Pub Date : 1987-06-14DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794576
J. Korhonen, O. Ikkala, Timo Toronen
A photovoltaic (PV) system is an economical solution for power supply problems of telecommunication stations in rural areas. Photovoltaics is a new concept and consequently the standards and specifications have not yet been fully developed. This paper presents some aspects about specifying, sizing, and designing a PV-system. Also some experiences on carrying out a large telecommunication project with PV-systems in Nepal are represented.
{"title":"Design of a Photovoltaic Power System and Experiences from a PV-project in Nepal","authors":"J. Korhonen, O. Ikkala, Timo Toronen","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794576","url":null,"abstract":"A photovoltaic (PV) system is an economical solution for power supply problems of telecommunication stations in rural areas. Photovoltaics is a new concept and consequently the standards and specifications have not yet been fully developed. This paper presents some aspects about specifying, sizing, and designing a PV-system. Also some experiences on carrying out a large telecommunication project with PV-systems in Nepal are represented.","PeriodicalId":129305,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '87 - The Ninth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117341398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-06-14DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794583
D. Bjork
The reliability requirements for the power supply equipment in a telephone exchange must of necessity be high, since no telephone traffic is possible if there is a break in the power supply. Most power supply equipments are known for high reliability, but this does not mean that they do not need supervision and maintenance. This paper emphasizes the importance of preventive maintenance and gives examples of the possible consequences of omissions in this respect. It also describes how the maintenance can be organized, as well as required knowledge and routines.
{"title":"DC Power System Failure; A Case Study and Implications for the Maintenance","authors":"D. Bjork","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794583","url":null,"abstract":"The reliability requirements for the power supply equipment in a telephone exchange must of necessity be high, since no telephone traffic is possible if there is a break in the power supply. Most power supply equipments are known for high reliability, but this does not mean that they do not need supervision and maintenance. This paper emphasizes the importance of preventive maintenance and gives examples of the possible consequences of omissions in this respect. It also describes how the maintenance can be organized, as well as required knowledge and routines.","PeriodicalId":129305,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '87 - The Ninth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"435 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125044468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-06-14DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794620
Jens Svensk, T. Ohlsson
The number of telecom switching offices in the Swedish network is about 7000 and among those, roughly 90% have 2000 lines or less. When converting the telecom equipment from electromechanical to SPC technique, the number of minor switching exchange offices will increase. This paper describes two power supply systems introduced by the Swedish telecom administration as standards for minor telecom installations. When developing these systems, the operation- and maintenance performance and personal safety have been taken into special consideration. These power supply systems will frequently be placed where disturbances such as lightning and other transient voltages occur. Therefore the system design to prevent system failures caused by such disturbances is discussed. It is also discussed how the power supply systems are designed to obtain a nearly equal availibility to the telecom network for subscribers connected to an RSS and to a central switching office. The principles for the described two systems are intended to be used for other telecom systems as well, e.g at fiber optic transmission systems.
{"title":"Two Power Supply Systems for Small Telecom Switching Offices","authors":"Jens Svensk, T. Ohlsson","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794620","url":null,"abstract":"The number of telecom switching offices in the Swedish network is about 7000 and among those, roughly 90% have 2000 lines or less. When converting the telecom equipment from electromechanical to SPC technique, the number of minor switching exchange offices will increase. This paper describes two power supply systems introduced by the Swedish telecom administration as standards for minor telecom installations. When developing these systems, the operation- and maintenance performance and personal safety have been taken into special consideration. These power supply systems will frequently be placed where disturbances such as lightning and other transient voltages occur. Therefore the system design to prevent system failures caused by such disturbances is discussed. It is also discussed how the power supply systems are designed to obtain a nearly equal availibility to the telecom network for subscribers connected to an RSS and to a central switching office. The principles for the described two systems are intended to be used for other telecom systems as well, e.g at fiber optic transmission systems.","PeriodicalId":129305,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '87 - The Ninth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125589718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-06-14DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794594
B. R. Bredesen, P. van Lieshout
As indicated in the title this paper deals with the experience attained from operation of hybrid power systems (i.e. systems relying on multiple sources of energy to ascertain continuous operation of telecom equipment with one or more inactive power sources), incorporating wind generators in remote telecom stations located in an arctic environment. Although the functional layout of such systems will exhibit similarities disregarding location, this description is based on the specific layout of Norwegian/Scandinavian sites with special emphasis on the test sites operated by the Norwegian Telecommunications Administration (NTA), the sites being listed in Table 1. The hybrid systems under test are without exception relying on wind and/or solar energy as the primary power source, backed up by stationary (lead-acid) batteries and/or one or more fossil fuel-driven (mostly diesel) generators and a control unit that has a bilateral function, one of which being the switching between the different power sources when required, the second being an "intelligent" utilization of surplus or "waste" energy. It is self-evident that the focus in this test program is particularly on the reliability of system components prone to mechanical wear, i.e. the wind-generator and also the control system. The aim of this discussion is to extract the essential information from the experience gained so far and how this will affect further integration of similar systems.
{"title":"Wind-Generators in Hybrid Systems Powering Remote Telecommunication Sites in the Far North","authors":"B. R. Bredesen, P. van Lieshout","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794594","url":null,"abstract":"As indicated in the title this paper deals with the experience attained from operation of hybrid power systems (i.e. systems relying on multiple sources of energy to ascertain continuous operation of telecom equipment with one or more inactive power sources), incorporating wind generators in remote telecom stations located in an arctic environment. Although the functional layout of such systems will exhibit similarities disregarding location, this description is based on the specific layout of Norwegian/Scandinavian sites with special emphasis on the test sites operated by the Norwegian Telecommunications Administration (NTA), the sites being listed in Table 1. The hybrid systems under test are without exception relying on wind and/or solar energy as the primary power source, backed up by stationary (lead-acid) batteries and/or one or more fossil fuel-driven (mostly diesel) generators and a control unit that has a bilateral function, one of which being the switching between the different power sources when required, the second being an \"intelligent\" utilization of surplus or \"waste\" energy. It is self-evident that the focus in this test program is particularly on the reliability of system components prone to mechanical wear, i.e. the wind-generator and also the control system. The aim of this discussion is to extract the essential information from the experience gained so far and how this will affect further integration of similar systems.","PeriodicalId":129305,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '87 - The Ninth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126833192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-06-14DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794544
R. Cloke
It is not so long ago since memory protection would have implied the use of a helmet to protect an American football player or a coal miner:' However, in our present sophisticated world where the semi-conductor chip is as widely known as the Big Mac Hamburger, protection now implies the use of a storage device to maintain a semi-conductor memory should the regular power supply be removed. We will review memory protection in the semiconductor as 3 main application areas:
{"title":"Board Mounted Memory Support Batteries for Telecom Applications","authors":"R. Cloke","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794544","url":null,"abstract":"It is not so long ago since memory protection would have implied the use of a helmet to protect an American football player or a coal miner:' However, in our present sophisticated world where the semi-conductor chip is as widely known as the Big Mac Hamburger, protection now implies the use of a storage device to maintain a semi-conductor memory should the regular power supply be removed. We will review memory protection in the semiconductor as 3 main application areas:","PeriodicalId":129305,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '87 - The Ninth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114898468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-06-14DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794611
Michel P. Durand, M. Gerin
In the power range of 10 to 80 kVA, remarkable progress in the use of new technologies is modifying deeply the performances, the installation and the use of U.P.S equipment. New power and control electronic devices, manufacturing processes and Computer Aided Design (C.A.D) offer opportunities for a new generation of U.P.S to the greatest benefit of the user.
{"title":"Decisive Strides in the UPS Field","authors":"Michel P. Durand, M. Gerin","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794611","url":null,"abstract":"In the power range of 10 to 80 kVA, remarkable progress in the use of new technologies is modifying deeply the performances, the installation and the use of U.P.S equipment. New power and control electronic devices, manufacturing processes and Computer Aided Design (C.A.D) offer opportunities for a new generation of U.P.S to the greatest benefit of the user.","PeriodicalId":129305,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '87 - The Ninth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116577270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-06-14DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794525
D. Feder, H. Kiehne
{"title":"Changes and Progress in Battery Technologies During the Last Decade, Outlook - Experiences as Viewed from America and Europe","authors":"D. Feder, H. Kiehne","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794525","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":129305,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '87 - The Ninth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114627622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-06-14DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794636
M. Grossoni, L. Rizzi
Field reliability data are described with references to 48V/60V 300A power plants, developed by ITALTEL according to specifications of SIP, Italian Telecommunication Operating Company. Each power plant consists of a power distribution system, 60A rectifiers and 25A buck-boost converters, redundant parallel operating with load sharing and selective cut-off of failed unit. The period under examination covers almost 4 years, during which over 200 power plants with more than 600 rectifiers and 700 buck-boost converters have been installed. The methods used for data collection are explained, as well as the statistical instruments used for the comparison of field results and estimated data.
{"title":"Field Reliability of D.C. Power Plants for Telecommunication Systems","authors":"M. Grossoni, L. Rizzi","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794636","url":null,"abstract":"Field reliability data are described with references to 48V/60V 300A power plants, developed by ITALTEL according to specifications of SIP, Italian Telecommunication Operating Company. Each power plant consists of a power distribution system, 60A rectifiers and 25A buck-boost converters, redundant parallel operating with load sharing and selective cut-off of failed unit. The period under examination covers almost 4 years, during which over 200 power plants with more than 600 rectifiers and 700 buck-boost converters have been installed. The methods used for data collection are explained, as well as the statistical instruments used for the comparison of field results and estimated data.","PeriodicalId":129305,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '87 - The Ninth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124073587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-06-14DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794543
J. Johnsson
This paper describes a computerprogram for sizing photovoltaic stand-alone systems (PV-systems) with batteries. The computer program is based on an insolation model described by M Collares-Pereira and Ari Rabl (1) and a newly developed battery algorithm. The algorithm is based on - capacity derating as a function of electrolyte temperature - charging efficiency as a function of electrolyte temperature and state of charge - charging voltage as a function of electrolyte temperature and state of charge The program is used to calculate the required number of PV-modules and the size of the battery. The program was originally designed for nickel-cadmium batteries, but can also be used for sizing systems with lead acid batteries, if the required battery data are available.
{"title":"Sizing Batteries for Photovoltaic Systems","authors":"J. Johnsson","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794543","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a computerprogram for sizing photovoltaic stand-alone systems (PV-systems) with batteries. The computer program is based on an insolation model described by M Collares-Pereira and Ari Rabl (1) and a newly developed battery algorithm. The algorithm is based on - capacity derating as a function of electrolyte temperature - charging efficiency as a function of electrolyte temperature and state of charge - charging voltage as a function of electrolyte temperature and state of charge The program is used to calculate the required number of PV-modules and the size of the battery. The program was originally designed for nickel-cadmium batteries, but can also be used for sizing systems with lead acid batteries, if the required battery data are available.","PeriodicalId":129305,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '87 - The Ninth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134223300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-06-14DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794537
K. Boettger
Mathematical treatment of battery recharging characteristics to derive descriptive formulae or algorithms permits handling by calculation the diverse problems connected with a recharging procedure. This refers to the peak charging current, to the charging duration at different rectifier characteristics, to the rectifier rating, ard the effect of charge-voltage changing upon the charge duration, which usually up to now will be found out more or less successfully by use of curve spreads or tables (sometimes stored in a computer memory).
{"title":"An Analytical Description of Lead Acid Battery Recharging Procedures","authors":"K. Boettger","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1987.4794537","url":null,"abstract":"Mathematical treatment of battery recharging characteristics to derive descriptive formulae or algorithms permits handling by calculation the diverse problems connected with a recharging procedure. This refers to the peak charging current, to the charging duration at different rectifier characteristics, to the rectifier rating, ard the effect of charge-voltage changing upon the charge duration, which usually up to now will be found out more or less successfully by use of curve spreads or tables (sometimes stored in a computer memory).","PeriodicalId":129305,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '87 - The Ninth International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130922466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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