Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070763
Klementina Kalmár, Katalin Borostyán, Orsolya Molnár, J. Ágoston, Éva Preininger, M. Z. Németh
The demand for common hazel (Corylus avellana) fruit increases constantly. Powdery mildew (PM) on hazels in Hungary and throughout Europe was previously caused mainly by Phyllactinia guttata. However, less than a decade ago, another fungus of Asian origin, Erysiphe corylacearum, appeared on hazels in Europe, including Hungary. Our investigation aimed to develop a species-specific PCR (ssPCR) to aid the identification of P. guttata and E. corylacearum, and to assess the presence of the latter, non-native fungus in Hungary. For this study, 59 samples were collected from Hungary between 2021 and 2023. The chasmothecial morphology of the PM fungi was observed, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA was sequenced in representative samples. Morphological analysis distinguished two types of chasmothecia. Parts of the chasmothecia, typical of P. guttata, were flattened and spherical with bristle-like appendages, while other chasmothecia, characteristic of E. corylacearum, were distinctly smaller, bearing appendages with branched apices. Sequence data also verified the presence of P. guttata and E. corylacearum in our samples. The developed ssPCR revealed that E. corylacearum was present in more than three-quarters of the samples, more than a quarter of the samples contained both fungi and about one-fifth carried solely P. guttata. The alien fungus E. corylacearum was found in all but one of the sampled regions and was found on C. avellana and also on C. colurna. Erysiphe corylacearum spreads rapidly and can be considered an invasive pathogen. Its practical importance lies in its ability to infect hazelnuts, potentially causing economic losses. Our ssPCR ensures accurate and quick identification of the fungus, which is essential for effective plant protection.
对普通榛子（Corylus avellana）果实的需求不断增加。匈牙利和整个欧洲的榛子上的白粉病（PM）以前主要是由 Phyllactinia guttata 引起的。然而，不到十年前，另一种源于亚洲的真菌 Erysiphe corylacearum 出现在包括匈牙利在内的欧洲榛子上。我们的调查旨在开发一种物种特异性 PCR（ssPCR），以帮助识别 P. guttata 和 E. corylacearum，并评估匈牙利是否存在后一种非本地真菌。这项研究在 2021 年至 2023 年期间从匈牙利采集了 59 份样本。研究人员观察了 PM 真菌的虫体形态，并对代表性样本的核糖体 DNA 内部转录间隔（ITS）进行了测序。形态学分析区分了两种类型的隙菌。部分壳斗菌是 P. guttata 的典型特征，呈扁平球形，有鬃毛状附属物；而其他壳斗菌则是 E. corylacearum 的特征，明显较小，附属物顶端有分枝。序列数据也验证了样本中存在 P. guttata 和 E. corylacearum。开发的 ssPCR 显示，超过四分之三的样本中含有 E. corylacearum，超过四分之一的样本中同时含有这两种真菌，约五分之一的样本中只含有 P. guttata。外来真菌 E. corylacearum 在除一个地区外的所有采样地区都有发现，在 C. avellana 和 C. colurna 上也有发现。Erysiphe corylacearum传播迅速，可被视为一种入侵病原体。它的实际意义在于能够感染榛子，并可能造成经济损失。我们的 ssPCR 可确保准确快速地鉴定真菌，这对有效的植物保护至关重要。
{"title":"A Species-Specific PCR Differentiates Two Causal Agents of Hazel Powdery Mildew and Reveals the Occurrence of Erysiphe corylacearum","authors":"Klementina Kalmár, Katalin Borostyán, Orsolya Molnár, J. Ágoston, Éva Preininger, M. Z. Németh","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070763","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for common hazel (Corylus avellana) fruit increases constantly. Powdery mildew (PM) on hazels in Hungary and throughout Europe was previously caused mainly by Phyllactinia guttata. However, less than a decade ago, another fungus of Asian origin, Erysiphe corylacearum, appeared on hazels in Europe, including Hungary. Our investigation aimed to develop a species-specific PCR (ssPCR) to aid the identification of P. guttata and E. corylacearum, and to assess the presence of the latter, non-native fungus in Hungary. For this study, 59 samples were collected from Hungary between 2021 and 2023. The chasmothecial morphology of the PM fungi was observed, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA was sequenced in representative samples. Morphological analysis distinguished two types of chasmothecia. Parts of the chasmothecia, typical of P. guttata, were flattened and spherical with bristle-like appendages, while other chasmothecia, characteristic of E. corylacearum, were distinctly smaller, bearing appendages with branched apices. Sequence data also verified the presence of P. guttata and E. corylacearum in our samples. The developed ssPCR revealed that E. corylacearum was present in more than three-quarters of the samples, more than a quarter of the samples contained both fungi and about one-fifth carried solely P. guttata. The alien fungus E. corylacearum was found in all but one of the sampled regions and was found on C. avellana and also on C. colurna. Erysiphe corylacearum spreads rapidly and can be considered an invasive pathogen. Its practical importance lies in its ability to infect hazelnuts, potentially causing economic losses. Our ssPCR ensures accurate and quick identification of the fungus, which is essential for effective plant protection.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141820783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070767
Krishna Neupane, Anthony Witcher, F. Baysal-Gurel
Early season monitoring of nutrient stress is important in red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) to optimize management practices and ensure healthy crop production in containers. Two different irrigation systems (drip and overhead irrigation) were used in this study. Two rates (low and high) of controlled-release fertilizer were used with no fertilizer as a control treatment. Data were recorded for plant height, stem diameter, substrate pH and electrical conductivity (EC), chlorophyll content, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), visual observation of plant quality, and leaf nutrient content. The results of this study showed that the increase in plant height and stem diameter was greater among the fertilized maple tree, whereas no differences were observed in the flowering dogwoods for an increase in plant height. NDVI was greater for drip irrigation for both fertilizer rates in both red maples and flowering dogwoods. A positive correlation of 73% to 83% was observed for red maples and 79% to 83% was observed for flowering dogwoods between handheld NDVI and unmanned aerial vehicle-mounted NDVI sensors. In red maple, a high fertilizer rate resulted in greater substrate pH, whereas in flowering dogwood, no differences were observed. Varied responses were observed among the treatments for nutrient content; however, both rates of fertilizer application were sufficient for both tree species. Drip-irrigated red maples had higher nitrogen and phosphorous content, whereas nitrogen content was higher in both irrigation systems in flowering dogwoods. This study provides useful insights into understanding the effect of nutrient stress on tree growth and the application of sensing technology for the monitoring and early detection of nutrient stress in container-grown nursery crops.
{"title":"An Evaluation of the Effect of Fertilizer Rate on Tree Growth and the Detection of Nutrient Stress in Different Irrigation Systems","authors":"Krishna Neupane, Anthony Witcher, F. Baysal-Gurel","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070767","url":null,"abstract":"Early season monitoring of nutrient stress is important in red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) to optimize management practices and ensure healthy crop production in containers. Two different irrigation systems (drip and overhead irrigation) were used in this study. Two rates (low and high) of controlled-release fertilizer were used with no fertilizer as a control treatment. Data were recorded for plant height, stem diameter, substrate pH and electrical conductivity (EC), chlorophyll content, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), visual observation of plant quality, and leaf nutrient content. The results of this study showed that the increase in plant height and stem diameter was greater among the fertilized maple tree, whereas no differences were observed in the flowering dogwoods for an increase in plant height. NDVI was greater for drip irrigation for both fertilizer rates in both red maples and flowering dogwoods. A positive correlation of 73% to 83% was observed for red maples and 79% to 83% was observed for flowering dogwoods between handheld NDVI and unmanned aerial vehicle-mounted NDVI sensors. In red maple, a high fertilizer rate resulted in greater substrate pH, whereas in flowering dogwood, no differences were observed. Varied responses were observed among the treatments for nutrient content; however, both rates of fertilizer application were sufficient for both tree species. Drip-irrigated red maples had higher nitrogen and phosphorous content, whereas nitrogen content was higher in both irrigation systems in flowering dogwoods. This study provides useful insights into understanding the effect of nutrient stress on tree growth and the application of sensing technology for the monitoring and early detection of nutrient stress in container-grown nursery crops.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141822883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070768
F. T. Borsoi, Arícia Possas, G. M. Pastore, H. S. Arruda
Brazil is home to some of the world’s greatest biodiversity, providing an immeasurable number of new opportunities and unexplored sources of native plants for the development of products, extracts, foods, and compounds of social and economic interest. Among these, plants of the genus Eugenia stand out because of the large number of species found in Brazilian territory, many of which are endemic and exclusive to Brazil. These plants have emerged as potential sources for obtaining essential oils with relevant biological activities. In this context, the present review provides an overview of essential oils derived from the main native plants of Brazilian socio-biodiversity from the genus Eugenia with food value (Eugenia stipitata, Eugenia dysenterica, Eugenia involucrata, Eugenia brasiliensis, Eugenia klotzschiana, Eugenia uniflora, and Eugenia pyriformis) and their phytochemical profile and health beneficial effects. The compiled data showed that the essential oils of these plants are composed mainly of sesquiterpenes and, in smaller quantities, monoterpenes and other compounds. These compounds contribute to different biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiparasitic effects. These findings demonstrate that the essential oils of Brazilian native plants of the genus Eugenia can be a promising raw material for active ingredients to develop innovative and sustainable food products, drugs, and cosmetics.
{"title":"Essential Oils from Native Brazilian Plants of the Genus Eugenia as an Innovative and Sustainable Source of Active Ingredients for Food Systems and Human Health and Well-Being","authors":"F. T. Borsoi, Arícia Possas, G. M. Pastore, H. S. Arruda","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070768","url":null,"abstract":"Brazil is home to some of the world’s greatest biodiversity, providing an immeasurable number of new opportunities and unexplored sources of native plants for the development of products, extracts, foods, and compounds of social and economic interest. Among these, plants of the genus Eugenia stand out because of the large number of species found in Brazilian territory, many of which are endemic and exclusive to Brazil. These plants have emerged as potential sources for obtaining essential oils with relevant biological activities. In this context, the present review provides an overview of essential oils derived from the main native plants of Brazilian socio-biodiversity from the genus Eugenia with food value (Eugenia stipitata, Eugenia dysenterica, Eugenia involucrata, Eugenia brasiliensis, Eugenia klotzschiana, Eugenia uniflora, and Eugenia pyriformis) and their phytochemical profile and health beneficial effects. The compiled data showed that the essential oils of these plants are composed mainly of sesquiterpenes and, in smaller quantities, monoterpenes and other compounds. These compounds contribute to different biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiparasitic effects. These findings demonstrate that the essential oils of Brazilian native plants of the genus Eugenia can be a promising raw material for active ingredients to develop innovative and sustainable food products, drugs, and cosmetics.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141823108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070766
Shanmugam Sankaran Pagalahalli, M. Marimuthu, S. Mookiah, Elaiyabharathi Thiyagarajan, Angappan Kathithachalam, Karthikeyan Gandhi, Arulkumar Gopal, Manjari Palanisamy, R. Manickam, Paola Sotelo-Cardona, Ricardo Oliva, Srinivasan Ramasamy
Tomatoes are one of the predominant vegetable crops grown throughout the year in Tamil Nadu, India. Their perishable nature and resource-intensive cultivation make them susceptible to biotic stress. The damage caused by invasive insect pests, bacterial wilt during the rainy season, and viral diseases are major yield-limiting factors, and the farmers mostly depend on calendar-based insecticide applications for insect pest and disease management in tomatoes. The desired tomato hybrids grafted onto bacterial wilt-resistant eggplant rootstocks offer protection against bacterial wilt during the rainy season. The integrated pest and disease management (IPDM) practices consist of resistant grafted tomato seedlings (wild eggplant rootstocks EG 203 and TS 03), bioinoculants (Bacillus subtilis + Trichoderma asperellum + Purpureocillium lilacinum), pheromone traps (Phthorimaea absoluta and Helicoverpa armigera), botanicals (azadirachtin), microbial pesticides (Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Beauveria bassiana), and bio-rationals, which were evaluated in four locations in two major tomato-growing tracts of Tamil Nadu. The results revealed that the treatment EG 203 eggplant rootstock-grafted tomato along with IPDM practices performed better across all experimental locations than the other treatment combinations viz., TS 03 eggplant rootstock-grafted tomato + IPDM, tomato + IPDM, grafted tomato + farmers’ practice and tomato + farmers’ practice. The EG 203-grafted tomato recorded a higher yield than the farmers’ practice with significantly superior biometric parameters. The treatment of EG 203-grafted tomato and IPDM practices can be adopted for safer tomato production by enabling a reduction in pesticide applications while enhancing productivity.
{"title":"Evaluation of Integrated Pest and Disease Management Combinations against Major Insect Pests and Diseases of Tomato in Tamil Nadu, India","authors":"Shanmugam Sankaran Pagalahalli, M. Marimuthu, S. Mookiah, Elaiyabharathi Thiyagarajan, Angappan Kathithachalam, Karthikeyan Gandhi, Arulkumar Gopal, Manjari Palanisamy, R. Manickam, Paola Sotelo-Cardona, Ricardo Oliva, Srinivasan Ramasamy","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070766","url":null,"abstract":"Tomatoes are one of the predominant vegetable crops grown throughout the year in Tamil Nadu, India. Their perishable nature and resource-intensive cultivation make them susceptible to biotic stress. The damage caused by invasive insect pests, bacterial wilt during the rainy season, and viral diseases are major yield-limiting factors, and the farmers mostly depend on calendar-based insecticide applications for insect pest and disease management in tomatoes. The desired tomato hybrids grafted onto bacterial wilt-resistant eggplant rootstocks offer protection against bacterial wilt during the rainy season. The integrated pest and disease management (IPDM) practices consist of resistant grafted tomato seedlings (wild eggplant rootstocks EG 203 and TS 03), bioinoculants (Bacillus subtilis + Trichoderma asperellum + Purpureocillium lilacinum), pheromone traps (Phthorimaea absoluta and Helicoverpa armigera), botanicals (azadirachtin), microbial pesticides (Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Beauveria bassiana), and bio-rationals, which were evaluated in four locations in two major tomato-growing tracts of Tamil Nadu. The results revealed that the treatment EG 203 eggplant rootstock-grafted tomato along with IPDM practices performed better across all experimental locations than the other treatment combinations viz., TS 03 eggplant rootstock-grafted tomato + IPDM, tomato + IPDM, grafted tomato + farmers’ practice and tomato + farmers’ practice. The EG 203-grafted tomato recorded a higher yield than the farmers’ practice with significantly superior biometric parameters. The treatment of EG 203-grafted tomato and IPDM practices can be adopted for safer tomato production by enabling a reduction in pesticide applications while enhancing productivity.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141821558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070764
Nari Yoon, Sullim Lee, K. Choi, Jajung Ku, Sanghyun Lee
Glehnia littoralis F. (GLF), a perennial herb indigenous to the coastal areas of northern Pacific countries is widely utilized in medicine for various diseases and symptoms. The current study aimed to determine the relationship between phytochemicals and their diverse functional abilities. High-performance liquid chromatography and a photodiode array detector were used to identify chlorogenic acid (1), rutin (2), isoquercitrin (3), psoralen (4), 8-methoxy psoralen (5), and bergapten (6). 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+)- and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical-scavenging assays were conducted. It was found that GLF from the Chungnam Province had a higher content of compounds 4–6 contents of approximately 51.29 µmoL/g, which was primarily composed of bergapten (6) (44.44 µmoL/g). Moreover, GLF from Jeju Island exhibited the strongest ABTS+- and DPPH-radical-scavenging activities, with IC50 values of 6.69 mg/mL and 10.26 mg/mL, respectively, followed by Chungnam Province and Jeonnam Province. In contrast, the radical-scavenging activities of GLF did not correlate with compounds 4–6 (furanocoumarins) and were predicted to be related to compounds 1–3. These differences in chemical composition and biological functions are consistent with differences in environmental conditions. Therefore, GLF with high amounts of flavonoid compounds such as rutin and isoquercitrin could potentially be utilized as herbal medicines; however, further research into their additional biological effects is needed.
{"title":"Evaluation of Bioactive Functions and Quantitative Analysis of Phenolic Compounds of Glehnia littoralis from Different Regions","authors":"Nari Yoon, Sullim Lee, K. Choi, Jajung Ku, Sanghyun Lee","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070764","url":null,"abstract":"Glehnia littoralis F. (GLF), a perennial herb indigenous to the coastal areas of northern Pacific countries is widely utilized in medicine for various diseases and symptoms. The current study aimed to determine the relationship between phytochemicals and their diverse functional abilities. High-performance liquid chromatography and a photodiode array detector were used to identify chlorogenic acid (1), rutin (2), isoquercitrin (3), psoralen (4), 8-methoxy psoralen (5), and bergapten (6). 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+)- and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical-scavenging assays were conducted. It was found that GLF from the Chungnam Province had a higher content of compounds 4–6 contents of approximately 51.29 µmoL/g, which was primarily composed of bergapten (6) (44.44 µmoL/g). Moreover, GLF from Jeju Island exhibited the strongest ABTS+- and DPPH-radical-scavenging activities, with IC50 values of 6.69 mg/mL and 10.26 mg/mL, respectively, followed by Chungnam Province and Jeonnam Province. In contrast, the radical-scavenging activities of GLF did not correlate with compounds 4–6 (furanocoumarins) and were predicted to be related to compounds 1–3. These differences in chemical composition and biological functions are consistent with differences in environmental conditions. Therefore, GLF with high amounts of flavonoid compounds such as rutin and isoquercitrin could potentially be utilized as herbal medicines; however, further research into their additional biological effects is needed.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141823142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the ripening of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit, anthocyanin biosynthesis is crucial in providing vibrant coloring. Previous studies on anthocyanin-related transcription factors have made significant discoveries relating to plants. However, the role of the SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SPL) transcription factors in anthocyanin biosynthesis has rarely been studied in litchi. SPL genes are widely involved in the developmental mechanisms of plants. In this study, a total of 17 SPL genes have been identified from the litchi genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes were divided into eight groups (Group I-VIII). Analysis of gene structure conserved domains, conserved motifs, and miR156 target prediction showed that LcSPLs were highly conserved during evolution. RNA-seq analysis of litchi revealed that six LcSPL genes have a role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. Further, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) revealed LcSPL7’s role in anthocyanin synthesis and chlorophyll degradation in litchi fruit ripening. These findings collectively suggest that the LcSPL gene family plays an essential role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in litchi pericarp. In summary, comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of the SPL family expands our understanding of anthocyanin synthesis in litchi pericarp.
{"title":"Genome-Wide Identification of Litchi SPL Gene Family and Expression Analysis in Pericarp Anthocyanin Biosynthesis","authors":"Ziqiang Xu, Jiayun Wu, Xiangyang Jing, Faiza Shafique Khan, Yanzhao Chen, Zhe Chen, Hongna Zhang, Yongzan Wei","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070762","url":null,"abstract":"During the ripening of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit, anthocyanin biosynthesis is crucial in providing vibrant coloring. Previous studies on anthocyanin-related transcription factors have made significant discoveries relating to plants. However, the role of the SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SPL) transcription factors in anthocyanin biosynthesis has rarely been studied in litchi. SPL genes are widely involved in the developmental mechanisms of plants. In this study, a total of 17 SPL genes have been identified from the litchi genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes were divided into eight groups (Group I-VIII). Analysis of gene structure conserved domains, conserved motifs, and miR156 target prediction showed that LcSPLs were highly conserved during evolution. RNA-seq analysis of litchi revealed that six LcSPL genes have a role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. Further, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) revealed LcSPL7’s role in anthocyanin synthesis and chlorophyll degradation in litchi fruit ripening. These findings collectively suggest that the LcSPL gene family plays an essential role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in litchi pericarp. In summary, comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of the SPL family expands our understanding of anthocyanin synthesis in litchi pericarp.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141827733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The stem tips of Zizania latifolia at different development stages were used as research materials. The expression stability of nine candidate reference genes (ACT1, H2B, UBI, EF-1α, GAPDH, β-actin, 60S, SKIP and AQP) were evaluated using qRT-PCR. The data were analyzed with GeNorm and NormFinder software. Present results indicated that the expression of ACT1 was stable and that it could be used as the optimal reference gene for studying the development stage of gall formation. ACT1 was selected as the reference gene to verify the expression level of the correlative genes in the gall formation stage of Z. latifolia. Our results were consistent with the previous transcriptome sequencing results. This study revealed that ACT1 was the classic reference gene for the analysis of correlative genes in all of the gall development stages of Z. latifolia.
{"title":"Reference Gene Selection and Gene Expression Analysis during Gall Development of Zizania latifolia","authors":"Yipeng Li, Huan Yi, Qing Gu, Zhaisheng Zheng, Mingxing Zhu, Xiaojun Zha, Shangfa Zhang, Mengfei Yang","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070759","url":null,"abstract":"The stem tips of Zizania latifolia at different development stages were used as research materials. The expression stability of nine candidate reference genes (ACT1, H2B, UBI, EF-1α, GAPDH, β-actin, 60S, SKIP and AQP) were evaluated using qRT-PCR. The data were analyzed with GeNorm and NormFinder software. Present results indicated that the expression of ACT1 was stable and that it could be used as the optimal reference gene for studying the development stage of gall formation. ACT1 was selected as the reference gene to verify the expression level of the correlative genes in the gall formation stage of Z. latifolia. Our results were consistent with the previous transcriptome sequencing results. This study revealed that ACT1 was the classic reference gene for the analysis of correlative genes in all of the gall development stages of Z. latifolia.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141823921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Owing to the poor cold tolerance of Stenotaphrum Trin and the urgent need for shade-tolerant grass species in temperate regions of East China, this study evaluated the cold tolerance of 55 Stenotaphrum accessions, aiming to provide shade-tolerant materials for temperate regions. A fine cold-tolerant turfgrass should have both the advantages of delayed fall dormancy and early spring green-up. However, previous research on the cold resistance of turfgrass has mainly focused on the performance of the spring green-up, with less attention paid to the fall dormancy, which has affected the ornamental and application value of turfgrass. This study first dynamically investigated the leaf colour of each accession during the fall dormancy and the coverage during the spring green-up and evaluated the cold resistance of the accession through membership functions and cluster analysis. Significant differences in the cold resistance were found with the assignment of breeding lines to four categories. The weak correlation (R2 = 0.1682) between leaf colour during the fall dormancy and coverage during the spring green-up indicates that using the performance of a single period to represent the cold resistance of accessions is not appropriate. To test whether using the laboratory-based LT50 and stolon regrowth rating analysis can replace the above-improved method, we conducted a related analysis and found that the fit between these two methods is very poor. This phenomenon is attributed to the poor correlation between the laboratory-based parameters and the pot-investigated data. Therefore, this study presents a cold resistance evaluation method for Stenotaphrum that integrates performance in both the fall dormancy and spring green-up periods. This improved evaluation method cannot be simplified by the growth performance of a single period or replaced by using laboratory-based LT50 and stolon regrowth tests. With the help of this improved method, several excellent cold tolerance accessions (ST003, S13, and S12) were identified for temperate regions of East China.
{"title":"Evaluating the Cold Tolerance of Stenotaphrum Trin Plants by Integrating Their Performance at Both Fall Dormancy and Spring Green-Up","authors":"Jia Qu, Dong-Li Hao, Jin-Yan Zhou, Jing-Bo Chen, Dao-Jin Sun, Jian-Xiu Liu, Jun-Qin Zong, Zhi-Yong Wang","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070761","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to the poor cold tolerance of Stenotaphrum Trin and the urgent need for shade-tolerant grass species in temperate regions of East China, this study evaluated the cold tolerance of 55 Stenotaphrum accessions, aiming to provide shade-tolerant materials for temperate regions. A fine cold-tolerant turfgrass should have both the advantages of delayed fall dormancy and early spring green-up. However, previous research on the cold resistance of turfgrass has mainly focused on the performance of the spring green-up, with less attention paid to the fall dormancy, which has affected the ornamental and application value of turfgrass. This study first dynamically investigated the leaf colour of each accession during the fall dormancy and the coverage during the spring green-up and evaluated the cold resistance of the accession through membership functions and cluster analysis. Significant differences in the cold resistance were found with the assignment of breeding lines to four categories. The weak correlation (R2 = 0.1682) between leaf colour during the fall dormancy and coverage during the spring green-up indicates that using the performance of a single period to represent the cold resistance of accessions is not appropriate. To test whether using the laboratory-based LT50 and stolon regrowth rating analysis can replace the above-improved method, we conducted a related analysis and found that the fit between these two methods is very poor. This phenomenon is attributed to the poor correlation between the laboratory-based parameters and the pot-investigated data. Therefore, this study presents a cold resistance evaluation method for Stenotaphrum that integrates performance in both the fall dormancy and spring green-up periods. This improved evaluation method cannot be simplified by the growth performance of a single period or replaced by using laboratory-based LT50 and stolon regrowth tests. With the help of this improved method, several excellent cold tolerance accessions (ST003, S13, and S12) were identified for temperate regions of East China.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070760
Amit Sharma, Rajesh Yadav, Ravika Sheoran, Deepak Kaushik, T. Mohanta, Kartik Sharma, Alpa Yadav, P. S. Dhanda, P. Kaushik
The Horticulturae Editorial Office wishes to make the following changes to the author’s paper [...]
园艺》编辑部希望对作者的论文作如下修改[......]
{"title":"Correction: Sharma et al. Estimation of Heterosis and the Combining Ability Effect for Yield and Its Attributes in Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Using PCA and GGE Biplots. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 256","authors":"Amit Sharma, Rajesh Yadav, Ravika Sheoran, Deepak Kaushik, T. Mohanta, Kartik Sharma, Alpa Yadav, P. S. Dhanda, P. Kaushik","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070760","url":null,"abstract":"The Horticulturae Editorial Office wishes to make the following changes to the author’s paper [...]","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10070757
N. Tapia-Zapata, Andreas Winkler, M. Zude-Sasse
Typically, fruit cracking in sweet cherry is associated with the occurrence of free water at the fruit surface level due to direct (rain and fog) and indirect (cold exposure and dew) mechanisms. Recent advances in close range remote sensing have enabled the monitoring of the temperature distribution with high spatial resolution based on light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and thermal imaging. The fusion of LiDAR-derived geometric 3D point clouds and merged thermal data provides spatially resolved temperature data at the fruit level as LiDAR 4D point clouds. This paper aimed to investigate the thermal behavior of sweet cherry canopies using this new method with emphasis on the surface temperature of fruit around the dew point. Sweet cherry trees were stored in a cold chamber (6 °C) and subsequently scanned at different time intervals at room temperature. A total of 62 sweet cherry LiDAR 4D point clouds were identified. The estimated temperature distribution was validated by means of manual reference readings (n = 40), where average R2 values of 0.70 and 0.94 were found for ideal and real scenarios, respectively. The canopy density was estimated using the ratio of the number of LiDAR points of fruit related to the canopy. The occurrence of wetness on the surface of sweet cherry was visually assessed and compared to an estimated dew point (Ydew) index. At mean Ydew of 1.17, no wetness was observed on the fruit surface. The canopy density ratio had a marginal impact on the thermal kinetics and the occurrence of wetness on the surface of sweet cherry in the slender spindle tree architecture. The modelling of fruit surface wetness based on estimated fruit temperature distribution can support ecophysiological studies on tree architectures considering resilience against climate change and in studies on physiological disorders of fruit.
{"title":"Occurrence of Wetness on the Fruit Surface Modeled Using Spatio-Temporal Temperature Data from Sweet Cherry Tree Canopies","authors":"N. Tapia-Zapata, Andreas Winkler, M. Zude-Sasse","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10070757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070757","url":null,"abstract":"Typically, fruit cracking in sweet cherry is associated with the occurrence of free water at the fruit surface level due to direct (rain and fog) and indirect (cold exposure and dew) mechanisms. Recent advances in close range remote sensing have enabled the monitoring of the temperature distribution with high spatial resolution based on light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and thermal imaging. The fusion of LiDAR-derived geometric 3D point clouds and merged thermal data provides spatially resolved temperature data at the fruit level as LiDAR 4D point clouds. This paper aimed to investigate the thermal behavior of sweet cherry canopies using this new method with emphasis on the surface temperature of fruit around the dew point. Sweet cherry trees were stored in a cold chamber (6 °C) and subsequently scanned at different time intervals at room temperature. A total of 62 sweet cherry LiDAR 4D point clouds were identified. The estimated temperature distribution was validated by means of manual reference readings (n = 40), where average R2 values of 0.70 and 0.94 were found for ideal and real scenarios, respectively. The canopy density was estimated using the ratio of the number of LiDAR points of fruit related to the canopy. The occurrence of wetness on the surface of sweet cherry was visually assessed and compared to an estimated dew point (Ydew) index. At mean Ydew of 1.17, no wetness was observed on the fruit surface. The canopy density ratio had a marginal impact on the thermal kinetics and the occurrence of wetness on the surface of sweet cherry in the slender spindle tree architecture. The modelling of fruit surface wetness based on estimated fruit temperature distribution can support ecophysiological studies on tree architectures considering resilience against climate change and in studies on physiological disorders of fruit.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141829787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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