Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10010001
Yifan Jing, David G. Beleski, Wagner Vendrame
Monstera deliciosa Liebm. ‘Thai Constellation’ is a variegated variety of M. deliciosa belonging to the family Araceae, which has become a new favorite in the foliage plant market. However, limited studies exist on its propagation, and growers have difficulties in achieving large-scale production. This study aimed at developing an efficient protocol for the micropropagation of M. deliciosa using SETIS™ temporary immersion bioreactors. Furthermore, we aimed at evaluating the role of a novel biostimulant (IQ Forte) in the acclimatization of M. deliciosa. Significant differences were observed among the different treatments, showing higher multiplication rates under TIS conditions as compared to the semi-solid control. Adjusting immersion parameters also showed benefits in improving multiplication rates. The novel biostimulant (IQ Forte) did not provide significant gains in growth of M. deliciosa ‘Thai Constellation’ during acclimatization.
Monstera deliciosa Liebm.泰国星座'是天南星科 M. deliciosa 的变异品种，已成为观叶植物市场的新宠。然而，对其繁殖的研究有限，种植者很难实现大规模生产。本研究旨在利用 SETIS™ 临时浸入式生物反应器开发一种高效的 M. deliciosa 微繁殖方案。此外，我们还旨在评估一种新型生物刺激剂（IQ Forte）在M.我们观察到不同处理之间存在显著差异，与半固体对照组相比，TIS 条件下的繁殖率更高。调整浸泡参数对提高繁殖率也有好处。新型生物刺激剂（IQ Forte）在适应过程中并未显著提高 M. deliciosa 'Thai Constellation' 的生长速度。
{"title":"Micropropagation and Acclimatization of Monstera deliciosa Liebm. ‘Thai Constellation’","authors":"Yifan Jing, David G. Beleski, Wagner Vendrame","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10010001","url":null,"abstract":"Monstera deliciosa Liebm. ‘Thai Constellation’ is a variegated variety of M. deliciosa belonging to the family Araceae, which has become a new favorite in the foliage plant market. However, limited studies exist on its propagation, and growers have difficulties in achieving large-scale production. This study aimed at developing an efficient protocol for the micropropagation of M. deliciosa using SETIS™ temporary immersion bioreactors. Furthermore, we aimed at evaluating the role of a novel biostimulant (IQ Forte) in the acclimatization of M. deliciosa. Significant differences were observed among the different treatments, showing higher multiplication rates under TIS conditions as compared to the semi-solid control. Adjusting immersion parameters also showed benefits in improving multiplication rates. The novel biostimulant (IQ Forte) did not provide significant gains in growth of M. deliciosa ‘Thai Constellation’ during acclimatization.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"124 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138958929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10010002
Xuewen Xie, Lida Chen, Yanxia Shi, A. Chai, Tengfei Fan, Baoju Li, Lei Li
At present, returning vegetable straw in situ is an effective measure to solve environmental pollution and improve soil properties. However, the direct return of straw to the field can reduce the release rate of soil organic matter and cause serious soilborne diseases. The combined application of calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) and straw can solve this problem. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of CaCN2 combined with pepper straw return on cucumber yield, soil physicochemical properties, and soil microbial communities during 2020 to 2021 in Shandong Province, China. The treatments were designed as follows: (1) calcium cyanamide soil disinfection, CC; (2) fresh pepper straw return, LJ; (3) fresh pepper straw return combined with calcium cyanamide disinfection, LJ+CC; and (4) natural soil without straw return treatment, CK. Compared with CK, the LJ+CC treatment significantly improved cucumber production by 20%. The cultivable microbial community in the soil was temporarily inhibited during soil fumigation treatment, and the cultivable bacterial and actinomycete communities in the soil return to their initial levels after the film was removed (harvest period). The numbers of culturable bacteria and actinomycetes in the soil in the LJ+CC treatment were 4.68 × 107 CFU/g and 5.17 × 107 CFU/g, respectively, higher than those in the soil in the CC treatment. The contents of TN and OM in the LJ+CC treatment increased by 13.1% and 13.5%, respectively, compared with that in LJ. Therefore, the LJ+CC treatment enhanced soil fertility and cucumber yields. CaCN2 can promote straw decomposition and straw can promote soil microbial recovery, and their combined application is considered a feasible and sustainable technique for utilizing vegetable residues in the greenhouse. The combination of returning pepper straw to the field and calcium cyanamide technology achieves a win-win situation of resource circulation and economic circulation by converting agricultural waste into fertilizer before being put into production. Based on this, it is recommended that the straw returning technology receives strong policy support, stimulates researchers to explore the feasibility of different vegetable straw returning to the field, promotes the implementation of this technology achievement, and leverages the environmental benefits of the application of straw returning technology.
{"title":"Response of Microbial Recovery Rate to Straw Return after Calcium Cyanamide Soil Disinfection","authors":"Xuewen Xie, Lida Chen, Yanxia Shi, A. Chai, Tengfei Fan, Baoju Li, Lei Li","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10010002","url":null,"abstract":"At present, returning vegetable straw in situ is an effective measure to solve environmental pollution and improve soil properties. However, the direct return of straw to the field can reduce the release rate of soil organic matter and cause serious soilborne diseases. The combined application of calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) and straw can solve this problem. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of CaCN2 combined with pepper straw return on cucumber yield, soil physicochemical properties, and soil microbial communities during 2020 to 2021 in Shandong Province, China. The treatments were designed as follows: (1) calcium cyanamide soil disinfection, CC; (2) fresh pepper straw return, LJ; (3) fresh pepper straw return combined with calcium cyanamide disinfection, LJ+CC; and (4) natural soil without straw return treatment, CK. Compared with CK, the LJ+CC treatment significantly improved cucumber production by 20%. The cultivable microbial community in the soil was temporarily inhibited during soil fumigation treatment, and the cultivable bacterial and actinomycete communities in the soil return to their initial levels after the film was removed (harvest period). The numbers of culturable bacteria and actinomycetes in the soil in the LJ+CC treatment were 4.68 × 107 CFU/g and 5.17 × 107 CFU/g, respectively, higher than those in the soil in the CC treatment. The contents of TN and OM in the LJ+CC treatment increased by 13.1% and 13.5%, respectively, compared with that in LJ. Therefore, the LJ+CC treatment enhanced soil fertility and cucumber yields. CaCN2 can promote straw decomposition and straw can promote soil microbial recovery, and their combined application is considered a feasible and sustainable technique for utilizing vegetable residues in the greenhouse. The combination of returning pepper straw to the field and calcium cyanamide technology achieves a win-win situation of resource circulation and economic circulation by converting agricultural waste into fertilizer before being put into production. Based on this, it is recommended that the straw returning technology receives strong policy support, stimulates researchers to explore the feasibility of different vegetable straw returning to the field, promotes the implementation of this technology achievement, and leverages the environmental benefits of the application of straw returning technology.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":" 31","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138961400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) has a large, edible green flower head, which is one of its critical economic traits. A prerequisite of broccoli flower head formation is flower bud differentiation (FBD). Low-temperature treatment is an effective way to induce FBD in broccoli. However, the molecular mechanism underlying low-temperature-induced broccoli FBD remains largely unclear. In this study, using broccoli cultivar Zhongqing 10 as the experimental material, we investigated the effects of low-temperature treatment on FBD by comparing the plants grown at low temperatures (17 °C/9 °C, 16 h/8 h) with the control plants grown under normal temperature conditions (25 °C/17 °C, 16 h/8 h). After 15 days of different temperature treatments, the flower buds of the plants growing under the low-temperature condition started to differentiate. However, the control plants remained in the vegetative growth stage, indicating that low temperature successfully induced flower bud formation. Subsequently, a global transcriptomic analysis was conducted to detect the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during low-temperature-induced FBD in broccoli. A total of 14 DEGs in five phytohormone signaling pathways, 42 DEGs in nine transcription factor families, and 16 DEGs associated with the floral development pathways were identified. More DEGs were present in the auxin signaling pathway than in other phytohormone signaling pathways, which indicated that the auxin signaling pathway played a critical role in modulating low-temperature-induced FBD in broccoli. Furthermore, four TF classes, including bZIP, GCM domain factors, MADS-box factors, and C2H2 zinc finger factors, possessed enriched motifs, indicating that their closely related DETFs ABI5, HY5L, WRKY11, WRKY15, WRKY22, SOC1, AGL8, FLC, SPL8, and SPL15 may be directly involved in the transcription regulation of broccoli FBD. This study provides an important basis for further investigation of the molecular regulatory mechanism of broccoli flower development under low temperatures.
{"title":"The Molecular Mechanism of Relatively Low-Temperature-Induced Broccoli Flower Bud Differentiation Revealed by Transcriptomic Profiling","authors":"Wenchen Chai, Xia He, Boyue Wen, Yajie Jiang, Zixuan Zhang, Rui Bai, Xinling Zhang, Jin Xu, L. Hou, Meilan Li, Jing Zhang","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121353","url":null,"abstract":"Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) has a large, edible green flower head, which is one of its critical economic traits. A prerequisite of broccoli flower head formation is flower bud differentiation (FBD). Low-temperature treatment is an effective way to induce FBD in broccoli. However, the molecular mechanism underlying low-temperature-induced broccoli FBD remains largely unclear. In this study, using broccoli cultivar Zhongqing 10 as the experimental material, we investigated the effects of low-temperature treatment on FBD by comparing the plants grown at low temperatures (17 °C/9 °C, 16 h/8 h) with the control plants grown under normal temperature conditions (25 °C/17 °C, 16 h/8 h). After 15 days of different temperature treatments, the flower buds of the plants growing under the low-temperature condition started to differentiate. However, the control plants remained in the vegetative growth stage, indicating that low temperature successfully induced flower bud formation. Subsequently, a global transcriptomic analysis was conducted to detect the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during low-temperature-induced FBD in broccoli. A total of 14 DEGs in five phytohormone signaling pathways, 42 DEGs in nine transcription factor families, and 16 DEGs associated with the floral development pathways were identified. More DEGs were present in the auxin signaling pathway than in other phytohormone signaling pathways, which indicated that the auxin signaling pathway played a critical role in modulating low-temperature-induced FBD in broccoli. Furthermore, four TF classes, including bZIP, GCM domain factors, MADS-box factors, and C2H2 zinc finger factors, possessed enriched motifs, indicating that their closely related DETFs ABI5, HY5L, WRKY11, WRKY15, WRKY22, SOC1, AGL8, FLC, SPL8, and SPL15 may be directly involved in the transcription regulation of broccoli FBD. This study provides an important basis for further investigation of the molecular regulatory mechanism of broccoli flower development under low temperatures.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138994776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among ornamental plants, the colour of the petals is an important feature. However, the reason for the colour differences of Rhododendron liliiflorum remains unclear. To reveal the differences in the colour of R. liliiflorum, high-efficiency liquid chromatographic collar (UPLC–MS/MS) technology was used to study the yellow and white parts of R. liliiflorum. A total of 1187 metabolites were identified in R. liliiflorum petals, including 339 flavonoid metabolites. Seventy-eight types of flavonoids in these metabolites were found in the yellow and white parts of R. liliiflorum petals, along with 11 other significantly enriched substances. Combining gene expression-related data with differential metabolite data demonstrated effects of enrichment in the flavanonols (fustin), flavonols (epiafzelechin and afzelechin), and flavanones (pinocembrin) of flavonoid biosynthesis; glyccitin, 6″-O-malonylgenistin, and 6-hydroxydaidzein of isoflavonoid biosynthesis; and anthocyanin biosynthesis of malvidin-3-O-galactoside (primulin), delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (kuromanin), and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (keracyanin), which are potentially the contributing factors responsible for the differences in petal colour in R. liliiflorum. This study establishes a connection between the differential metabolites underlying the color differences in the petals of R. liliiflorum and the gene expression in R. liliiflorum. This will provide a foundation for subsequent research on the regulation of flower color in R. liliiflorum and have profound implications for horticultural applications of R. liliiflorum.
在观赏植物中，花瓣的颜色是一个重要特征。然而，杜鹃花颜色差异的原因仍不清楚。为了揭示杜鹃花颜色的差异，研究人员采用高效液相色谱领（UPLC-MS/MS）技术对杜鹃花的黄色和白色部分进行了研究。共鉴定出 1187 种代谢物，其中包括 339 种黄酮类代谢物。在这些代谢物中，有 78 种黄酮类化合物在百日草花瓣的黄色和白色部分中被发现，另外还有 11 种明显富集的物质。将基因表达相关数据与差异代谢物数据相结合，显示了黄酮类生物合成中的黄烷醇（福斯丁）、黄酮醇（表茴儿茶素和阿夫儿茶素）和黄烷酮（pinocembrin）；异黄酮生物合成中的甘草甜素、6″-O-丙二酰基染料木素和 6-羟基染料木素的富集效应；以及花青素生物合成的 malvidin-3-O-半乳糖苷（primulin）、delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside、cyanidin-3-O-glucoside（kuromanin）和 cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside（keracyanin）。花瓣颜色差异的潜在因素。这项研究证实了导致百日草花瓣颜色差异的不同代谢物与百日草花瓣基因表达之间的联系。这将为今后研究 R. liliiflorum 的花色调控奠定基础，并对 R. liliiflorum 的园艺应用产生深远影响。
{"title":"UPLC–MS/MS and Gene Expression Research to Distinguish the Colour Differences of Rhododendron liliiflorum H. Lév","authors":"Jin-Ying Dai, Xinglin Wang, Xingpan Meng, Xu Zhang, Qihang Zhou, Zhengdong Zhang, Ximin Zhang, Yin Yi, Lunxian Liu, Tie Shen","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121351","url":null,"abstract":"Among ornamental plants, the colour of the petals is an important feature. However, the reason for the colour differences of Rhododendron liliiflorum remains unclear. To reveal the differences in the colour of R. liliiflorum, high-efficiency liquid chromatographic collar (UPLC–MS/MS) technology was used to study the yellow and white parts of R. liliiflorum. A total of 1187 metabolites were identified in R. liliiflorum petals, including 339 flavonoid metabolites. Seventy-eight types of flavonoids in these metabolites were found in the yellow and white parts of R. liliiflorum petals, along with 11 other significantly enriched substances. Combining gene expression-related data with differential metabolite data demonstrated effects of enrichment in the flavanonols (fustin), flavonols (epiafzelechin and afzelechin), and flavanones (pinocembrin) of flavonoid biosynthesis; glyccitin, 6″-O-malonylgenistin, and 6-hydroxydaidzein of isoflavonoid biosynthesis; and anthocyanin biosynthesis of malvidin-3-O-galactoside (primulin), delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (kuromanin), and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (keracyanin), which are potentially the contributing factors responsible for the differences in petal colour in R. liliiflorum. This study establishes a connection between the differential metabolites underlying the color differences in the petals of R. liliiflorum and the gene expression in R. liliiflorum. This will provide a foundation for subsequent research on the regulation of flower color in R. liliiflorum and have profound implications for horticultural applications of R. liliiflorum.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"313 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139173375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9121352
Linda Lugli, Giustino Mezzalira, Maurizio Lambardi, Huaxin Zhang, N. La Porta
The research on Paulownia spp. has increased in the last twenty years thanks to the growing interest in the application modalities of this plant in various sectors such as wood, phytoremediation, environmental protection, paper, biofuel, chemistry and medicine. For the first time, this study analyzed the papers present in the Web of Science Core Collection on “Paulownia” to obtain a set of characteristics in the work carried out from 1971 to 2021. This analysis selected and took into account 820 articles and provided evidence of the scientific production of authors, institutions, and countries. This work showed that the most studied species was Paulownia tomentosa, followed by P. fortunei and P. elongate. The JCR category and research area with the most publications was plant science, with 20.4% of the total. The papers were published in 460 journals and in a book series. The journals with the most publications were Bioresources, Advanced Material Research, Agroforestry Systems, Journal of Wood Science and Industrial Crops and Products. The institutions with the most prolific affiliation with the field of Paulownia spp. research were Henan University, the US Department of Agriculture, Belgrade University, the Chinese Academy, and Georgia University. Finally, the 3842 keywords were divided into nine different clusters and the trends of interest in the last fifteen years were highlighted.
{"title":"Paulownia spp.: A Bibliometric Trend Analysis of a Global Multi-Use Tree","authors":"Linda Lugli, Giustino Mezzalira, Maurizio Lambardi, Huaxin Zhang, N. La Porta","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121352","url":null,"abstract":"The research on Paulownia spp. has increased in the last twenty years thanks to the growing interest in the application modalities of this plant in various sectors such as wood, phytoremediation, environmental protection, paper, biofuel, chemistry and medicine. For the first time, this study analyzed the papers present in the Web of Science Core Collection on “Paulownia” to obtain a set of characteristics in the work carried out from 1971 to 2021. This analysis selected and took into account 820 articles and provided evidence of the scientific production of authors, institutions, and countries. This work showed that the most studied species was Paulownia tomentosa, followed by P. fortunei and P. elongate. The JCR category and research area with the most publications was plant science, with 20.4% of the total. The papers were published in 460 journals and in a book series. The journals with the most publications were Bioresources, Advanced Material Research, Agroforestry Systems, Journal of Wood Science and Industrial Crops and Products. The institutions with the most prolific affiliation with the field of Paulownia spp. research were Henan University, the US Department of Agriculture, Belgrade University, the Chinese Academy, and Georgia University. Finally, the 3842 keywords were divided into nine different clusters and the trends of interest in the last fifteen years were highlighted.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"36 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139175507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9121354
Gourav Sharma, Swati Shrestha, T. Tseng, Sanju Shrestha
Solanum lycopersicum, the domesticated species of tomato, is produced and consumed globally. It is one of the most economically important vegetable crops worldwide. In the commercial production of tomatoes, tomatoes are extremely sensitive to herbicide drifts from row crops in the vicinity. Injury to tomatoes from auxin herbicides and glyphosate can occur at rates as low as 0.01×. This results in a substantial yield reduction, and at high drift rates, plants may not show signs of recovery. With the new herbicide-resistant crop technologies on the market, which include 2,4-D and dicamba-resistant crops, there is an increase in the usage of these herbicides, causing more serious drift problems. There is a diverse germplasm of tomatoes that includes wild relatives which are tolerant to numerous biotic and abiotic stresses. Herbicide/chemical stress is an abiotic stress, and wild tomato accessions may have a natural tolerance to herbicides and other abiotic stresses. In the current study, diverse tomato genotypes consisting of 110 accessions representing numerous species, Solanum habrochaites, S. cheesmaniae, S. pimpinellifolium, S. chilense, S. lycopersicum, S. pimpinellifolium, S. galapagense, S. chimelewskii, S. corneliomulleri, S. neorickii, and S. lycopersicoides, were used for screening drift rate herbicide tolerance. The herbicides tested included simulated drift rates of 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, quinclorac, aminopyralid, aminocyclopyrachlor, and picloram. The visual injury rating of each accession for each herbicide treatment was taken 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment (DAT) on a scale of 0–100%. Numerous accessions were found to have minimal injury (less than 20%) for each of the herbicides tested; nine accessions were found for both 2,4-D and glyphosate, eleven for dicamba, five for quinclorac, eight for aminocyclopyrachlor and two for both aminopyralid and picloram at 28 DAT. The identification of genotypes with a higher herbicide tolerance will provide valuable genetic resources for the development of elite tomato varieties that can resist herbicide injury and produce competitive yields.
{"title":"Screening and Selection for Herbicide Tolerance among Diverse Tomato Germplasms","authors":"Gourav Sharma, Swati Shrestha, T. Tseng, Sanju Shrestha","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121354","url":null,"abstract":"Solanum lycopersicum, the domesticated species of tomato, is produced and consumed globally. It is one of the most economically important vegetable crops worldwide. In the commercial production of tomatoes, tomatoes are extremely sensitive to herbicide drifts from row crops in the vicinity. Injury to tomatoes from auxin herbicides and glyphosate can occur at rates as low as 0.01×. This results in a substantial yield reduction, and at high drift rates, plants may not show signs of recovery. With the new herbicide-resistant crop technologies on the market, which include 2,4-D and dicamba-resistant crops, there is an increase in the usage of these herbicides, causing more serious drift problems. There is a diverse germplasm of tomatoes that includes wild relatives which are tolerant to numerous biotic and abiotic stresses. Herbicide/chemical stress is an abiotic stress, and wild tomato accessions may have a natural tolerance to herbicides and other abiotic stresses. In the current study, diverse tomato genotypes consisting of 110 accessions representing numerous species, Solanum habrochaites, S. cheesmaniae, S. pimpinellifolium, S. chilense, S. lycopersicum, S. pimpinellifolium, S. galapagense, S. chimelewskii, S. corneliomulleri, S. neorickii, and S. lycopersicoides, were used for screening drift rate herbicide tolerance. The herbicides tested included simulated drift rates of 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, quinclorac, aminopyralid, aminocyclopyrachlor, and picloram. The visual injury rating of each accession for each herbicide treatment was taken 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment (DAT) on a scale of 0–100%. Numerous accessions were found to have minimal injury (less than 20%) for each of the herbicides tested; nine accessions were found for both 2,4-D and glyphosate, eleven for dicamba, five for quinclorac, eight for aminocyclopyrachlor and two for both aminopyralid and picloram at 28 DAT. The identification of genotypes with a higher herbicide tolerance will provide valuable genetic resources for the development of elite tomato varieties that can resist herbicide injury and produce competitive yields.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"87 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139174330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Non-heading Chinese cabbage (cabbage) is an essential green leafy vegetable, and bolting and flowering are necessary for reproduction. However, further research is needed to study the effect of photoperiod on the bolting and flowering of cabbage, particularly on the development of the stem. In this study, we performed phenotypic analysis and measured endogenous gibberellin levels in the cabbage. We carried out these experiments under four different photoperiodic treatments, 12 h (light)/12 h (dark), 14 h (light)/10 h (dark), 16 h (light)/8 h (dark), and 18 h (light)/6 h (dark). The results showed that the time of bolting and flowering gradually decreased with increasing light duration. The development of stems was optimal under the 16 h (light)/8 h (dark) photoperiod treatment, and the same result was obtained via cytological observation. In addition, the changes in the endogenous gibberellin3 (GA3) content under different photoperiodic treatments were consistent with the development of stems and peaked at 16 h (light)/8 h (dark). At the same time, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the relative expression of the key gibberellin synthase genes, BcGA3ox2 and BcGA20ox2, exhibited upregulation. When treated with exogenous GA3 and its synthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol (PAC), exogenous gibberellins significantly promoted bolting; conversely, gibberellin inhibitors suppressed the bolting, flowering, and stem elongation of cabbage. Therefore, the photoperiod may regulate cabbage bolting by regulating endogenous GA3.
{"title":"Effect of Photoperiod and Gibberellin on the Bolting and Flowering of Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage","authors":"Shuping Liu, Junyang Lu, Jun Tian, Ping Cao, Shuhao Li, Haicui Ge, Mingxuan Han, Fenglin Zhong","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121349","url":null,"abstract":"Non-heading Chinese cabbage (cabbage) is an essential green leafy vegetable, and bolting and flowering are necessary for reproduction. However, further research is needed to study the effect of photoperiod on the bolting and flowering of cabbage, particularly on the development of the stem. In this study, we performed phenotypic analysis and measured endogenous gibberellin levels in the cabbage. We carried out these experiments under four different photoperiodic treatments, 12 h (light)/12 h (dark), 14 h (light)/10 h (dark), 16 h (light)/8 h (dark), and 18 h (light)/6 h (dark). The results showed that the time of bolting and flowering gradually decreased with increasing light duration. The development of stems was optimal under the 16 h (light)/8 h (dark) photoperiod treatment, and the same result was obtained via cytological observation. In addition, the changes in the endogenous gibberellin3 (GA3) content under different photoperiodic treatments were consistent with the development of stems and peaked at 16 h (light)/8 h (dark). At the same time, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the relative expression of the key gibberellin synthase genes, BcGA3ox2 and BcGA20ox2, exhibited upregulation. When treated with exogenous GA3 and its synthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol (PAC), exogenous gibberellins significantly promoted bolting; conversely, gibberellin inhibitors suppressed the bolting, flowering, and stem elongation of cabbage. Therefore, the photoperiod may regulate cabbage bolting by regulating endogenous GA3.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"64 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138965280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9121350
Lu-Lu Meng, Fu-Qi Xu, Ze-Zhi Zhang, M. Alqahtani, Manal A. Tashkandi, Qiang-Sheng Wu
Tinospora sagittata is a columbin-rich medicinal plant, but its columbin levels are reduced under artificial cultivation conditions. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of inoculations with Diversispora versiformis (Dv), Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri), and mixed inoculation (Dv + Fm + Ri) (Mix) on growth performance, root morphology, leaf photosynthetic physiology, and root columbin levels in T. sagittata. These arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were able to colonize the roots, as evidenced by a root mycorrhizal colonization rate ranging from 17% to 48% and soil hyphal lengths ranging from 17.51 cm/g to 32.02 cm/g, with the Mix treatment being the greatest. AMF inoculations improved plant height (16–151%), leaf number (119–283%), shoot (37–211%), and root biomass (22–318%) to varying extents, with Ri and Mix treatments being the most prominent. AMF-treated plants presented relatively greater root total length, projected area, surface area, volume, and average diameter, especially those treated with Ri and Mix. AMF inoculations also significantly improved the leaf nitrogen balance index, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance, while the photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll index varied by AMF species, along with a decrease in intercellular CO2 levels. Root columbin levels ranged from 0.524 mg/g to 5.389 mg/g, and AMF inoculation significantly increased root columbin levels by 228–928%, with Ri being the most significant. Root columbin levels were significantly positively correlated with soil hyphal length, root total length, root projected area, root surface area, root volume, and root average diameter, but not root AMF colonization rate. This study demonstrates for the first time that AMF, especially Ri, can be employed as a biostimulant to promote growth as well as root columbin levels in T. sagittata, where AMF-triggered improvement in root morphology is an important reason for promoting root columbin levels.
{"title":"Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Especially Rhizophagus intraradices as a Biostimulant, Improve Plant Growth and Root Columbin Levels in Tinospora sagittata","authors":"Lu-Lu Meng, Fu-Qi Xu, Ze-Zhi Zhang, M. Alqahtani, Manal A. Tashkandi, Qiang-Sheng Wu","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121350","url":null,"abstract":"Tinospora sagittata is a columbin-rich medicinal plant, but its columbin levels are reduced under artificial cultivation conditions. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of inoculations with Diversispora versiformis (Dv), Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri), and mixed inoculation (Dv + Fm + Ri) (Mix) on growth performance, root morphology, leaf photosynthetic physiology, and root columbin levels in T. sagittata. These arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were able to colonize the roots, as evidenced by a root mycorrhizal colonization rate ranging from 17% to 48% and soil hyphal lengths ranging from 17.51 cm/g to 32.02 cm/g, with the Mix treatment being the greatest. AMF inoculations improved plant height (16–151%), leaf number (119–283%), shoot (37–211%), and root biomass (22–318%) to varying extents, with Ri and Mix treatments being the most prominent. AMF-treated plants presented relatively greater root total length, projected area, surface area, volume, and average diameter, especially those treated with Ri and Mix. AMF inoculations also significantly improved the leaf nitrogen balance index, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance, while the photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll index varied by AMF species, along with a decrease in intercellular CO2 levels. Root columbin levels ranged from 0.524 mg/g to 5.389 mg/g, and AMF inoculation significantly increased root columbin levels by 228–928%, with Ri being the most significant. Root columbin levels were significantly positively correlated with soil hyphal length, root total length, root projected area, root surface area, root volume, and root average diameter, but not root AMF colonization rate. This study demonstrates for the first time that AMF, especially Ri, can be employed as a biostimulant to promote growth as well as root columbin levels in T. sagittata, where AMF-triggered improvement in root morphology is an important reason for promoting root columbin levels.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"73 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139175334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-17DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9121348
Hector Silos Espino, R. Escalera García, D. Moncada González, L. L. Valera-Montero, S. Flores Benítez, M. Ortiz Morales, H. S. Guzmán Maldonado, Nivia Escalante-García, E. Olvera-Gonzalez
Opuntia is recognized economically as a significant crop for its nutritional, functional, and therapeutic properties and its potential in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and bioenergy industries. Opuntia is conventionally propagated by seed or vegetative propagation via rooted scions or grafting. However, multiplication procedures are insufficient for extensive spreading. One of the alternative techniques is in vitro. For this reason, the objective was to evaluate the growth of different components combined with light conditions to induce callus, embryogenesis, and the possible synthesis of a component in the genus Opuntia. The existence of genes involved in pigment synthesis in genotypes of different fruit colors was complementarily analyzed. In this study, we used different combinations of fructose (2 g/L) with prickly pear juice (2 mL/L), mannitol (4 g/L), silver nitrate (AgNO3: 1 mg/L), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D: 2 mg/L), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA: 1 g/L), with white, blue, and red LEDs (light-emitting diodes) and laser beams. These explants yielded sufficient contents of simple phenols, gallic acid equivalents (GAE: 2283.30 ± 6.29 mg/100 g), and coumaric (2155.0 ± 35.0 mg/100 g) and ferulic (2176 ± 27.9 mg/100 g) acids for the genotype Tapón aguanoso, and chlorogenic acid (CGA: 380.22 ± 22.05 mg/100 g) for the Copena V1 genotype. Upon analyzing the genotypes of different fruit pigmentations, we also observed the following: enzyme 4,5 estradiol dioxygenases can be present in all genotypes (regardless of pigmentation); enzyme 5,3 glucosyltransferases (GTs) could be induced in pigment synthesis in the genotypes of orange to purple fruits. Sequencing primer-amplified fragments for GT showed high similarity to uridine diphospho (UDP)-glucose from other species. This allows us to infer that it is possible to obtain products of high therapeutic value in the near future under controlled conditions.
{"title":"Interaction of Culture Medium and Artificial Light Type on Pigmentation of Micro-Propagated Opuntia Plants","authors":"Hector Silos Espino, R. Escalera García, D. Moncada González, L. L. Valera-Montero, S. Flores Benítez, M. Ortiz Morales, H. S. Guzmán Maldonado, Nivia Escalante-García, E. Olvera-Gonzalez","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121348","url":null,"abstract":"Opuntia is recognized economically as a significant crop for its nutritional, functional, and therapeutic properties and its potential in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and bioenergy industries. Opuntia is conventionally propagated by seed or vegetative propagation via rooted scions or grafting. However, multiplication procedures are insufficient for extensive spreading. One of the alternative techniques is in vitro. For this reason, the objective was to evaluate the growth of different components combined with light conditions to induce callus, embryogenesis, and the possible synthesis of a component in the genus Opuntia. The existence of genes involved in pigment synthesis in genotypes of different fruit colors was complementarily analyzed. In this study, we used different combinations of fructose (2 g/L) with prickly pear juice (2 mL/L), mannitol (4 g/L), silver nitrate (AgNO3: 1 mg/L), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D: 2 mg/L), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA: 1 g/L), with white, blue, and red LEDs (light-emitting diodes) and laser beams. These explants yielded sufficient contents of simple phenols, gallic acid equivalents (GAE: 2283.30 ± 6.29 mg/100 g), and coumaric (2155.0 ± 35.0 mg/100 g) and ferulic (2176 ± 27.9 mg/100 g) acids for the genotype Tapón aguanoso, and chlorogenic acid (CGA: 380.22 ± 22.05 mg/100 g) for the Copena V1 genotype. Upon analyzing the genotypes of different fruit pigmentations, we also observed the following: enzyme 4,5 estradiol dioxygenases can be present in all genotypes (regardless of pigmentation); enzyme 5,3 glucosyltransferases (GTs) could be induced in pigment synthesis in the genotypes of orange to purple fruits. Sequencing primer-amplified fragments for GT showed high similarity to uridine diphospho (UDP)-glucose from other species. This allows us to infer that it is possible to obtain products of high therapeutic value in the near future under controlled conditions.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"1 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138966498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-17DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9121347
E. Kaufmane, Edgars Edelmers, K. Sudars, Ivars Namatēvs, A. Nikulins, S. Strautiņa, I. Kalniņa, Astile Peter
This study presents an innovative approach to fruit measurement using 3D imaging, focusing on Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) cultivated in Latvia. The research consisted of two phases: manual measurements of fruit parameters (length and width) using a calliper and 3D imaging using an algorithm based on k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), the ingeniously designed “Imaginary Square” method, and object projection analysis. Our results revealed discrepancies between manual measurements and 3D imaging data, highlighting challenges in the precision and accuracy of 3D imaging techniques. The study identified two primary constraints: variability in fruit positioning on the scanning platform and difficulties in distinguishing individual fruits in close proximity. These limitations underscore the need for improved algorithmic capabilities to handle diverse spatial orientations and proximities. Our findings emphasize the importance of refining 3D scanning techniques for better reliability and accuracy in agricultural applications. Enhancements in image processing, depth perception algorithms, and machine learning models are crucial for effective implementation in diverse agricultural scenarios. This research not only contributes to the scientific understanding of 3D imaging in horticulture but also underscores its potential and limitations in advancing sustainable and productive farming practices.
本研究介绍了一种利用三维成像测量果实的创新方法，重点是拉脱维亚种植的日本榅桲（Chaenomeles japonica）。研究分为两个阶段：使用卡尺对水果参数（长度和宽度）进行人工测量；使用基于 k 近邻（k-NN）算法、巧妙设计的 "虚方格 "方法和物体投影分析进行三维成像。我们的研究结果表明，人工测量和三维成像数据之间存在差异，凸显了三维成像技术在精度和准确性方面面临的挑战。研究发现了两个主要的限制因素：扫描平台上水果定位的可变性和近距离区分单个水果的困难。这些限制突出表明，需要改进算法能力，以处理不同的空间方向和距离。我们的发现强调了改进三维扫描技术以提高农业应用可靠性和准确性的重要性。加强图像处理、深度感知算法和机器学习模型对于在各种农业场景中有效实施至关重要。这项研究不仅有助于科学理解园艺中的三维成像技术，还强调了其在推进可持续和高产农业实践中的潜力和局限性。
{"title":"Three-Dimensional Imaging in Agriculture: Challenges and Advancements in the Phenotyping of Japanese Quinces in Latvia","authors":"E. Kaufmane, Edgars Edelmers, K. Sudars, Ivars Namatēvs, A. Nikulins, S. Strautiņa, I. Kalniņa, Astile Peter","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae9121347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121347","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents an innovative approach to fruit measurement using 3D imaging, focusing on Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) cultivated in Latvia. The research consisted of two phases: manual measurements of fruit parameters (length and width) using a calliper and 3D imaging using an algorithm based on k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), the ingeniously designed “Imaginary Square” method, and object projection analysis. Our results revealed discrepancies between manual measurements and 3D imaging data, highlighting challenges in the precision and accuracy of 3D imaging techniques. The study identified two primary constraints: variability in fruit positioning on the scanning platform and difficulties in distinguishing individual fruits in close proximity. These limitations underscore the need for improved algorithmic capabilities to handle diverse spatial orientations and proximities. Our findings emphasize the importance of refining 3D scanning techniques for better reliability and accuracy in agricultural applications. Enhancements in image processing, depth perception algorithms, and machine learning models are crucial for effective implementation in diverse agricultural scenarios. This research not only contributes to the scientific understanding of 3D imaging in horticulture but also underscores its potential and limitations in advancing sustainable and productive farming practices.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":"353 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138966636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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