Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine最新文献

Background: This randomized pilot study examined the relationships between objectively measured sleep characteristics and food cravings in adolescents and examined whether a brief sleep intervention would reduce food cravings from baseline to post-intervention compared to an active control group.

Methods: A community sample of 51 adolescents aged 13-17 years old were randomized to complete a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) sleep intervention or a study skills control intervention. The sleep intervention involved one telehealth CBT session, while the control group completed one telehealth CBT session to improve study skills. Sleep was assessed using actigraphs and adolescents reported on food cravings using a validated questionnaire at baseline and post-intervention.

Results: Sleep fragmentation, but not sleep duration, was a significant predictor of food cravings at baseline, controlling for age, β = 0.35, t = 2.41, p = 0.02, 95% CI [0.01-0.11]. The sleep intervention significantly reduced food cravings from baseline to post-intervention compared to the control group (significant time × intervention interaction, F(1, 45) = 4.30, p = 0.044, partial η² = 0.09, medium effect).

Conclusions: The results of this study support the relationship between poor sleep quality and more frequent food cravings, as well as the preliminary efficacy of a brief, CBT-based sleep intervention in reducing food cravings. The brief and digital delivery of this intervention enhances its accessibility.

Introduction: Research is needed to provide healthcare professionals (HCPs) with guidance on how to best communicate with pregnant women about physical activity (PA). This study aimed to answer: what is known about PA communication between HCPs and pregnant women in the UK?

Methods: Design: scoping review, adhering to established guidance (including the PRISMA-ScR). Research questions were informed by the Physical Activity Messaging Framework (PAMF). Relevant studies were identified by searching electronic databases and contacting key stakeholders. All studies were double screened. The data extracted included findings related to concepts within the PAMF. The results were presented in a descriptive numerical analysis and a narrative summary.

Results: Twenty-one studies were included. 81% were from England, and 71% involved solely qualitative methods. HCPs lack the knowledge and time required to provide PA advice, and stigma around weight prevents communication. Pregnant women feel that PA during pregnancy is dangerous and have low knowledge of the guidelines and benefits of PA. Many do not receive PA advice from HCPs, and where they do, it is minimal, contradictory, confusing, inconsistent, and negative. Tailored information and clear advice on what is safe, delivered using non-judgemental tones is desired. Pregnant women view HCPs as important messengers.

Conclusions: HCPs should address the perception that PA is dangerous by communicating relevant information from PA guidelines and highlighting wide-ranging benefits of PA during pregnancy (including benefits to mental health). Communication should be non-judgmental, clear and consistent. HCPs should be supported and trained to provide PA advice as part of their role.

Background: Only a small number of research have evaluated marital dissatisfaction and adverse health and psychosocial outcomes in lower-resourced countries. The aim of the study was to estimate the long-term associations of marital dissatisfaction with adverse health outcomes using four waves (7 years) of the national community-dwelling Health, Aging, and Retirement in Thailand (HART) study in people 45 years and older (also stratified by sex) from 2015 to 2022.

Methods: HART data from the 2015, 2017, 2020, and 2022 waves were analysed, including community-dwelling individuals aged 45 and above (average age 65.1 years) who indicated marital dissatisfaction (analytic pooled sample: n = 10790 observations). Marital dissatisfaction was measured using validated scales. The time-variant causes and outcomes were evaluated using linear fixed effects regression. To determine the hazard ratios (HRs) and evaluate the associations between marital discontent and 7-year mortality in the entire sample, a Cox proportional hazards regression model was applied.

Results: The average marital dissatisfaction score (0-10) was 1.8 (SD = 2.3). Fixed effects regressions showed that marital dissatisfaction was associated with low self-reported mental health, depressive symptoms, low quality of life, loneliness, functional limitations, poor self-rated physical health, low mastication, low exercise frequency, low meal skipping, and high subjective life expectancy. In addition, marital dissatisfaction was associated with all-cause mortality.

Conclusions: Our knowledge of the connection between marital discontent and negative health outcomes-four markers of physical and mental health, including mortality-is improved by this longitudinal study. Measures of marriage happiness and the health advantages of marital education programs for couples should be part of health promotion initiatives for the aging population as a whole.

Background: This longitudinal pilot trial investigated the effects of novel Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) training targeting fatigue on cognitive biases, fatigue, vitality, and fatigue-related behaviour in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods: Thirty patients were alternately allocated to a week of CBM training with either attentional bias modification (ABM) or self-identity bias modification (SIBM), followed by a second week with the trainings combined. Twenty-two participants (12 pre-dialysis, 10 dialysis) completed the study, where cognitive biases and self-reported outcomes were measured at baseline, post-training, and follow-up. Possible interaction effects between CBM focus and disease stage were explored.

Results: A significant effect of time was found on both cognitive biases; participants' attentional bias (Cohen's d = 0.88-0.99) and self-identity bias (Cohen's d = 1.16-1.28) were significantly more vitality oriented at post and follow-up compared to baseline. On the self-report outcomes, a small beneficial effect was found on vitality, but only for the ABM training.

Conclusions: This is the first study to introduce CBM, which targets fatigue, to people with CKD. Despite the limitations in sample size and design, this study revealed strong effects on cognitive biases. It is recommended to replicate these findings in an adequately powered randomised controlled trial.

Background: Identifying theory-based, modifiable processes and resources in everyday life is essential for improving physical activity levels, and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) especially. Deconfounding different sources of social support for day-to-day LTPA, we examined effects of LTPA-specific received support from both private and work domains. Furthermore, we investigated whether daily intrapersonal processes - such as positive affect, self-efficacy, and planning - are linked with LTPA through cultivating social support.

Methods: A total of 118 adults (M _age = 37.88, SD = 11.73, 65% women) participated in a 15-day ambulatory assessment study. Morning positive affect, self-efficacy, and planning, afternoon LTPA-specific received social support from family/friends, and colleagues/supervisors, and self-reported LTPA and working hours (both measured in the evening) were assessed daily. LTPA was also measured using accelerometers combined with worktime information. First, we fit multilevel models to explain device-assessed and self-reported LTPA. Second, within-person mediation analyses examined the role of received social support as a potential mediator between relevant intrapersonal processes and LTPA at the day level.

Results: On average, participants received more LTPA-specific support from the private compared to the work domain. Having received higher-than-usual social support from family/friends on a day was consistently linked to higher LTPA. No such within-person effect emerged for support from colleagues/supervisors. On days with higher-than-usual self-efficacy and planning, participants performed more LTPA, whereas positive affect was unrelated to LTPA at the within-person level. These results were found for both device-assessed and self-reported LTPA. Within-person mediation analyses revealed that between 16%-22% of the effects from self-efficacy and planning to device-assessed/self-reported LTPA were mediated by social support from family/friends.

Conclusions: Our results identify intrapersonal and private-domain social exchange processes as potential targets for future ecological momentary interventions. Consistent with the cultivation hypothesis, we also identified that daily self-efficacy and planning were linked to LTPA via social support from family/friends.

Introduction: Children diagnosed with a pediatric brain tumor (PBT) are at risk for deficits that can affect their quality of life (QoL). One potential avenue to target the QoL of these patients is physical activity (PA). This study aimed to evaluate the association between parent and child PA levels, and the unique contributions of these outcomes to children's overall and domain-specific QoL in children with PBT, including those in active treatment and remission.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted in a hospital setting, we measured PA levels of 36 parent-child dyads through self-reported weekly minutes of PA. We assessed children's overall and domain-specific (i.e. physical, emotional, social, school functioning) QoL with the PedsQL Generic Core Scales. We analyzed our data descriptively and using correlation analyses to explore relationships between child and parent PA levels. We used an Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) to evaluate whether child and parent PA were associated with children's QoL.

Results: In 36 parent-child dyads, we found a strong positive correlation between parent and child (m_age = 10.44 ± 4.09; range 5-18 years) PA levels (r = 0.802, p < 0.001). The APIM revealed excellent model fit indices (χ²(8) = 3.40, p = 0.907, CFI = 1.000, TLI = 1.208, RMSEA = 0 (90% CI[0, 0.079]), SRMR = 0.077) and a significant actor effect, with child PA being significantly positively associated with the child's overall QoL (β = 0.779, FDR-corrected p = 0.05, 95% CI[0.019, 0.108]). There was no partner effect, however, as parents' PA was not associated with the child's overall or domain-specific QoL (median FDR-corrected p = 0.290).

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that in children diagnosed with a PBT, child PA levels are significantly associated with their overall QoL, and parents' PA is not associated with their child's QoL. These findings highlight the need for clinical interventions that promote PA that is tailored to the needs of this population. Future research should explore approaches for family-based interventions to enhance QoL.

Purpose: This study described the relationship of age, body composition and ancestry on sleep behavior, knowledge, and attitudes in rugby league athletes.

Methods: Fifty rugby league athletes completed the Sleep Practices and Attitudes Questionnaire alongside demographic information (age, body composition, ancestry). The results were compared based on age (<20 years old, 20-24 years old and >25 years), body composition (body fat percentage (%)) and ancestral groups (Pasifika, Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) and Anglo-European). Spearman's correlation determined the associations between body composition and sleep knowledge, beliefs and attitudes. An ANCOVA compared differences between ancestral groups with age and body composition as covariates, while a one-way ANOVA was used for age group comparisons.

Results: Younger athletes had higher scores for eating/drinking in bed (p = 0.039), while those with higher body fat percentage read less in bed (p = 0.022) and reported lower sleep quality (p = 0.027). For ancestry, significantly lower sleep difficulty scores were reported for Anglo-European compared to both ATSI and Pasifika (p < 0.05) athletes. Furthermore, significantly higher self-reported sleep durations existed between Anglo-Europeans and Pasifika (p = 0.030). Ancestry affected coping with chronic insomnia (prioritize sleep, reduce caffeine), activities in bed (eat/drink, work/thinking) and the physical environment (dark, physically comfortable, comfortable temperature).

Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of accounting for cultural and physiological variation when designing sleep education and interventions in rugby leagues. Future research needs to consider ancestry, body composition and age when assisting sleep educational programs during rugby league.

Background: Weight stigma involves prejudiced attitudes directed towards larger-bodied people. Preconception, pregnant, and postpartum (PPP) women are particularly vulnerable to weight stigma due to societal expectations and prescriptive norms around women's bodies, along with body weight changes during these periods. However, there is limited understanding of the prevailing societal discourse and constructions driving this phenomenon. Therefore, we aimed to explore community members' perspectives to identify constructions of weight stigma towards PPP women living in larger bodies.

Methods: We conducted a qualitative story completion study. Adult community members residing in Australia were invited to complete three story stems. Each story stem featured a larger-bodied preconception, pregnant, or postpartum protagonist and their interaction with their friends, colleagues, or family. The participants were instructed to complete the story by writing the story about what they think, believe, and do, focusing on the treatment experienced by larger-bodied women. The data were analysed using inductive reflexive thematic analysis, informed by social constructionism.

Results: Eighteen participants took part and completed 48 stories (mean word count = 272 words, range 94-708). Three overarching constructions were identified: (1) prevailing assumptions about weight stigma in PPP periods; (2) disguising fatphobia pertaining to PPP women as concern for the mother's and child's health; and (3) healthism pertaining to PPP women living in larger bodies.

Conclusions: Our study highlights predominant norms and assumptions that drive weight stigma toward PPP women. These insights can inform future research, policy, and health promotion initiatives to identify targeted strategies to address these constructions. Ultimately, such efforts may contribute to creating a society that embraces body diversity and challenges weight stigma, positively impacting the health of PPP women and their children.

Background: Qigong is a traditional Chinese psychosomatic exercise that has been reported to induce remarkable physical and psychological benefits. However, qigong has rarely been studied in fibromyalgia, and the effects of Taoist qigong on the psychological adjustment and pain reduction of individuals with this syndrome are unknown. Since the treatment of fibromyalgia remains a serious challenge, shedding light on the possible therapeutic action of Taoist qigong in these individuals is essential. Therefore, the present study was designed to explore whether this method of qigong could improve psychological adjustment and reduce pain in fibromyalgia individuals after a short period of training.

Methods: Forty-two individuals with fibromyalgia participated in the study, 18 of whom were allocated to the experimental group and 24 to the control group. The experimental subjects were submitted to a 4-week Taoist qigong training program. To assess psychological adjustment and pain, several instruments were employed before and after the experiment concluded. The questionnaires used were the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21), the 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Life Satisfaction Scale (SWLS), the Negative and Positive Affect Scale (NAPAS), the Spanish Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (S-FIQ), and the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ). ANCOVA was used as statistical analysis.

Results: The experimental group displayed significant improvements in anxiety, stress, and distress, as well as in mental health problems. Likewise, a significant reduction in negative affect and the affective component of pain was also observed. No changes were found in the rest of the variables.

Conclusion: The practice of Taoist qigong for a short period of one month induced a noteworthy improvement in psychological adjustment, including a reduction in a specific component of pain, in individuals with fibromyalgia. Qigong, therefore, appears to be an effective therapeutic tool for this complex syndrome.

Objective: Non-adherence to immunosuppression medication (ISM) is common in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), despite being associated with poor clinical outcomes. Understanding potentially modifiable contributors to non-adherence is essential for developing effective interventions. This study explored the relationship between components of the Common-Sense Model (CSM), including illness perceptions (graft-specific and of kidney disease more broadly) and beliefs about ISM, as well as perceived behavioural control (PBC), and total, intentional and unintentional ISM non-adherence in KTRs.

Methods and measures: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with N = 296 KTRs. Participants completed self-report measures including the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire, questions assessing PBC, and the Medication Adherence Report Scale. Hierarchical binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the explanatory value of variables on adherence outcomes.

Results: Over half of participants (57%) reported any indication of non-adherence. Unintentional non-adherence was reported more frequently (54%) than intentional non-adherence (14%). Combining CSM components with PBC best explained variance in total (Nagelkerke R ² = 19.8%), intentional (Nagelkerke R ² = 15.5%), and unintentional non-adherence (Nagelkerke R ² = 19.3%).

Conclusion: Enhancing PBC around taking ISM may offer a valuable intervention target, particularly when addressed alongside CSM components to reduce both intentional and unintentional non-adherence.