Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine最新文献

Background: Indigenous fisherman divers frequently experience decompression sickness (DCS). This study aimed to evaluate the associations between the level of knowledge of safe diving, beliefs in the health locus of control (HLC), and regular diving practices with DCS among the indigenous fisherman divers on Lipe island. The correlations among the level of beliefs in HLC, knowledge of safe diving and regular diving practices were evaluated also.

Method: We enrolled the fisherman divers on Lipe island and collected their demographics, health indices, levels of knowledge of safe diving, beliefs in external and internal HLC (EHLC and IHLC), and regular diving practices to evaluate the associations with the occurrence of DCS by logistic regression analysis. Pearson's correlation was used to test the correlations among the level of beliefs in IHLC and EHLC, knowledge of safe diving, and regular diving practices.

Results: Fifty-eight male fisherman divers whose mean age was 40.39 (±10.61) (range 21-57) years were enrolled. Twenty-six (44.8%) participants had experienced DCS. Body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption, diving depth, duration of time in the sea/dive, level of beliefs in HLC and regular diving practices were significantly associated with DCS (p < 0.05). Level of belief in IHLC had a significantly strong reverse correlation with that in EHLC and a moderate correlation with level of knowledge of safe diving and regular diving practices. By contrast, level of belief in EHLC had a significantly moderate reverse correlation with level of knowledge of safe diving and regular diving practices (p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Encouraging the fisherman divers' belief in IHLC could be beneficial for their occupational safety.

Background: Hand hygiene practise is an effective school-based measure for infectious disease prevention, especially in developing countries. School children model their behaviour through the observation of significant others, including teachers. However, little is known about the handwashing behaviour and factors influencing the handwashing practises of teachers at the primary school level in Ghana. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted among 214 primary school teachers, recruited by convenience sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire which were designed based on selected constructs in the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Health Belief Model. Data analyses was done with the aid of STATA software, version 14.0. To identify determinants of hand washing with soap (HWWS) among participants, correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used. Results: The participants' mean SD age was 34.7 7.6 years, ranging from 20 to 51 years. The majority were males (87.9%). The majority (84.0% and 86.0%) of the teachers, respectively, reported HWWS practises after using the toilet and before eating with bare hands. A correlation was found between reported HWWS practise and toilet use (r = 0.64; p = 0.001) and eating with bare hands (r = 0.84; p = 0.001). A multiple linear regression analysis found that knowledge (p = 0.001), attitude toward HWWS (p = 0.002), and teachers' perception of the severity of diarrhoea (p = 0.009) were determinants of teachers' reported HWWS behaviours. Conclusion: Teachers' perceptions of their susceptibility to and severity of diarrhoea, and their knowledge and attitude towards HWWS at critical times should be focus areas for handwashing programmes to achieve the desired outcomes.

Context: The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has caused a major health crisis, requiring the implementation of various public health measures in order to slow the spread of the virus and reduce the associated mortality. However, the success of these measures depends on people's acceptance of them. This research aimed at understanding people's representations of COVID-19 and its crisis management, and ultimately at understanding their attitudes toward health measures for counteracting the spread of COVID-19 in Reunion Island together with the behaviours expected of them.

Method: Using Random Digit Dialling, a qualitative study was conducted with 53 inhabitants between February and May 2021. The COREQ checklist was followed. A dual textometric and manual thematic analysis was adopted in order to identify representations of COVID and the management of the crisis.

Results: Some respondents perceived COVID-19 as a serious disease, while others saw it as a banal virus or even doubted its existence. A perceived ineffectiveness of public health measures and the incompetency of public actors predominated in the participants' discourse.

Conclusions: Thus, there was a considerable lack of trust and negative attitudes toward health measures, possibly influencing people's acceptance and explaining numerous controversies. This research examines the importance of considering people's representations of the health situation in order to improve people's acceptance of protective measures.

Background: Teaching is a highly demanding profession, with teachers reporting increasing levels of burnout. Accumulated evidence indicates that inhibiting the expression of one's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors continuously can take a psychological toll actively resulting in physiological and psychological symptoms (e.g. stress, emotional exhaustion, strain). The purpose of this study was to assess the different types of employee silence among teachers and examine their relationship with job burnout, job engagement and psychological safety. Methods: A convenience sampling method approach was used whereby 150 primary school education teachers from Greece participated in a survey. Self-reported measures for burnout, work-engagement, psychological safety and employee silence motives were used in this cross-sectional study. Results: Psychological safety mediated the relationship between burnout and employee silence, and more specifically between the three core components of burnout and both acquiescent and quiescent silence, but not prosocial silence. In terms of engagement, the indirect effect was significant between vigor/dedication and both quiescent and acquiescent silence. Conclusions: The present research highlighted the importance of acquiescent and quiescent silence, two forms of silence that are rooted in fear and hopelessness respectively. This research adds to the growing picture of teaching as a profession that is characterized by increasing levels of burnout, employee silence and low levels of psychological safety.

Background: Social stigma toward individuals with COVID-19 is a public phenomenon that significantly impacts the prevention of this disease. The study aimed to develop and examine the scale of social stigma against people with COVID-19.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to August 2021 using random sampling. Two hundred twenty-five people were involved in the study. All people are domiciled in Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia and have never been infected with COVID-19. The scale was designed based on the dimensional structure of social stigma and then evaluated the scale's psychometric properties.

Result: The study found that instruments with 12 items had a content validity index of 1.0. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.875 showed as satisfactory. Exploratory factor analysis was performed on the first sample (n = 100), and four factors were extracted from the exploratory factor analysis: ignorance/labelling, stereotype, separation, and discrimination. Following this, the confirmatory factor analysis in the remaining sample (n = 120) showed a good fit between the four-factor model and the theoretical model of social stigma.

Conclusions: The social stigma scale has been determined to be valid and reliable. Health practitioners can use this scale to predict social stigma toward individuals with COVID-19 to develop better transmission prevention strategies and improved quality of care.

Background: The lethal potential of COVID-19 was often emphasized and repeatedly brought to the attention of pregnant women, leading to a higher level of anxiety, depression, and COVID-19-specific phobia among this population. Furthermore, legislation forced social distancing and isolation to interrupt the infection cycle. Together these factors resulted in higher maternal mental health distress requiring intervention. Nevertheless, there is a lack of evidence regarding the impact of low-intensity psychosocial telemental interventions on maternal mental health outcomes. Therefore, the objective of this pilot study is to assess the efficacy of video low-intensity psychosocial telemental maternal intervention on COVID-19-specific phobia, antenatal depression, and anxiety among pregnant women. We hypothesized that the intervention arm would be superior to the control arm. A parallel design randomized interventional controlled trial with 1:1 randomization was conducted at the Women Wellness and Research Center. We enrolled fifty-eight pregnant women in their second trimester who spoke English or Arabic. We assessed antenatal anxiety, depression, and Covid-19-specific phobia at baseline (T₀), and thirty-three pregnant women completed the follow-up after four weeks (T₁). Pregnant women receiving psychotropic medications and follow up in mental health services were excluded.

Results: A low-intensity psychosocial telemental maternal session helps reduce antenatal anxiety. We found statistically significant differences in antenatal anxiety scores between the intervention (2.4 ± 2.2) and control (4.2 ± 1.6) groups (p = 0.013) with a large effect size of Hedges' g value (0.96, 0.22-1.74). The absolute risk reduction was 27.27 percent. However, the intervention had no statistically significant effect on reducing antenatal depression or COVID-19-specific phobia.

Conclusions: Low-intensity psychosocial telemental maternal sessions effectively reduce antenatal anxiety. While our findings are promising, further RCTs are needed to replicate these findings.

Trial registration: 2a-ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04594525.. Registered on 20/October/2020; updated 9/March/ 2022. Available from: Maternal Telemental Health Interventions in Response to Covid-19* - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov.

The ageing in place (AIP) model enjoys widespread recognition in gerontology and has been strongly encouraged through social policy. However, progress remains to be made in terms of analysing AIP for minority groups and groups with diverse life pathways in old age. This systematic review aims to identify studies that address the AIP model in indigenous communities, answering the following questions: In which geographical contexts and for which Indigenous Peoples have AIP been researched? Which physical dimensions are considered in the assessment of AIP? Which social dimensions are considered in the assessment of AIP? This systematic review applied the SALSA (Search, Appraisal, Synthesis and Analysis) method to AIP among Indigenous older adults on the Web of Science, PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Scopus digital platforms for publications from 2011 to 2021. We identified 12 studies conducted in five countries in North and South America and Oceania. The results show that the following elements of the physical environment are assessed: household, neighbourhood, local surroundings or reserve and native territories. Meanwhile, assessed elements of the social environment are as follows: personal characteristics, attachment to place, social networks, social participation and social policies. There is discussion of the need to develop AIP in order to promote successful ageing among Indigenous older adults.

Background: Emerging Long COVID research indicates the condition has major population health consequence. Other chronic conditions have previously been associated with functional and mental health challenges - including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicide ideation, substance use and lower life satisfaction.

Methods: This study explores correlations between self-reported Long COVID, functional and mental health challenges among a random community-based sample of people (n = 655) aged 20-50 years who contracted COVID-19 prior to vaccination in a Texas county. A random sample of eligible participants was mailed a link to participate in a semi-structured questionnaire. Participant responses, including open-ended responses regarding their experience following COVID-19, were paired with health system data.

Results: Long COVID was associated with increased presence of depression (13% increase), anxiety (28% increase), suicide ideation (10% increase), PTSD (20% increase), and decreased life satisfaction and daily functioning. Structural equation modeling, controlling for sociodemographic variables and imposing a theoretical framework from existing chronic disease research, demonstrated correlations between Long COVID and higher PTSD, suicide ideation and lower life satisfaction were mediated by higher daily functional challenges and common mental disorders.

Conclusions: Basic and applied, interdisciplinary research is urgently needed to characterize the population-based response to the new challenge of Long COVID.

Background: Epistemic Network Analysis (ENA) is a unified, quantitative - qualitative method aiming to draw from both methodological worlds by leveraging a data set containing raw and quantified qualitative data, as well as metadata about data providers or the data itself. ENA generates network models depicting the relative frequencies of co-occurrences for each unique pair of codes in designated segments of qualitative data. Methods: This step-by-step tutorial demonstrates how to model qualitative data with ENA through its quantification via coding and segmentation. Data was curated with the Reproducible Open Coding Kit (ROCK), a human- and machine-readable standard for representing coded qualitative data, enabling researchers to document their workflow, as well as organize their data in a format that is agnostic to software of any kind. Results: ENA allows researchers to obtain insights otherwise unavailable by depicting relative code frequencies and co-occurrence patterns, facilitating a comparison of those patterns between groups and individual data providers. Conclusions: ENA aids reflexivity, moves beyond code frequencies to depict their interactions, allows researchers to easily create post-hoc groupings of data providers for various comparisons, and enables conveying complex results in a visualization that caters to both qualitative and quantitative sensibilities.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease that affects a person's general well-being. Current evidence sets an association between psychological well-being and controlled metabolic parameters. People newly diagnosed with T2DM show higher prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has effectively improved psychological adjustment, but most studies do not specifically address recently diagnosed people nor usually include long-term follow-up measures.

Objective: We sought to assess changes in psychological variables in people with newly diagnosed diabetes who received a cognitive-behavioral intervention, within a comprehensive care program.

Method: 1208 adults with T2DM (≤5 years) who attended a national health institute in Mexico received a cognitive-behavioral intervention aimed at improving quality of life and reducing emotional distress that often interferes with diabetes control, as well as evaluating cognitive and emotional resources and social support. Measures of quality of life, diabetes-related distress, anxiety and depression questionnaires were compared at pre-test, post-test and follow up using Friedman's ANOVAs. Multiple logistic regression models evaluated glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and triglycerides control at post-test and follow up.

Results: Questionnaire measures and metabolic variables significantly decreased symptomatology at post-test and these changes maintained at follow-up. Significant associations were found between quality-of-life scores and HbA1c and triglycerides levels in post-test and follow-up. Diabetes-related distress scores increased the odds of having adequate HbA1c control at post-test.

Conclusion: This study contributes to the evidence on the importance of considering psychological factors as part of comprehensive diabetes care to improve quality of life and emotional burden and facilitate the achievement of metabolic goals.