Pub Date : 2023-12-10DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9121326
Ekaterina V. Zakharova, Tatiana P. Khanina, Ya. Yu. Golivanov, M. Khaliluev
The in vitro growth of the pollen tube (PT), an object of comprehensive and intensive research, is a model for studying the mechanisms of sexual reproduction in higher plants. We have studied the potential role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the in vitro germination and growth maintenance of the petunia (Petunia hybrida E. Vilm.) male gametophyte. The exogenous treatment with H2O2 influences the PT germination and polar growth in vitro. The addition of H2O2 to culture medium increases both the percentage of pollen grain germination and the PT length in the case of long cultivation, but inhibits both processes during the first hour of cultivation. This suggests that endogenous ROS play a decisive role in the early stages of pollen germination, with the sensitivity to endogenous ROS emerging later over the course of their growth. The addition of diphenylene iodonium chloride (DPI), a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, considerably decreases both the germination and the growth of the petunia male gametophyte at low concentrations (0.1 μM), and completely arrests the growth at high concentrations (1 μM). ROS are necessary for polar growth of the petunia male gametophyte; they are secreted in the early stages of pollen grain activation and are further localized to the initiation of the PT, mainly in the PT apical part, during polar growth, as confirmed with the help of intravital fluorescence microscopy.
{"title":"The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in the In Vitro Germination and Growth of the Petunia (Petunia hybrida E. Vilm.) Male Gametophyte","authors":"Ekaterina V. Zakharova, Tatiana P. Khanina, Ya. Yu. Golivanov, M. Khaliluev","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121326","url":null,"abstract":"The in vitro growth of the pollen tube (PT), an object of comprehensive and intensive research, is a model for studying the mechanisms of sexual reproduction in higher plants. We have studied the potential role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the in vitro germination and growth maintenance of the petunia (Petunia hybrida E. Vilm.) male gametophyte. The exogenous treatment with H2O2 influences the PT germination and polar growth in vitro. The addition of H2O2 to culture medium increases both the percentage of pollen grain germination and the PT length in the case of long cultivation, but inhibits both processes during the first hour of cultivation. This suggests that endogenous ROS play a decisive role in the early stages of pollen germination, with the sensitivity to endogenous ROS emerging later over the course of their growth. The addition of diphenylene iodonium chloride (DPI), a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, considerably decreases both the germination and the growth of the petunia male gametophyte at low concentrations (0.1 μM), and completely arrests the growth at high concentrations (1 μM). ROS are necessary for polar growth of the petunia male gametophyte; they are secreted in the early stages of pollen grain activation and are further localized to the initiation of the PT, mainly in the PT apical part, during polar growth, as confirmed with the help of intravital fluorescence microscopy.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"179 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138982479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-09DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9121323
Luis Felipe Vargas-Huertas, Luis Diego Alvarado-Corella, A. Sánchez-Kopper, A. M. Araya-Sibaja, Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos
The piperamides profile of Piper nigrum cultivated in Costa Rica was studied using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-HRMS) on enriched-piperamides extracts. A total of 31 different piperamides were identified, 24 of them with a methylenedioxyphenyl moiety, including piperine and nine other compounds with the characteristic piperidine ring, as well as guineensine, retrofractamide B, and eight other piperamides with an N-isobutyl group. In addition, piperyline and two other compounds with a pyrrolidine ring, as well as piperflaviflorine B, holding a N-2-methylbutyl chain, were characterized. In turn, pellitorine and six other piperamides exhibiting a long olefinic chain instead of the methylenedioxyphenyl group were also tentatively identified. In addition, quantification was performed using UPLC coupled with a diode array detector (UPLC-DAD), with 15 piperamides being quantified, including piperine, piperyline, piperanine, and piperloguminine with values within the range of previous reports, while results obtained for guineensine (276.5–421.0 mg/100 g dry material) and pellitorine (414.4–725.0 mg/100 g dry material) were higher than those reported in the literature. Additionally, preparative and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separations allowed to isolate, besides piperine, four other piperamides, which were identified through HRMS, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). These included retrofractamide B, guineensine, pellitorine, and (2E,4E,12Z)-N-isobutyl-octadeca-2,4,12-trienamide, with yields of 134.0 mg/100 g dry material, 209.7 mg/100 g dry material, 361.8 mg/100 g dry material and 467.0 mg/100 g dry material, respectively, with all these values higher than those reported in previous studies in the literature. The findings constitute the first report of such a number and diversity of compounds in P. nigrum cultivated in Costa Rica.
采用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾四极杆飞行时间高分辨质谱法（UPLC-ESI-QTOF-HRMS）对哥斯达黎加种植的胡椒哌酰胺提取物进行了研究。共鉴定出 31 种不同的哌嗪类化合物，其中 24 种具有亚甲基二氧苯基分子，包括哌啶和其他 9 种具有哌啶环特征的化合物，以及愈创木碱、呋喃酰胺 B 和其他 8 种具有 N-异丁基的哌嗪类化合物。此外，哌啶和另外两种带有吡咯烷环的化合物，以及带有 N-2-甲基丁基链的哌黄素 B 也得到了表征。此外，还初步鉴定出了佩里托林和其他六种哌啶类化合物，它们的烯烃长链取代了亚甲基二氧苯基。此外，还利用超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器（UPLC-DAD）对 15 种哌啶酰胺进行了定量分析，其中包括哌啶、哌啶碱、哌啶和哌罗古氨酸，其定量值在以往报告的范围之内，而愈创木碱（276.5-421.0 mg/100 g 干物质）和佩里托林（414.4-725.0 mg/100 g 干物质）的定量结果则高于文献报告的结果。此外，通过制备型和半制备型高效液相色谱（HPLC）分离，除了哌啶之外，还分离出了其他四种哌啶酰胺，并通过 HRMS、1H 和 13C 核磁共振（NMR）进行了鉴定。这四种哌啶酰胺包括反式飞蓬酰胺 B、鸟嘌呤碱、佩利鸟嘌呤和 (2E,4E,12Z)-N-异丁基-十八碳-2,4,12-三烯酰胺，其产量分别为 134.0 毫克/100 克干物质、209.7 毫克/100 克干物质、361.8 毫克/100 克干物质和 467.0 毫克/100 克干物质，所有这些数值都高于以前文献研究中报告的数值。这些研究结果是首次报道哥斯达黎加种植的黑叶檀中存在如此多和如此多样化的化合物。
{"title":"Characterization and Isolation of Piperamides from Piper nigrum Cultivated in Costa Rica","authors":"Luis Felipe Vargas-Huertas, Luis Diego Alvarado-Corella, A. Sánchez-Kopper, A. M. Araya-Sibaja, Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121323","url":null,"abstract":"The piperamides profile of Piper nigrum cultivated in Costa Rica was studied using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-HRMS) on enriched-piperamides extracts. A total of 31 different piperamides were identified, 24 of them with a methylenedioxyphenyl moiety, including piperine and nine other compounds with the characteristic piperidine ring, as well as guineensine, retrofractamide B, and eight other piperamides with an N-isobutyl group. In addition, piperyline and two other compounds with a pyrrolidine ring, as well as piperflaviflorine B, holding a N-2-methylbutyl chain, were characterized. In turn, pellitorine and six other piperamides exhibiting a long olefinic chain instead of the methylenedioxyphenyl group were also tentatively identified. In addition, quantification was performed using UPLC coupled with a diode array detector (UPLC-DAD), with 15 piperamides being quantified, including piperine, piperyline, piperanine, and piperloguminine with values within the range of previous reports, while results obtained for guineensine (276.5–421.0 mg/100 g dry material) and pellitorine (414.4–725.0 mg/100 g dry material) were higher than those reported in the literature. Additionally, preparative and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separations allowed to isolate, besides piperine, four other piperamides, which were identified through HRMS, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). These included retrofractamide B, guineensine, pellitorine, and (2E,4E,12Z)-N-isobutyl-octadeca-2,4,12-trienamide, with yields of 134.0 mg/100 g dry material, 209.7 mg/100 g dry material, 361.8 mg/100 g dry material and 467.0 mg/100 g dry material, respectively, with all these values higher than those reported in previous studies in the literature. The findings constitute the first report of such a number and diversity of compounds in P. nigrum cultivated in Costa Rica.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"292 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138983284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-09DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9121324
Li-Jun Zhou, Yu Wang, M. Alqahtani, Qiang-Sheng Wu
Citrus plants rely heavily on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) due to their lack of root hairs. Most experiments have been conducted with AMF inoculation under potted conditions, while field inoculation of AMF on citrus, especially a high economic hybrid tangor variety Beni-Madonna (Citrus nanko × C. amakusa), has been rarely recorded. This study aimed to analyze the effects of two AMF inoculations (a single Funneliformis mosseae and a mixture of F. mosseae, Diversispora versiformis, and Rhizophagus intraradices) on the internal and external fruit quality, leaf antioxidant defense system, and soil fertility and structure of top-worked Beni-Madonna tangor citrus trees. Three and a half years after AMF inoculations, soil hyphal length and root mycorrhizal colonization rate increased by 61.2–101.8% and 15.85–29.6% in inoculated plants, respectively. Inoculated trees had higher external fruit coloration value, fruit horizontal diameter, and fruit weight, and lower fruit rigidity than uninoculated trees. AMF-inoculated trees had higher glucose levels of fruit peels, fructose and sucrose levels of fruit fleshes, and the ratio of fruit soluble solids/titratable acids, as well as lower titratable acids concentrations than non-AMF-inoculated trees. AMF inoculation significantly increased leaf nitrogen balance index, chlorophyll index, peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase activities, as well as reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione concentrations, resulting in lower hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels when compared to the uninoculated treatment. In addition, inoculated trees presented higher soil nutrient levels, including organic carbon, available K, and Olsen-P as, well as soil aggregate stability (based on mean weight diameter) than uninoculated trees. This study concluded that field AMF inoculation improved fruit quality, enhanced leaf antioxidant defense system, and improved soil fertility of Beni-Madonna trees, with mixed AMF being prominent in improving fruit quality and F. mosseae being prominent in enhancing leaf antioxidant defense system and improving soil fertility.
{"title":"Positive Changes in Fruit Quality, Leaf Antioxidant Defense System, and Soil Fertility of Beni-Madonna Tangor Citrus (Citrus nanko × C. amakusa) after Field AMF Inoculation","authors":"Li-Jun Zhou, Yu Wang, M. Alqahtani, Qiang-Sheng Wu","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121324","url":null,"abstract":"Citrus plants rely heavily on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) due to their lack of root hairs. Most experiments have been conducted with AMF inoculation under potted conditions, while field inoculation of AMF on citrus, especially a high economic hybrid tangor variety Beni-Madonna (Citrus nanko × C. amakusa), has been rarely recorded. This study aimed to analyze the effects of two AMF inoculations (a single Funneliformis mosseae and a mixture of F. mosseae, Diversispora versiformis, and Rhizophagus intraradices) on the internal and external fruit quality, leaf antioxidant defense system, and soil fertility and structure of top-worked Beni-Madonna tangor citrus trees. Three and a half years after AMF inoculations, soil hyphal length and root mycorrhizal colonization rate increased by 61.2–101.8% and 15.85–29.6% in inoculated plants, respectively. Inoculated trees had higher external fruit coloration value, fruit horizontal diameter, and fruit weight, and lower fruit rigidity than uninoculated trees. AMF-inoculated trees had higher glucose levels of fruit peels, fructose and sucrose levels of fruit fleshes, and the ratio of fruit soluble solids/titratable acids, as well as lower titratable acids concentrations than non-AMF-inoculated trees. AMF inoculation significantly increased leaf nitrogen balance index, chlorophyll index, peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase activities, as well as reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione concentrations, resulting in lower hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels when compared to the uninoculated treatment. In addition, inoculated trees presented higher soil nutrient levels, including organic carbon, available K, and Olsen-P as, well as soil aggregate stability (based on mean weight diameter) than uninoculated trees. This study concluded that field AMF inoculation improved fruit quality, enhanced leaf antioxidant defense system, and improved soil fertility of Beni-Madonna trees, with mixed AMF being prominent in improving fruit quality and F. mosseae being prominent in enhancing leaf antioxidant defense system and improving soil fertility.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"146 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139010871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9121320
Ke Zhang, Jian Zheng, Yan Wang, Cong Shi, You Wu
To investigate the coupling effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on tomato growth, nitrogen uptake and utilization (NUU), and the soil environment, a pot experiment was conducted using 15N-tracing technology from March to July 2021 and from September 2021 to January 2022. Three biochar application rates (B0, B1, and B2; 0, 3, and 6 t/hm2, respectively) and three nitrogen levels (N1, N2, and N3; 150, 300, and 450 kg/hm2, respectively) were set up. The results show that the growth, yield, rate of 15N uptake, nitrogen derived from soil (Ndfs), total nitrogen (TN), 15N utilization, and recovery rate of tomatoes were improved under biochar application, but nitrogen derived from fertilizer (Ndff) gradually decreased. A Pearson correlation analysis showed that the 15N uptake, Ndfs, TN, rhizosphere soil organic matter, soil organic carbon, and TN were significantly positively correlated with the yield and lycopene content of tomatoes. The comprehensive benefit to the tomatoes was evaluated based on combination weighting with the help of the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). This indicates that the best planting mode was the B2N2 treatment, with a biochar rate of 6 t/hm2 and nitrogen levels of 300 kg/hm2, under the alternative partial root-zone irrigation.
{"title":"A 15N-Tracing Study to Explore the Coupling Effects of Biochar and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Tomato Growth, Yield, Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization, and the Rhizosphere Soil Environment under Root-Divide Alternative Irrigation","authors":"Ke Zhang, Jian Zheng, Yan Wang, Cong Shi, You Wu","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121320","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the coupling effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on tomato growth, nitrogen uptake and utilization (NUU), and the soil environment, a pot experiment was conducted using 15N-tracing technology from March to July 2021 and from September 2021 to January 2022. Three biochar application rates (B0, B1, and B2; 0, 3, and 6 t/hm2, respectively) and three nitrogen levels (N1, N2, and N3; 150, 300, and 450 kg/hm2, respectively) were set up. The results show that the growth, yield, rate of 15N uptake, nitrogen derived from soil (Ndfs), total nitrogen (TN), 15N utilization, and recovery rate of tomatoes were improved under biochar application, but nitrogen derived from fertilizer (Ndff) gradually decreased. A Pearson correlation analysis showed that the 15N uptake, Ndfs, TN, rhizosphere soil organic matter, soil organic carbon, and TN were significantly positively correlated with the yield and lycopene content of tomatoes. The comprehensive benefit to the tomatoes was evaluated based on combination weighting with the help of the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). This indicates that the best planting mode was the B2N2 treatment, with a biochar rate of 6 t/hm2 and nitrogen levels of 300 kg/hm2, under the alternative partial root-zone irrigation.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"50 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138587987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9121322
Panling Yu, Changxia Yu, Mingjie Chen, Qin Dong, Die Hu, Baosheng Zhang, Mengke Zhang, Jianshuai Ma, Baoting Xu, Yan Zhao
Pleurotus citrinopilestus contains a variety of physiologically and pharmacologically active compounds. A key active component among these compounds is dietary fiber, a polysaccharide that exhibits several biological properties. The objective of this study was to assess how soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from Pleurotus citrinopilestus responded to ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic (UAE) extraction. The response surface method (RSM) combined with the Box-Behnken design method (BBD) was used to optimize the yield of SDF. The effects of the liquid-solid ratio (35–55 mL/g), α-amylase concentration (0.5–2.5%), complex protease concentration (0.4–2.0%), and ultrasonication time (15–55 min) on the yield of SDF were examined. The RSM results revealed the optimal liquid-solid ratio (45 mL/g), α-amylase concentration (1.5%), complex protease concentration (1.2%), and ultrasonic time (35 min). The SDF yield was 10.25%, which is close to the predicted value (10.08%).
{"title":"Box-Behnken Design for Optimizing Ultrasonic-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction of Soluble Dietary Fiber from Pleurotus citrinopilestus","authors":"Panling Yu, Changxia Yu, Mingjie Chen, Qin Dong, Die Hu, Baosheng Zhang, Mengke Zhang, Jianshuai Ma, Baoting Xu, Yan Zhao","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121322","url":null,"abstract":"Pleurotus citrinopilestus contains a variety of physiologically and pharmacologically active compounds. A key active component among these compounds is dietary fiber, a polysaccharide that exhibits several biological properties. The objective of this study was to assess how soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from Pleurotus citrinopilestus responded to ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic (UAE) extraction. The response surface method (RSM) combined with the Box-Behnken design method (BBD) was used to optimize the yield of SDF. The effects of the liquid-solid ratio (35–55 mL/g), α-amylase concentration (0.5–2.5%), complex protease concentration (0.4–2.0%), and ultrasonication time (15–55 min) on the yield of SDF were examined. The RSM results revealed the optimal liquid-solid ratio (45 mL/g), α-amylase concentration (1.5%), complex protease concentration (1.2%), and ultrasonic time (35 min). The SDF yield was 10.25%, which is close to the predicted value (10.08%).","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139011544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9121317
Shih-Lun Fang, Yu-Jung Cheng, Y. Tu, Min Yao, Bo-Jein Kuo
Early detection of drought stress in greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important issue. Real-time and nondestructive assessment of plant water status is possible by spectroscopy. However, spectral data often suffer from the problems of collinearity, class imbalance, and class overlap, which require some effective strategies to overcome. This study used a spectroscopic dataset on the tomato (cv. ‘Rosada’) vegetative stage and calculated ten spectral reflectance indices (SRIs) to develop an early drought detection model for greenhouse tomatoes. In addition, this study applied the random forest (RF) algorithm and two resampling techniques to explore efficient methods for analyzing multiple SRI data. It was found that the use of the RF algorithm to build a prediction model could overcome collinearity. Moreover, the synthetic minority oversampling technique could improve the model performance when the data were imbalanced. For class overlap in high-dimensional data, this study suggested that two to three important predictors can be screened out, and it then used a scatter plot to decide whether the class overlap should be addressed. Finally, this study proposed an RF model for detecting early drought stress based on three SRIs, namely, RNDVI, SPRI, and SR2, which only needs six spectral wavebands (i.e., 510, 560, 680, 705, 750, and 900 nm) to achieve more than 85% accuracy. This model can be a useful and cost-effective tool for precise irrigation in greenhouse tomato production, and its sensor prototype can be developed and tested in different situations in the future.
{"title":"Exploring Efficient Methods for Using Multiple Spectral Reflectance Indices to Establish a Prediction Model for Early Drought Stress Detection in Greenhouse Tomato","authors":"Shih-Lun Fang, Yu-Jung Cheng, Y. Tu, Min Yao, Bo-Jein Kuo","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121317","url":null,"abstract":"Early detection of drought stress in greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important issue. Real-time and nondestructive assessment of plant water status is possible by spectroscopy. However, spectral data often suffer from the problems of collinearity, class imbalance, and class overlap, which require some effective strategies to overcome. This study used a spectroscopic dataset on the tomato (cv. ‘Rosada’) vegetative stage and calculated ten spectral reflectance indices (SRIs) to develop an early drought detection model for greenhouse tomatoes. In addition, this study applied the random forest (RF) algorithm and two resampling techniques to explore efficient methods for analyzing multiple SRI data. It was found that the use of the RF algorithm to build a prediction model could overcome collinearity. Moreover, the synthetic minority oversampling technique could improve the model performance when the data were imbalanced. For class overlap in high-dimensional data, this study suggested that two to three important predictors can be screened out, and it then used a scatter plot to decide whether the class overlap should be addressed. Finally, this study proposed an RF model for detecting early drought stress based on three SRIs, namely, RNDVI, SPRI, and SR2, which only needs six spectral wavebands (i.e., 510, 560, 680, 705, 750, and 900 nm) to achieve more than 85% accuracy. This model can be a useful and cost-effective tool for precise irrigation in greenhouse tomato production, and its sensor prototype can be developed and tested in different situations in the future.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"120 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138590131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9121318
Jae Hyeon Ryu, Zarin Subah, Jeonghyun Baek
Smart farming using technology-monitored controlled environment agriculture (CEA) has recently evolved to optimize crop growth while minimizing land use and environmental impacts, especially for climate-threatened regions. This study focuses on characterizing crop production using system dynamics (SD) modeling, which is a relatively new approach in CEA settings. Using tomatoes in a hydroponic growing system, we explore an alternative food resource potentially accessible to underserved areas in rural and/or urban settings under abrupt climate variability. The designed autonomous indoor farming platforms (AIFP) are equipped with the Internet of Things (IoT) to monitor the physiological parameters, including electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and water temperature (WT) associated with plant growth. Two varieties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants were used in this study with two different nutrient inputs (N-P-K ratios of 2-1-6 and 5-5-5) to assess the nutrient application impact on yield, especially focusing on the early stages of tomato to conceptualize and parametrize SD modes. Repeated measure analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of the environmental factors (EC, pH, and WT) in response to changing plant nutrients. The results show that different nutrient compositions (N-P-K ratios) have a noticeable effect on both pH and WT (p < 0.001) as opposed to EC. The study indicates that the proposed AIFP would be a promising solution to produce other crops for indoor farming in a changing climate. We anticipate that the proposed AIFP along with SD tools will be widely adopted to promote indoor farming in changing climates, ultimately contributing to community resilience against food insecurity in disadvantaged areas for years to come.
{"title":"An Application of System Dynamics to Characterize Crop Production for Autonomous Indoor Farming Platforms (AIFP)","authors":"Jae Hyeon Ryu, Zarin Subah, Jeonghyun Baek","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121318","url":null,"abstract":"Smart farming using technology-monitored controlled environment agriculture (CEA) has recently evolved to optimize crop growth while minimizing land use and environmental impacts, especially for climate-threatened regions. This study focuses on characterizing crop production using system dynamics (SD) modeling, which is a relatively new approach in CEA settings. Using tomatoes in a hydroponic growing system, we explore an alternative food resource potentially accessible to underserved areas in rural and/or urban settings under abrupt climate variability. The designed autonomous indoor farming platforms (AIFP) are equipped with the Internet of Things (IoT) to monitor the physiological parameters, including electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and water temperature (WT) associated with plant growth. Two varieties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants were used in this study with two different nutrient inputs (N-P-K ratios of 2-1-6 and 5-5-5) to assess the nutrient application impact on yield, especially focusing on the early stages of tomato to conceptualize and parametrize SD modes. Repeated measure analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of the environmental factors (EC, pH, and WT) in response to changing plant nutrients. The results show that different nutrient compositions (N-P-K ratios) have a noticeable effect on both pH and WT (p < 0.001) as opposed to EC. The study indicates that the proposed AIFP would be a promising solution to produce other crops for indoor farming in a changing climate. We anticipate that the proposed AIFP along with SD tools will be widely adopted to promote indoor farming in changing climates, ultimately contributing to community resilience against food insecurity in disadvantaged areas for years to come.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"10 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138591927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The transcription factor family RELATED to ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3)/VIVIPAROUS1(VP1) (RAV) is a plant-specific group of transcription factors that only contain a conserved B3 DNA binding domain or both their own B3 and APETALA2 (AP2) domains belonging to the B3 superfamily, which is vital for plant growth, development, and stress response. Although genome-wide characterization and analysis of the RAV family genes have been conducted in some species, they have not been systematically reported in chrysanthemums. Here, we found six RAV family genes in the diploid Chrysanthemum seticuspe genome. Based on domain similarity and homology comparison analyses, RAV genes in Chrysanthemum were categorized into two clades: Class-I and Class-II. Conserved motif analysis revealed that all CsRAV proteins contained the B3 repression domain. An analysis of cis-acting elements suggested that CsRAV family genes may play parts in light, hormonal, abiotic stress, growth, and developmental processes. Furthermore, quantitative RT-PCR analysis validated that all six CsRAV genes responded to ethylene treatment, whereas the genes in the Class-I clade responded most significantly to ethylene. In summary, the above results provided a conceptual basis for further investigation into the functions of CsRAV genes in C. seticuspe.
{"title":"Genome-Wide Analysis of the Related to ABI3/VP1 Family Genes in Chrysanthemum seticuspe Reveals Their Response Patterns to Exogenous Ethylene Treatment","authors":"Hua Cheng, Yiman Yang, Jiayu Li, Sumei Chen, Fadi Chen, Jiafu Jiang","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121316","url":null,"abstract":"The transcription factor family RELATED to ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3)/VIVIPAROUS1(VP1) (RAV) is a plant-specific group of transcription factors that only contain a conserved B3 DNA binding domain or both their own B3 and APETALA2 (AP2) domains belonging to the B3 superfamily, which is vital for plant growth, development, and stress response. Although genome-wide characterization and analysis of the RAV family genes have been conducted in some species, they have not been systematically reported in chrysanthemums. Here, we found six RAV family genes in the diploid Chrysanthemum seticuspe genome. Based on domain similarity and homology comparison analyses, RAV genes in Chrysanthemum were categorized into two clades: Class-I and Class-II. Conserved motif analysis revealed that all CsRAV proteins contained the B3 repression domain. An analysis of cis-acting elements suggested that CsRAV family genes may play parts in light, hormonal, abiotic stress, growth, and developmental processes. Furthermore, quantitative RT-PCR analysis validated that all six CsRAV genes responded to ethylene treatment, whereas the genes in the Class-I clade responded most significantly to ethylene. In summary, the above results provided a conceptual basis for further investigation into the functions of CsRAV genes in C. seticuspe.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138593610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9121314
Gregory Kruker, Eduardo Schabatoski Guidi, Juliano Muniz da Silva dos Santos, Á. L. Mafra, Jaime Antonio de Almeida
Current agriculture faces the challenge of producing food with the least interference from the environment. In this sense, the implementation of ecological agricultural practices is essential to obtaining healthy and more sustainable production systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of different inoculation technologies on formulations of bokashi-type biofertilizer and its application as soil and substrate organic amendment. We examined the effects of treatments on the chemical and biological quality of the evaluated formulations, as well as their influence on the agronomic and nutritional characteristics of red-beet and cabbage crops in the field. The metagenomic analysis of the taxonomic profile of the microbiological populations revealed relative abundance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial genera, including Azospirillum sp., Rhizobium sp., Bradyrhizobium sp., Burkholderia sp., Paraburkholderia sp., and Paenibacillus sp. in the evaluated formulations. Additionally, no phytopathogenic contaminants were detected among the investigated treatments. The highest yields of field-grown beet crops were obtained from seedlings produced using the following treatments: bokashi biofertilizer + biodynamic preparations P502-P507, bokashi + Chamomilla 12 CH, and bokashi + Carbo vegetabilis 12 CH. The increase in productivity of cabbage plants was higher in the treatment bokashi + Calcarea carbonica 12 CH.
{"title":"Quality of Bokashi-Type Biofertilizer Formulations and Its Application in the Production of Vegetables in an Ecological System","authors":"Gregory Kruker, Eduardo Schabatoski Guidi, Juliano Muniz da Silva dos Santos, Á. L. Mafra, Jaime Antonio de Almeida","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121314","url":null,"abstract":"Current agriculture faces the challenge of producing food with the least interference from the environment. In this sense, the implementation of ecological agricultural practices is essential to obtaining healthy and more sustainable production systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of different inoculation technologies on formulations of bokashi-type biofertilizer and its application as soil and substrate organic amendment. We examined the effects of treatments on the chemical and biological quality of the evaluated formulations, as well as their influence on the agronomic and nutritional characteristics of red-beet and cabbage crops in the field. The metagenomic analysis of the taxonomic profile of the microbiological populations revealed relative abundance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial genera, including Azospirillum sp., Rhizobium sp., Bradyrhizobium sp., Burkholderia sp., Paraburkholderia sp., and Paenibacillus sp. in the evaluated formulations. Additionally, no phytopathogenic contaminants were detected among the investigated treatments. The highest yields of field-grown beet crops were obtained from seedlings produced using the following treatments: bokashi biofertilizer + biodynamic preparations P502-P507, bokashi + Chamomilla 12 CH, and bokashi + Carbo vegetabilis 12 CH. The increase in productivity of cabbage plants was higher in the treatment bokashi + Calcarea carbonica 12 CH.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"52 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138591846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9121315
David Greco, Erika Sabella, Giambattista Carluccio, Angelo Giovanni Delle Donne, L. De Bellis, A. Luvisi
This is the first worldwide report of X. fastidiosa (Xf) subsp. pauca on Castanea sativa and the first characterization of Xf infection on this species. Plants located in three sites (in a long-term affected area in Apulia) were monitored for symptoms and bacterial concentrations in spring and summer, while microscopic analyses were performed to evaluate the pathogen distribution in the xylem vessels. All chestnut plants appeared asymptomatic but the Xf subsp. pauca strain “De Donno” was present at low concentrations (1.14 × 104 and 1.56 × 103 cfu mL−1 in April and June) and with a low incidence (respectively, 38% and 30%). The FISH-CLSM (Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization—Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope) analysis showed evident Xf occlusions but in a low percentage (9.2 ± 3.4%); these data can explain the lack of symptoms on the canopy. Furthermore, through a bibliographic analysis it emerged that Philaenus spumarius and Neophilaenus campestris, two Xf vectors present in Europe, are suckling feeding insects on chestnut trees and could be involved in the bacterial transmission to this species. Asymptomatic Xf host species can play a considerable role in new outbreak emergence or in the expansion of existing ones. So, it is essential to identify them to plan more effective monitoring activities.
{"title":"Xylella fastidiosa, Possible New Threat to Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) in Italy","authors":"David Greco, Erika Sabella, Giambattista Carluccio, Angelo Giovanni Delle Donne, L. De Bellis, A. Luvisi","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121315","url":null,"abstract":"This is the first worldwide report of X. fastidiosa (Xf) subsp. pauca on Castanea sativa and the first characterization of Xf infection on this species. Plants located in three sites (in a long-term affected area in Apulia) were monitored for symptoms and bacterial concentrations in spring and summer, while microscopic analyses were performed to evaluate the pathogen distribution in the xylem vessels. All chestnut plants appeared asymptomatic but the Xf subsp. pauca strain “De Donno” was present at low concentrations (1.14 × 104 and 1.56 × 103 cfu mL−1 in April and June) and with a low incidence (respectively, 38% and 30%). The FISH-CLSM (Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization—Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope) analysis showed evident Xf occlusions but in a low percentage (9.2 ± 3.4%); these data can explain the lack of symptoms on the canopy. Furthermore, through a bibliographic analysis it emerged that Philaenus spumarius and Neophilaenus campestris, two Xf vectors present in Europe, are suckling feeding insects on chestnut trees and could be involved in the bacterial transmission to this species. Asymptomatic Xf host species can play a considerable role in new outbreak emergence or in the expansion of existing ones. So, it is essential to identify them to plan more effective monitoring activities.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"38 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138592420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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