用地下水流模型评估各种方法得出的水力传导性估算值
IF 2.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-08-21 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13348
Dongwei Sun, Ning Luo, Aaron Vandenhoff, Wesley McCall, Zhanfeng Zhao, Chenxi Wang, David L. Rudolph, Walter A. Illman

Significant efforts have been expended for improved characterization of hydraulic conductivity (K) and specific storage (Ss) to better understand groundwater flow and contaminant transport processes. Conventional methods including grain size analyses (GSA), permeameter, slug, and pumping tests have been utilized extensively, while Direct Push-based Hydraulic Profiling Tool (HPT) surveys have been developed to obtain high-resolution K estimates. Moreover, inverse modeling approaches based on geology-based zonations, and highly parameterized Hydraulic Tomography (HT) have also been advanced to map spatial variations of K and Ss between and beyond boreholes. While different methods are available, it is unclear which one yields K estimates that are most useful for high resolution predictions of groundwater flow. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to evaluate various K estimates at a highly heterogeneous field site obtained with three categories of characterization techniques including: (1) conventional methods (GSA, permeameter, and slug tests); (2) HPT surveys; and (3) inverse modeling based on geology-based zonations and highly parameterized approaches. The performance of each approach is first qualitatively analyzed by comparing K estimates to site geology. Then, steady-state and transient groundwater flow models are employed to quantitatively assess various K estimates by simulating pumping tests not used for parameter estimation. Results reveal that inverse modeling approaches yield the best drawdown predictions under both steady and transient conditions. In contrast, conventional methods and HPT surveys yield biased predictions. Based on our research, it appears that inverse modeling and data fusion are necessary steps in predicting accurate groundwater flow behavior.

为了更好地了解地下水流动和污染物迁移过程,人们一直在努力改进水力传导性(K)和比储量(S)的特征。传统的方法包括粒度分析 (GSA)、渗透仪、弹头和抽水试验已得到广泛应用,同时还开发了基于直接推动的水力剖面工具 (HPT) 勘测,以获得高分辨率的 K 估算值。此外,基于地质分区的反建模方法和高度参数化的水力层析成像法(HT)也得到了发展,以绘制钻孔之间和钻孔之外的 K 和 S 空间变化图。虽然有各种不同的方法,但目前还不清楚哪种方法得出的 K 值对高分辨率预测地下水流最有用。因此,本研究的主要目的是评估在一个高度异质的现场,通过三类特征描述技术获得的各种 K 估计值,包括:(1) 传统方法(GSA、渗透仪和弹头测试);(2) HPT 勘测;(3) 基于地质分区和高度参数化方法的反演模型。首先通过将 K 值估算与现场地质进行比较,对每种方法的性能进行定性分析。然后,通过模拟未用于参数估计的抽水试验,采用稳态和瞬态地下水流模型对各种 K 估算值进行定量评估。结果表明,在稳定和瞬态条件下,反演建模方法都能得出最佳的缩减预测结果。相比之下,传统方法和 HPT 勘测得出的预测结果存在偏差。根据我们的研究,反演建模和数据融合似乎是准确预测地下水流行为的必要步骤。
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