This work is focused on compatibilization of immiscible waste sourced low density polyethylene (LDPE), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and polystyrene (PS) blends by different surface modifying routes. To reach better mechanical properties of the given reused waste blends 20% glass fibre was used. The ratio of waste LDPE/ABS/PS was 3.6/2.0/1.0 both in the presence and absence of glass fibre, while the applied concentration of the surface modifying routes was 1% in each case. Blends of raw materials had been manufactured by two roll mill, and specimens were obtained by the press moulded plates. The properties of samples were studied by mechanical testing. Results show that blending of the three kinds of waste polymers without compatibilizers resulted immiscible blends with poor mechanical properties. This could be significantly improved by the application of the commercial and synthetic surface treatment additives. Generally, favourable properties were found in the presence of 20% glass fibre. Especially AD-1 and AD-2 experimental and commercial γ-aminopropylsilane additives showed the best results.
{"title":"IMPROVING THE INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED AND UNREINFORCED WASTE SOURCED LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE/ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE/POLYSTYRENE COMPOSITES","authors":"J. Sója, V. Sedlařík, P. Kucharczyk, N. Miskolczi","doi":"10.1515/356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/356","url":null,"abstract":"This work is focused on compatibilization of immiscible waste sourced low density polyethylene (LDPE), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and polystyrene (PS) blends by different surface modifying routes. To reach better mechanical properties of the given reused waste blends 20% glass fibre was used. The ratio of waste LDPE/ABS/PS was 3.6/2.0/1.0 both in the presence and absence of glass fibre, while the applied concentration of the surface modifying routes was 1% in each case. Blends of raw materials had been manufactured by two roll mill, and specimens were obtained by the press moulded plates. The properties of samples were studied by mechanical testing. Results show that blending of the three kinds of waste polymers without compatibilizers resulted immiscible blends with poor mechanical properties. This could be significantly improved by the application of the commercial and synthetic surface treatment additives. Generally, favourable properties were found in the presence of 20% glass fibre. Especially AD-1 and AD-2 experimental and commercial γ-aminopropylsilane additives showed the best results.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73194380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaolinite is an abundant natural material with considerable industrial potential. Despite its simple composition (Al2Si2O5(OH)4 and layered structure being a phyllosilicate), it is notable that only little known about the interaction of kaolinite sheets with small organic reagents at the molecular level. These assumed to govern intercalation, delamination, and then the complete exfoliation processes. A common methodology to model the molecular structure of kaolinite is the employment of periodic boundary conditions. The application of molecular cluster models gained importance nowadays by capitalizing on the availability of wide range of theoretical tools for describing structural features and reaction mechanisms. In this study, we present our results using theoretical methodologies and modelling strategies from literature that are applied for adsorption and intercalation of urea, ethylene glycol, and potassium acetate.
{"title":"Adsorption and Intercalation of Small Molecules on Kaolinite from Molecular Modelling Studies","authors":"A. Táborosi, R. Kurdi, R. Szilagyi","doi":"10.1515/358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/358","url":null,"abstract":"Kaolinite is an abundant natural material with considerable industrial potential. Despite its simple composition (Al2Si2O5(OH)4 and layered structure being a phyllosilicate), it is notable that only little known about the interaction of kaolinite sheets with small organic reagents at the molecular level. These assumed to govern intercalation, delamination, and then the complete exfoliation processes. A common methodology to model the molecular structure of kaolinite is the employment of periodic boundary conditions. The application of molecular cluster models gained importance nowadays by capitalizing on the availability of wide range of theoretical tools for describing structural features and reaction mechanisms. In this study, we present our results using theoretical methodologies and modelling strategies from literature that are applied for adsorption and intercalation of urea, ethylene glycol, and potassium acetate.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75920729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Levitation applications of superconductors require the fabrication of bulk ceramic superconductors with special shapes. The conventional hydraulic pressing is not suitable for the production of superconductors with complicated forms, so we have applied slip casting to shape bulk superconductors. Superconducting powders with different YBa2Cu3Oy (123) and Y2BaCuO5 (211) phase content and different (Pt, Pb, Ce) additives were prepared by solid-state reactions. The nonsuperconducting (211) particles can be considered as flux pinning centres; thus the magnetic properties can be influenced by their amount and particle sizes. The addition of a few weight percent of dopant in the nominal composition can modify the particle size and distribution of the (211) grains. We have investigated and compared the phase compositions, morphologies and magnetic levitation forces of bulk superconductors formed by hydraulic pressing and moulding. The shielding abilities of a moulded superconductor were simulated with the COMSOL Multiphysics 4.4 software.
{"title":"Investigation the Properties of Y-Ba-Cu-Oxide Superconductors Prepared by Hydraulic Pressing and Molding","authors":"Anna Maloveczky, M. Enisz-Bódogh, T. Kulcsár","doi":"10.1515/361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/361","url":null,"abstract":"Levitation applications of superconductors require the fabrication of bulk ceramic superconductors with special shapes. The conventional hydraulic pressing is not suitable for the production of superconductors with complicated forms, so we have applied slip casting to shape bulk superconductors. Superconducting powders with different YBa2Cu3Oy (123) and Y2BaCuO5 (211) phase content and different (Pt, Pb, Ce) additives were prepared by solid-state reactions. The nonsuperconducting (211) particles can be considered as flux pinning centres; thus the magnetic properties can be influenced by their amount and particle sizes. The addition of a few weight percent of dopant in the nominal composition can modify the particle size and distribution of the (211) grains. We have investigated and compared the phase compositions, morphologies and magnetic levitation forces of bulk superconductors formed by hydraulic pressing and moulding. The shielding abilities of a moulded superconductor were simulated with the COMSOL Multiphysics 4.4 software.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79527314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Eck-Varanka, E. Horváth, Á. Ferincz, G. Paulovits, N. Kováts
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are hazardous compounds to the environment and human health, thus their detection is an important task. In this study the genotoxic effect of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) was examined on a freshwater mussel Unio pictorum and results were compared to bacterial tests, such as the Ames test and SOS chromotest. The aim of the study was to calibrate the sensitivity of the mussel micronucleus test to that of the two bacterial tests using B[a]P as a reference chemical. The Ames and the micronucleus tests gave similar response both in sensitivity and in concentrationresponse pattern. These two tests are proposed to be applied in a battery for genotoxicity testing.
{"title":"Comparative Assessment of the Mussel Micronucleus Test Versus Bacterial Bioassays for Genotoxicity Testing of Benzo[a]pyrene","authors":"B. Eck-Varanka, E. Horváth, Á. Ferincz, G. Paulovits, N. Kováts","doi":"10.1515/355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/355","url":null,"abstract":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are hazardous compounds to the environment and human health, thus their detection is an important task. In this study the genotoxic effect of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) was examined on a freshwater mussel Unio pictorum and results were compared to bacterial tests, such as the Ames test and SOS chromotest. The aim of the study was to calibrate the sensitivity of the mussel micronucleus test to that of the two bacterial tests using B[a]P as a reference chemical. The Ames and the micronucleus tests gave similar response both in sensitivity and in concentrationresponse pattern. These two tests are proposed to be applied in a battery for genotoxicity testing.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90829644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of particle size heterogeneity of core-shell stationary phases on the efficiency of chromatographic separation of large biomolecules was studied. It was shown that the column efficiency was affected significantly by the breadth of particle size distribution. The chromatographic efficiency decreased as the heterogeneity of particle sizes increased. Although the absolute decrease of separation efficiency was affected by the linear velocity, u, of the eluent, the relative change of HETP was independent of u in the practical range of eluent velocities. The results showed that the affect of particle size distribution was the highest in case of fully porous phases, and it decreased as the diameter of the inner core decreased. It was shown that, in the usual range of particle size heterogeneity of core-shell phase, the peak capacities did not change significantly even at high eluent velocities.
{"title":"Impact of Size Heterogeneity of Core-Shell Packing Materials on Chromatographic Separation of Large Biomolecules","authors":"Diána Lukács, K. Horváth","doi":"10.1515/359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/359","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of particle size heterogeneity of core-shell stationary phases on the efficiency of chromatographic separation of large biomolecules was studied. It was shown that the column efficiency was affected significantly by the breadth of particle size distribution. The chromatographic efficiency decreased as the heterogeneity of particle sizes increased. Although the absolute decrease of separation efficiency was affected by the linear velocity, u, of the eluent, the relative change of HETP was independent of u in the practical range of eluent velocities. The results showed that the affect of particle size distribution was the highest in case of fully porous phases, and it decreased as the diameter of the inner core decreased. It was shown that, in the usual range of particle size heterogeneity of core-shell phase, the peak capacities did not change significantly even at high eluent velocities.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77285032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper discusses the degradation of waste polyamides during mechanical recycling from the automotive sector. Two different polyamides were investigated: glass fibre reinforced and unreinforced. Raw materials were reprocessed twenty times and the changes in their properties were investigated as a function of reprocessing number. Considerable differences were found in relation to the specimen properties between reinforced and unreinforced waste materials. For example, the tensile strengths of reinforced and unreinforced polyamide 6.6 wastes were 84.2 and 165.2 MPa, respectively, which dropped to 38.0 and 97.0 MPa after the twentieth reprocessing cycle. Specimens from the reprocessing procedure have been investigated by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy in the spectral range of 400–4000 cm-1. Due to mechanical stress between the rotating screw and plasticising cylinder, the reinforcements broke. The average length of the glass fibre was decreased as a function of the reusing cycle number from 1890 to 580 μm.
{"title":"Degradation of Reinforced and Unreinforced Waste Polyamides During Mechanical Recycling","authors":"János Sólya, N. Miskolczi","doi":"10.1515/513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/513","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses the degradation of waste polyamides during mechanical recycling from the automotive sector. Two different polyamides were investigated: glass fibre reinforced and unreinforced. Raw materials were reprocessed twenty times and the changes in their properties were investigated as a function of reprocessing number. Considerable differences were found in relation to the specimen properties between reinforced and unreinforced waste materials. For example, the tensile strengths of reinforced and unreinforced polyamide 6.6 wastes were 84.2 and 165.2 MPa, respectively, which dropped to 38.0 and 97.0 MPa after the twentieth reprocessing cycle. Specimens from the reprocessing procedure have been investigated by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy in the spectral range of 400–4000 cm-1. Due to mechanical stress between the rotating screw and plasticising cylinder, the reinforcements broke. The average length of the glass fibre was decreased as a function of the reusing cycle number from 1890 to 580 μm.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79225333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Hodai, Dóra Rippel-Pethő, G. Horváth, L. Hanák, R. Bocsi
Algae technology is at the focus of international research and development, since it is a green technology that reduces emissions of harmful chemicals and can be considered as a renewable energy source. Carbon dioxide from stack gases and the nitrogen content of wastewater can be considered as food sources for plants and algae. The utilisation of carbon dioxide by algae technologies depends on the technical environment and logistics of teamwork. This technology is a new opportunity in Hungary for decreasing emissions. We grew algae populations to utilise the carbon dioxide from a refinery’s stack gas in the continental climate of Hungary. Critical parameters of the technology are the concentration of the algae suspension and extract, because of high investment and operating costs as well as the long operation time, which determines the feasibility of the algae technology. Our specific aim was to separate the algae mass faster and more efficiently from the starting solution. The optimisation of separation operations and technologies took into consideration environmental and economic aspects.
{"title":"The Energy Balance of Separation Opportunities in Microalgae Technologies","authors":"Z. Hodai, Dóra Rippel-Pethő, G. Horváth, L. Hanák, R. Bocsi","doi":"10.1515/510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/510","url":null,"abstract":"Algae technology is at the focus of international research and development, since it is a green technology that reduces emissions of harmful chemicals and can be considered as a renewable energy source. Carbon dioxide from stack gases and the nitrogen content of wastewater can be considered as food sources for plants and algae. The utilisation of carbon dioxide by algae technologies depends on the technical environment and logistics of teamwork. This technology is a new opportunity in Hungary for decreasing emissions. We grew algae populations to utilise the carbon dioxide from a refinery’s stack gas in the continental climate of Hungary. Critical parameters of the technology are the concentration of the algae suspension and extract, because of high investment and operating costs as well as the long operation time, which determines the feasibility of the algae technology. Our specific aim was to separate the algae mass faster and more efficiently from the starting solution. The optimisation of separation operations and technologies took into consideration environmental and economic aspects.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87258394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liquid engine fuels are the main source of power for transportation in the passenger sector. It is the projection of the European Union (EU) to reach 10% utilisation of renewable fuels by 2020. To achieve this goal the EU created the 2003/30/EC and furthermore the 2009/28/EC Directives. For example, the feedstocks of these renewable engine fuels can be non-edible oil plant hybrids, such as rapeseed oils with high euric acid content obtained from special hybrids of rape (e.g. Brassica napus) waste lards (used cooking oil and slaughterhouse lards). If the preconditions of utilisation are given with respect to the sustainability and technical compatibility of motor engines and vehicle construction, these bio components can be blended with motor fuels in large quantities. Considering the properties of currently used first generation biofuels, the maximum amount of bio-component in engine fuels is approximately 7 (v/v)% fatty acidmethylester in diesel fuels. A reliable production technology of second generation biofuels, which can be blended into diesel fuels is the heterogenic catalytic hydrogenation of triglycerides and waste lards. Furthermore, isomerisation can improve the quality of a bio-paraffin mixture. In this context, we studied the isomerisation of bio-paraffin mixtures, which were obtained from the hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oil. The characteristics of these products were favourable, such as their cetane number being higher than 75, for example. The actual EN590:2013 standard does not limit the blending ratio of the paraffinic bio-component in diesel fuels. Consequently, these products obtained by the catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils can be blended into gasoil by up to 10 % or even more to meet the above EU requirements with respect to the utilisation of renewable fuels.
{"title":"SOLID-LIQUID EXTRACTION OF CHLOROPHYLL FROM MICROALGAE FROM PHOTOAUTOTROPH OPEN-AIR CULTIVATION","authors":"É. Molnár, Dóra Rippel-Pethő, R. Bocsi","doi":"10.1515/511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/511","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid engine fuels are the main source of power for transportation in the passenger sector. It is the projection of the European Union (EU) to reach 10% utilisation of renewable fuels by 2020. To achieve this goal the EU created the 2003/30/EC and furthermore the 2009/28/EC Directives. For example, the feedstocks of these renewable engine fuels can be non-edible oil plant hybrids, such as rapeseed oils with high euric acid content obtained from special hybrids of rape (e.g. Brassica napus) waste lards (used cooking oil and slaughterhouse lards). If the preconditions of utilisation are given with respect to the sustainability and technical compatibility of motor engines and vehicle construction, these bio components can be blended with motor fuels in large quantities. Considering the properties of currently used first generation biofuels, the maximum amount of bio-component in engine fuels is approximately 7 (v/v)% fatty acidmethylester in diesel fuels. A reliable production technology of second generation biofuels, which can be blended into diesel fuels is the heterogenic catalytic hydrogenation of triglycerides and waste lards. Furthermore, isomerisation can improve the quality of a bio-paraffin mixture. In this context, we studied the isomerisation of bio-paraffin mixtures, which were obtained from the hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oil. The characteristics of these products were favourable, such as their cetane number being higher than 75, for example. The actual EN590:2013 standard does not limit the blending ratio of the paraffinic bio-component in diesel fuels. Consequently, these products obtained by the catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils can be blended into gasoil by up to 10 % or even more to meet the above EU requirements with respect to the utilisation of renewable fuels.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84300711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liquid engine fuels are the main source of power for transportation in the passenger sector. It is the projection of the European Union (EU) to reach 10% utilisation of renewable fuels by 2020. To achieve this goal the EU created the 2003/30/EC and furthermore the 2009/28/EC Directives. For example, the feedstocks of these renewable engine fuels can be non-edible oil plant hybrids, such as rapeseed oils with high euric acid content obtained from special hybrids of rape (e.g. Brassica napus) waste lards (used cooking oil and slaughterhouse lards). If the preconditions of utilisation are given with respect to the sustainability and technical compatibility of motor engines and vehicle construction, these bio components can be blended with motor fuels in large quantities. Considering the properties of currently used first generation biofuels, the maximum amount of bio-component in engine fuels is approximately 7 (v/v)% fatty acidmethylester in diesel fuels. A reliable production technology of second generation biofuels, which can be blended into diesel fuels is the heterogenic catalytic hydrogenation of triglycerides and waste lards. Furthermore, isomerisation can improve the quality of a bio-paraffin mixture. In this context, we studied the isomerisation of bio-paraffin mixtures, which were obtained from the hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oil. The characteristics of these products were favourable, such as their cetane number being higher than 75, for example. The actual EN590:2013 standard does not limit the blending ratio of the paraffinic bio-component in diesel fuels. Consequently, these products obtained by the catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils can be blended into gasoil by up to 10 % or even more to meet the above EU requirements with respect to the utilisation of renewable fuels.
{"title":"Investigations of Bio-gasoil Production","authors":"P. Solymosi, Z. Varga, J. Hancsók","doi":"10.1515/509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/509","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid engine fuels are the main source of power for transportation in the passenger sector. It is the projection of the European Union (EU) to reach 10% utilisation of renewable fuels by 2020. To achieve this goal the EU created the 2003/30/EC and furthermore the 2009/28/EC Directives. For example, the feedstocks of these renewable engine fuels can be non-edible oil plant hybrids, such as rapeseed oils with high euric acid content obtained from special hybrids of rape (e.g. Brassica napus) waste lards (used cooking oil and slaughterhouse lards). If the preconditions of utilisation are given with respect to the sustainability and technical compatibility of motor engines and vehicle construction, these bio components can be blended with motor fuels in large quantities. Considering the properties of currently used first generation biofuels, the maximum amount of bio-component in engine fuels is approximately 7 (v/v)% fatty acidmethylester in diesel fuels. A reliable production technology of second generation biofuels, which can be blended into diesel fuels is the heterogenic catalytic hydrogenation of triglycerides and waste lards. Furthermore, isomerisation can improve the quality of a bio-paraffin mixture. In this context, we studied the isomerisation of bio-paraffin mixtures, which were obtained from the hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oil. The characteristics of these products were favourable, such as their cetane number being higher than 75, for example. The actual EN590:2013 standard does not limit the blending ratio of the paraffinic bio-component in diesel fuels. Consequently, these products obtained by the catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils can be blended into gasoil by up to 10 % or even more to meet the above EU requirements with respect to the utilisation of renewable fuels.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83674906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Developments in surface treatment or finishing, and modification of structural metals have probably never been so dynamic than in recent years due to the need for new approaches to efficient corrosion protection. The application of coatings is a strategy to be followed to physically separate corrosive environments from metal surfaces. The overall protection efficiency depends on the coating’s barrier properties. Traditional alternatives to coating suffer from inefficient physical protection in cases of low film thicknesses and at elevated temperatures. One of the most advanced options is to apply ultrathin atomic films to ensure complete separation of the metallic surface from the fluid media. Among the numerous materials and methods, exceptional chemical resistance and high domain size make graphene a promising candidate for constituting ultrathin coatings with interfacial atomic layers adherent and homogeneous coverage to feature firm barrier behaviour. This review focuses on the major efforts with notable results and points out some short comings that must be resolved to serve as a basis for further progress in this field.
{"title":"Corrosion Protection with Ultrathin Graphene Coatings:a Review","authors":"A. Gergely, T. Kristóf","doi":"10.1515/508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/508","url":null,"abstract":"Developments in surface treatment or finishing, and modification of structural metals have probably never been so dynamic than in recent years due to the need for new approaches to efficient corrosion protection. The application of coatings is a strategy to be followed to physically separate corrosive environments from metal surfaces. The overall protection efficiency depends on the coating’s barrier properties. Traditional alternatives to coating suffer from inefficient physical protection in cases of low film thicknesses and at elevated temperatures. One of the most advanced options is to apply ultrathin atomic films to ensure complete separation of the metallic surface from the fluid media. Among the numerous materials and methods, exceptional chemical resistance and high domain size make graphene a promising candidate for constituting ultrathin coatings with interfacial atomic layers adherent and homogeneous coverage to feature firm barrier behaviour. This review focuses on the major efforts with notable results and points out some short comings that must be resolved to serve as a basis for further progress in this field.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86094874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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