Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10080843
Wei Yang, Lan Wang, Xiao Li, Haixia Yan, Beibei Zhong, Xinru Du, Qi Guo, Tingting He, Yuming Luo
Cucumber is one of the top ten vegetables globally and is widely cultivated worldwide. However, Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum, is one of the most serious soil-borne diseases in cucumber cultivation, causing significant economic losses. Biological control has great potential in the prevention of cucumber wilt disease, but the mechanism involved still needs further research. In this study, biocontrol isolate Bacillus subtilis 1JN2, which was isolated in our previous work, was evaluated in field conditions against Fusarium wilt, and the rhizosphere fungal diversity was analyzed. The results indicated that the biocontrol efficacy of B. subtilis 1JN2 reached 58.5% compared with the blank control, and the population density of F. oxysporum in the rhizosphere decreased from 495 copies/g of soil before inoculation to 20 copies/g 14 days after treatment. High-throughput sequencing demonstrated that after an inoculation of 1JN2, the populations that decreased significantly include the genera of Olpidium and Pseudallescheria, from more than 20% to less than 8%. And the most increased population belonged to the family Chaetomiaceae, from 6.82% to 18.77%, 12.39%, 44.41%, and 19.41% at the four sample time points after treatment. In addition, soil-related enzyme activities, including catalase, soil dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and polyphenol oxidase, were analyzed before and after treatment with 1JN2. The results indicated that all the enzyme activities showed an upward trend following inoculation. These findings demonstrate the potential of using B. subtilis 1JN2 as a biocontrol agent for controlling Fusarium wilt in cucumber.
{"title":"Biological Control Potential of Bacillus subtilis Isolate 1JN2 against Fusarium Wilt on Cucumber","authors":"Wei Yang, Lan Wang, Xiao Li, Haixia Yan, Beibei Zhong, Xinru Du, Qi Guo, Tingting He, Yuming Luo","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10080843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080843","url":null,"abstract":"Cucumber is one of the top ten vegetables globally and is widely cultivated worldwide. However, Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum, is one of the most serious soil-borne diseases in cucumber cultivation, causing significant economic losses. Biological control has great potential in the prevention of cucumber wilt disease, but the mechanism involved still needs further research. In this study, biocontrol isolate Bacillus subtilis 1JN2, which was isolated in our previous work, was evaluated in field conditions against Fusarium wilt, and the rhizosphere fungal diversity was analyzed. The results indicated that the biocontrol efficacy of B. subtilis 1JN2 reached 58.5% compared with the blank control, and the population density of F. oxysporum in the rhizosphere decreased from 495 copies/g of soil before inoculation to 20 copies/g 14 days after treatment. High-throughput sequencing demonstrated that after an inoculation of 1JN2, the populations that decreased significantly include the genera of Olpidium and Pseudallescheria, from more than 20% to less than 8%. And the most increased population belonged to the family Chaetomiaceae, from 6.82% to 18.77%, 12.39%, 44.41%, and 19.41% at the four sample time points after treatment. In addition, soil-related enzyme activities, including catalase, soil dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and polyphenol oxidase, were analyzed before and after treatment with 1JN2. The results indicated that all the enzyme activities showed an upward trend following inoculation. These findings demonstrate the potential of using B. subtilis 1JN2 as a biocontrol agent for controlling Fusarium wilt in cucumber.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141922586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laccase (LAC), a copper-containing polyphenol oxidase, is an important pathogenic factor of pathogenic fungi, and has been identified as an important virulence factor in numerous pathogenic fungi. LAC is encoded by a gene family and belongs to the class of multicopper oxidases. The study aimed to identify the LAC genes in Athelia bombacina (Link) Pers, and their interactions with the host. The expression levels of the LAC genes were quantified using RT-qPCR. The LAC activity, level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of protective enzymes in ‘Huangguan’ pears during the interaction were measured. The AbLac4 gene deletion mutant strain was constructed. Six LAC genes were identified in A. bombacina, distributed across three chromosomes. Interspecies collinearity analysis suggested that LAC genes could serve as crucial pathogenic factors in A. bombacina. The LAC gene family can be classified into three distinct subgroups. Among the subgroups, variations were observed in their characteristic sequences and conserved motifs. However, the LAC genes within the same subgroup exhibited a high degree of conservation. The genes showed diverse expression profiles, with their promoters harboring multiple stress-responsive elements. Signal peptide prediction showed that all LAC proteins, with the exception of the AbLac3 protein, possessed signal peptides, indicating that they are secretory proteins. The subcellular localization analysis showed that all LAC proteins may be localized extracellularly. RT-qPCR revealed differential expression patterns among LAC genes; specifically, AbLac1 and AbLac4 exhibited distinct expression dynamics during the infection process. The LAC activity first increased and then decreased, with the highest increase rate occurring in the early stage of culture. The MDA content and catalase (CAT) activity at the inoculated site were found to be significantly higher than the uninoculated control. In addition, the deletion of AbLac4 gene reduced the growth rate and pathogenic ability of A. bombacina. This investigation found that AbLac1 and AbLac4 may play pivotal roles in mediating host interactions, and the fruit may combat pathogen infection through increasing the activities of CAT, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase. This study provides valuable new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of A. bombacina, significantly contributing to the field.
{"title":"Identification of Laccase Genes in Athelia bombacina and Their Interactions with the Host","authors":"Xiaonan Sun, Weiwei Yan, Xinnan Zhang, Wenhui Wang, Xiaohui Jia","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10080842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080842","url":null,"abstract":"Laccase (LAC), a copper-containing polyphenol oxidase, is an important pathogenic factor of pathogenic fungi, and has been identified as an important virulence factor in numerous pathogenic fungi. LAC is encoded by a gene family and belongs to the class of multicopper oxidases. The study aimed to identify the LAC genes in Athelia bombacina (Link) Pers, and their interactions with the host. The expression levels of the LAC genes were quantified using RT-qPCR. The LAC activity, level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of protective enzymes in ‘Huangguan’ pears during the interaction were measured. The AbLac4 gene deletion mutant strain was constructed. Six LAC genes were identified in A. bombacina, distributed across three chromosomes. Interspecies collinearity analysis suggested that LAC genes could serve as crucial pathogenic factors in A. bombacina. The LAC gene family can be classified into three distinct subgroups. Among the subgroups, variations were observed in their characteristic sequences and conserved motifs. However, the LAC genes within the same subgroup exhibited a high degree of conservation. The genes showed diverse expression profiles, with their promoters harboring multiple stress-responsive elements. Signal peptide prediction showed that all LAC proteins, with the exception of the AbLac3 protein, possessed signal peptides, indicating that they are secretory proteins. The subcellular localization analysis showed that all LAC proteins may be localized extracellularly. RT-qPCR revealed differential expression patterns among LAC genes; specifically, AbLac1 and AbLac4 exhibited distinct expression dynamics during the infection process. The LAC activity first increased and then decreased, with the highest increase rate occurring in the early stage of culture. The MDA content and catalase (CAT) activity at the inoculated site were found to be significantly higher than the uninoculated control. In addition, the deletion of AbLac4 gene reduced the growth rate and pathogenic ability of A. bombacina. This investigation found that AbLac1 and AbLac4 may play pivotal roles in mediating host interactions, and the fruit may combat pathogen infection through increasing the activities of CAT, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase. This study provides valuable new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of A. bombacina, significantly contributing to the field.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141921545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10080844
Edgar Adrián Rivera-Ponce, M. L. Árevalo-Galarza, J. Cadena-Iñiguez, Marcos Soto-Hernández, Yeimy C. Ramírez-Rodas, Cecilia García-Osorio
(1) Background: Chayote [Sechium edule Jacq. (Sw.)] is a non-traditional export product; recently, demand has increased due to its nutritional and functional properties. There is a wide diversity of varietal groups (VGs) within this species. Despite this, only virens levis and nigrum spinosum varieties are commercialized on a large scale, while the rest are underutilized and poorly studied, so the genetic pool of this species is at risk. (2) Methods: The following variables were evaluated in the fruits of 10 chayote groups of varieties: shape, size, weight, stomatal frequency (SF), stoma size, stomatal index (SI), color index (CO*), pigments, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), total sugars and moisture content. In addition, the postharvest behavior of the ten VGs stored at room temperature and the effect of 1-MCP on fruit quality during cold storage were evaluated. (3) Results: The groups a. minor and n. minor showed rapid weight loss, the albus varieties showed high epidermis oxidation, while v. levis, n. maximum, n. spinosum and n. xalapensis were susceptible to viviparity, blisters and fungal incidence. 1-MCP prevented chilling injury (CI) and weight loss. (4) Conclusions: The diversity of postharvest characteristics allows the use of VGs for different uses such as a fresh fruit, agroindustrial transformation or mixing with other vegetables.
(1) 背景：Chayote [Sechium edule Jacq. (Sw.)] 是一种非传统出口产品；最近，由于其营养和功能特性，需求量有所增加。该物种的变种群（VGs）种类繁多。尽管如此，只有 virens levis 和 nigrum spinosum 两个品种被大规模商业化，其余品种利用率低且研究不足，因此该物种的基因库岌岌可危。(2) 方法：对 10 个品种的果实进行了以下变量评估：形状、大小、重量、气孔频率（SF）、气孔大小、气孔指数（SI）、颜色指数（CO*）、色素、可滴定酸度（TA）、总可溶性固形物（TSS）、总糖和水分含量。此外，还评估了在室温下贮藏的 10 种 VG 的采后行为以及 1-MCP 对冷藏期间水果质量的影响。(3）结果：a. minor 和 n. minor 组的果实迅速减重，albus 品种的表皮氧化程度较高，而 v. levis、n. maximum、n. spinosum 和 n. xalapensis 则容易发生胎死腹中、水泡和真菌感染。1-MCP 可防止冷冻伤（CI）和体重减轻。(4) 结论：采后特性的多样性允许将 VGs 用于不同的用途，如新鲜水果、农业工业转化或与其他蔬菜混合。
{"title":"Characteristics and Potential Use of Fruits from Different Varietal Groups of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw","authors":"Edgar Adrián Rivera-Ponce, M. L. Árevalo-Galarza, J. Cadena-Iñiguez, Marcos Soto-Hernández, Yeimy C. Ramírez-Rodas, Cecilia García-Osorio","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10080844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080844","url":null,"abstract":"(1) Background: Chayote [Sechium edule Jacq. (Sw.)] is a non-traditional export product; recently, demand has increased due to its nutritional and functional properties. There is a wide diversity of varietal groups (VGs) within this species. Despite this, only virens levis and nigrum spinosum varieties are commercialized on a large scale, while the rest are underutilized and poorly studied, so the genetic pool of this species is at risk. (2) Methods: The following variables were evaluated in the fruits of 10 chayote groups of varieties: shape, size, weight, stomatal frequency (SF), stoma size, stomatal index (SI), color index (CO*), pigments, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), total sugars and moisture content. In addition, the postharvest behavior of the ten VGs stored at room temperature and the effect of 1-MCP on fruit quality during cold storage were evaluated. (3) Results: The groups a. minor and n. minor showed rapid weight loss, the albus varieties showed high epidermis oxidation, while v. levis, n. maximum, n. spinosum and n. xalapensis were susceptible to viviparity, blisters and fungal incidence. 1-MCP prevented chilling injury (CI) and weight loss. (4) Conclusions: The diversity of postharvest characteristics allows the use of VGs for different uses such as a fresh fruit, agroindustrial transformation or mixing with other vegetables.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141925273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10080840
Alonso-Salinas Ramiro, López-Miranda Santiago, Pérez-López Antonio José, Acosta-Motos José Ramón
Climacteric fruits undergo a characteristic ripening process regulated by ethylene, a key plant hormone. Extending the shelf life of these fruits while preserving their postharvest quality poses a significant challenge for the food industry. This review provides a comprehensive overview of physiological and molecular strategies to delay ethylene-mediated ripening in climacteric fruits and their impact on shelf life, postharvest quality, sensory attributes, and volatile compounds. Additionally, it examines the role of ethylene in fruit ripening, analysing various ethylene managing strategies including ethylene inhibitors, ethylene adsorbents, and ethylene scavengers by catalytic oxidation. This review concludes with future research directions including molecular and genetic approaches for reducing ethylene production or responsiveness in fruits, integrated strategies, environmental considerations, and commercial applications for improving postharvest handling and fruit quality.
{"title":"Strategies to Delay Ethylene-Mediated Ripening in Climacteric Fruits: Implications for Shelf Life Extension and Postharvest Quality","authors":"Alonso-Salinas Ramiro, López-Miranda Santiago, Pérez-López Antonio José, Acosta-Motos José Ramón","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10080840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080840","url":null,"abstract":"Climacteric fruits undergo a characteristic ripening process regulated by ethylene, a key plant hormone. Extending the shelf life of these fruits while preserving their postharvest quality poses a significant challenge for the food industry. This review provides a comprehensive overview of physiological and molecular strategies to delay ethylene-mediated ripening in climacteric fruits and their impact on shelf life, postharvest quality, sensory attributes, and volatile compounds. Additionally, it examines the role of ethylene in fruit ripening, analysing various ethylene managing strategies including ethylene inhibitors, ethylene adsorbents, and ethylene scavengers by catalytic oxidation. This review concludes with future research directions including molecular and genetic approaches for reducing ethylene production or responsiveness in fruits, integrated strategies, environmental considerations, and commercial applications for improving postharvest handling and fruit quality.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141925663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10080841
Arezoo Sadeghi, H. Karimmojeni, J. Razmjoo, Timothy C. Baldwin
Hollyhock (Alcea rosea L.) is an aromatic, ornamental/medicinal plant species for which the selection of drought-tolerant varieties based on physio-chemical traits is desirable. The data presented resulted from a field experiment. This experiment was designed as a split-plot, based on a randomized complete block design, in which the main plots consisted of the three irrigation regimes (30, 60 and 80% permissible discharge moisture available in the soil), and the subplots consisted of nine hollyhock varieties. Photosynthetic pigments, Fv/Fm, proline content and selected antioxidant enzymes were measured throughout the period of induced drought stress. The data obtained illustrate the nature of the physiological response of hollyhock to drought stress. Based on the measured traits the varieties Isfahan 1, Shiraz 1 and Tabriz were shown to display the highest degree of resistance to drought stress. These data suggest that the effect of drought stress is dependent upon the drought level, variety and the trait in question. In this regard, future plant breeders for this species may find it useful to utilize ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and guayacol peroxidase (POX) activities as biochemical markers to select for drought-tolerant genotypes. As such, hollyhock can be considered a promising ornamental/medicinal species for cultivation in semi-arid environments.
{"title":"Physiological Responses of Hollyhock (Alcea rosea L.) to Drought Stress","authors":"Arezoo Sadeghi, H. Karimmojeni, J. Razmjoo, Timothy C. Baldwin","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10080841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080841","url":null,"abstract":"Hollyhock (Alcea rosea L.) is an aromatic, ornamental/medicinal plant species for which the selection of drought-tolerant varieties based on physio-chemical traits is desirable. The data presented resulted from a field experiment. This experiment was designed as a split-plot, based on a randomized complete block design, in which the main plots consisted of the three irrigation regimes (30, 60 and 80% permissible discharge moisture available in the soil), and the subplots consisted of nine hollyhock varieties. Photosynthetic pigments, Fv/Fm, proline content and selected antioxidant enzymes were measured throughout the period of induced drought stress. The data obtained illustrate the nature of the physiological response of hollyhock to drought stress. Based on the measured traits the varieties Isfahan 1, Shiraz 1 and Tabriz were shown to display the highest degree of resistance to drought stress. These data suggest that the effect of drought stress is dependent upon the drought level, variety and the trait in question. In this regard, future plant breeders for this species may find it useful to utilize ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and guayacol peroxidase (POX) activities as biochemical markers to select for drought-tolerant genotypes. As such, hollyhock can be considered a promising ornamental/medicinal species for cultivation in semi-arid environments.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141928449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10080839
Richecarde Lafrance, Claudia Villicaña, J. B. Valdéz-Torres, R. S. García-Estrada, Manuel Alonzo Báez Sañudo, M. Esparza-Araiza, J. León‐Félix
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is widely grown in the tropics, where its production is subjected to heavy disease losses. A goal of tomato breeders is genetic improvement of early maturity genotypes with higher fruit quality under challenging environmental conditions, such as the presence of multiple pathogens, is the goal of tomato breeders. In Mexico, tomato is one of the main exported vegetables, grown in most of the northwestern states of the country, with the state of Sinaloa as one of the largest producers. In this study, we evaluated fruit quality parameters in 16 tomato hybrids (14 hybrids under development in Sinaloa and 2 as commercial lines), which were previously analyzed with molecular markers to detect gene resistance. The hybrids were harvested at the “red ripe” stage at three different harvest dates. Total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, pH, color, firmness, and the TSS/acidity ratio were evaluated. Of the 16 hybrids analyzed, 2 showed the presence of genes for resistance to TYLCV, 7 for resistance to TSWV and Fol race 3, 15 for resistance to Fol race 2, and all 16 for resistance to Fol race l. Results show that most of the tomato hybrids analyzed during the three harvest dates met market standards reported in the USDA’s fresh tomato import regulations and Mexico Supreme Quality 2005 (MCS Mexico Calidad Suprema for its acronym in Spanish). However, two of the advanced developmental hybrids better met the market requirements and are also maturing early.
{"title":"Selection of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Hybrids Resistant to Fol, TYLCV, and TSWV with Early Maturity and Good Fruit Quality","authors":"Richecarde Lafrance, Claudia Villicaña, J. B. Valdéz-Torres, R. S. García-Estrada, Manuel Alonzo Báez Sañudo, M. Esparza-Araiza, J. León‐Félix","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10080839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080839","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is widely grown in the tropics, where its production is subjected to heavy disease losses. A goal of tomato breeders is genetic improvement of early maturity genotypes with higher fruit quality under challenging environmental conditions, such as the presence of multiple pathogens, is the goal of tomato breeders. In Mexico, tomato is one of the main exported vegetables, grown in most of the northwestern states of the country, with the state of Sinaloa as one of the largest producers. In this study, we evaluated fruit quality parameters in 16 tomato hybrids (14 hybrids under development in Sinaloa and 2 as commercial lines), which were previously analyzed with molecular markers to detect gene resistance. The hybrids were harvested at the “red ripe” stage at three different harvest dates. Total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, pH, color, firmness, and the TSS/acidity ratio were evaluated. Of the 16 hybrids analyzed, 2 showed the presence of genes for resistance to TYLCV, 7 for resistance to TSWV and Fol race 3, 15 for resistance to Fol race 2, and all 16 for resistance to Fol race l. Results show that most of the tomato hybrids analyzed during the three harvest dates met market standards reported in the USDA’s fresh tomato import regulations and Mexico Supreme Quality 2005 (MCS Mexico Calidad Suprema for its acronym in Spanish). However, two of the advanced developmental hybrids better met the market requirements and are also maturing early.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141926440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The light plays a key role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. However, the molecular basis of anthocyanin synthesis in grape skins irradiated at night with supplemental white light (W), red light (R), blue light (B), and blue light for 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, and 12 h (B3, B6, B9, and B12) is not known. In the present study, the total anthocyanin content in grape skins was significant under different light (DL) and blue-light time (DT) treatments, and the best result was obtained with B9. Analysis of RNA-seq data determined that the key genes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway, PAL, CHS, DFR, GT, CFIP, VIT_14s0068g00920, VIT_06s0009g02860, and VIT_06s0004g08150, were significantly up-regulated under night-time supplemental light treatments, which led to the significant expression of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, which were significantly expressed, promoting the accumulation of anthocyanin. The B caused significant expression of PAL (VIT_08s0040g01710), CFIP (VIT_13s0067g03820, VIT_13s0067g02870) and DFR (VIT_18s0001g12800), which may be one of the reasons for the better effect of B compared to W anthocyanin enrichment in grape skins. The DT treatment resulted in significant expression of GT (VIT_11s0052g01600), Peroxidase, VIT_09s0018g01190, and VIT_11s0037g00570. In addition, many TFs such as bHLH, MYB, ERF, WRKY, C2H2, MYB-related, and NAC were found to be involved in the synthesis of anthocyanins under light regulation. These results provide new insights into plants’ nocturnal supplemental-light regulation of anthocyanin accumulation.
{"title":"Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Mechanism by Which Different Light Qualities and Light Duration Induce Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in ‘Kyoho’ Grapes","authors":"Wu Sun, Yingying Yan, Zafarullah Muhammad, Guoqiang Zhang","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10080791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080791","url":null,"abstract":"The light plays a key role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. However, the molecular basis of anthocyanin synthesis in grape skins irradiated at night with supplemental white light (W), red light (R), blue light (B), and blue light for 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, and 12 h (B3, B6, B9, and B12) is not known. In the present study, the total anthocyanin content in grape skins was significant under different light (DL) and blue-light time (DT) treatments, and the best result was obtained with B9. Analysis of RNA-seq data determined that the key genes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway, PAL, CHS, DFR, GT, CFIP, VIT_14s0068g00920, VIT_06s0009g02860, and VIT_06s0004g08150, were significantly up-regulated under night-time supplemental light treatments, which led to the significant expression of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, which were significantly expressed, promoting the accumulation of anthocyanin. The B caused significant expression of PAL (VIT_08s0040g01710), CFIP (VIT_13s0067g03820, VIT_13s0067g02870) and DFR (VIT_18s0001g12800), which may be one of the reasons for the better effect of B compared to W anthocyanin enrichment in grape skins. The DT treatment resulted in significant expression of GT (VIT_11s0052g01600), Peroxidase, VIT_09s0018g01190, and VIT_11s0037g00570. In addition, many TFs such as bHLH, MYB, ERF, WRKY, C2H2, MYB-related, and NAC were found to be involved in the synthesis of anthocyanins under light regulation. These results provide new insights into plants’ nocturnal supplemental-light regulation of anthocyanin accumulation.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141799677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10080792
Eleni Anastasopoulou, K. Graikou, V. Ziogas, Christos Ganos, Fabrizio Calapai, I. Chinou
In the framework of our studies on Citrus cultivars in Greece, the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) from the peels and leaves of orange, pummelo, and tangelo (mandarin × grapefruit hybrid) cultivated in Greece have been studied. All EOs have been analyzed through GC-MS, and a total of 47 and 87 metabolites were identified in the peels and leaves, respectively. These metabolites are classified into the chemical groups of terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, and organic acids. Limonene was the most abundant compound in the peel EOs. Moreover, bioactive polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) were isolated and structurally determined from the peels of orange and tangelo, highlighting them as a good potential source of natural PMFs. All EOs were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against nine human pathogenic microorganisms (six bacteria and three fungi), showing an interesting profile. The EOs from the peels of all Citrus species exhibited a stronger antimicrobial activity compared to those from the leaves. The susceptibility of the assayed Gram-positive bacteria was observed to be greater than that of Gram-negative bacteria, while the fungi were also relatively less resistant than bacteria. The rootstock choice did not influence the EO profile of the fruit peel but exerted an influence on the chemical profile of the leaves.
{"title":"Chemical Profiles and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils from Orange, Pummelo, and Tangelo Cultivated in Greece","authors":"Eleni Anastasopoulou, K. Graikou, V. Ziogas, Christos Ganos, Fabrizio Calapai, I. Chinou","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10080792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080792","url":null,"abstract":"In the framework of our studies on Citrus cultivars in Greece, the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) from the peels and leaves of orange, pummelo, and tangelo (mandarin × grapefruit hybrid) cultivated in Greece have been studied. All EOs have been analyzed through GC-MS, and a total of 47 and 87 metabolites were identified in the peels and leaves, respectively. These metabolites are classified into the chemical groups of terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, and organic acids. Limonene was the most abundant compound in the peel EOs. Moreover, bioactive polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) were isolated and structurally determined from the peels of orange and tangelo, highlighting them as a good potential source of natural PMFs. All EOs were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against nine human pathogenic microorganisms (six bacteria and three fungi), showing an interesting profile. The EOs from the peels of all Citrus species exhibited a stronger antimicrobial activity compared to those from the leaves. The susceptibility of the assayed Gram-positive bacteria was observed to be greater than that of Gram-negative bacteria, while the fungi were also relatively less resistant than bacteria. The rootstock choice did not influence the EO profile of the fruit peel but exerted an influence on the chemical profile of the leaves.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141801918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10080789
M. Abdelkader, M. Zargar, Maryam Bayat, E. Pakina, Ahmed S. A. Shehata, Ahmed A. Suliman
Vegetables accumulate considerable amounts of nitrates that enter the human body through nutrition, causing severe problems. This study aims to determine celery plants’ response to replacing mineral nitrogen fertilizers with bio-nanoparticles. Three different treatments of nano bio-nitrogen fertilizer (20, 30, and 40 ppm) in addition to traditional nitrogen (NH4NO3) treatment (100 kg N/acre) were applied on two celery cultivars (Balady and Utah Tall 52–75). Plant growth parameters, vitamin C, carotenoids, nitrate accumulation, macro-nutrient uptakes, and antioxidant activities were determined at the vegetative marketing stage. Our findings reveal a significant positive impact of replacing conventional nitrogen fertilizers with bio-nano-synthesized forms. Notably, applying bio-nanoparticles improved celery yield efficiency, ranging from 5.1 to 5.8 tons per acre, suggesting a viable alternative to traditional fertilization methods. Furthermore, transitioning from mineral to organic fertilizers in nanoparticle form reduced nitrate accumulation in fresh celery crops, decreasing nitrate levels from 342.5 ppm to as low as 100 ppm. This environmentally conscious approach offers a sustainable solution to mitigate chemical residues and enhance celery’s flavor, nutritional value, and health benefits. Specifically, our results demonstrate alleviated nitrate contents in fresh celery leaves after applying bio-nano-fertilizer. Nitrate levels in treated plants decreased by up to 70.0% compared to traditional fertilization methods. This highlights the potential of organic nano-fertilizers to address concerns related to nitrate accumulation, thereby promoting safer and healthier vegetable consumption. By advocating for organic nano-fertilizers, we propose a promising strategy to optimize celery fertilizing management, ensuring sustainable farming and consumer well-being.
{"title":"Biogenic Nano-Fertilizers as a Sustainable Approach to Alleviate Nitrate Accumulation and Enrich Quality Traits of Vegetable Crops","authors":"M. Abdelkader, M. Zargar, Maryam Bayat, E. Pakina, Ahmed S. A. Shehata, Ahmed A. Suliman","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10080789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080789","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetables accumulate considerable amounts of nitrates that enter the human body through nutrition, causing severe problems. This study aims to determine celery plants’ response to replacing mineral nitrogen fertilizers with bio-nanoparticles. Three different treatments of nano bio-nitrogen fertilizer (20, 30, and 40 ppm) in addition to traditional nitrogen (NH4NO3) treatment (100 kg N/acre) were applied on two celery cultivars (Balady and Utah Tall 52–75). Plant growth parameters, vitamin C, carotenoids, nitrate accumulation, macro-nutrient uptakes, and antioxidant activities were determined at the vegetative marketing stage. Our findings reveal a significant positive impact of replacing conventional nitrogen fertilizers with bio-nano-synthesized forms. Notably, applying bio-nanoparticles improved celery yield efficiency, ranging from 5.1 to 5.8 tons per acre, suggesting a viable alternative to traditional fertilization methods. Furthermore, transitioning from mineral to organic fertilizers in nanoparticle form reduced nitrate accumulation in fresh celery crops, decreasing nitrate levels from 342.5 ppm to as low as 100 ppm. This environmentally conscious approach offers a sustainable solution to mitigate chemical residues and enhance celery’s flavor, nutritional value, and health benefits. Specifically, our results demonstrate alleviated nitrate contents in fresh celery leaves after applying bio-nano-fertilizer. Nitrate levels in treated plants decreased by up to 70.0% compared to traditional fertilization methods. This highlights the potential of organic nano-fertilizers to address concerns related to nitrate accumulation, thereby promoting safer and healthier vegetable consumption. By advocating for organic nano-fertilizers, we propose a promising strategy to optimize celery fertilizing management, ensuring sustainable farming and consumer well-being.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141799596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10080790
Chaofan Hong, Dan Li, Liusheng Han, Xiong Du, Shuisen Chen, Jianbo Qi, Chongyang Wang, Xia Zhou, Boxiong Qin, Hao Jiang, Kai Jia, Zuanxian Su
The canopy of perennial evergreen fruit trees in southern China has a unique Bidirectional Reflectance Factor (BRF) due to its complex multi-branch structure and density changes. This study aimed to address the lack of clarity regarding the changes in BRF of evergreen fruit trees in southern China. Litchi, a typical fruit tree in this region, was chosen as the subject for establishing a three-dimensional (3D) real structure model. The canopy BRF of litchi was simulated under different leaf components, illumination geometry, observed geometry, and leaf area index (LAI) using a 3D radiation transfer model. The corresponding changes in characteristics were subsequently analyzed. The findings indicate that the chlorophyll content and equivalent water thickness of leaves exert significant influences on canopy BRF, whereas the protein content exhibit relatively weak effects. Variation in illumination and observation geometry results in the displacement of hotspots, with the solar zenith angle and view zenith angle exerting significant influence on the BRF. As the LAI of the litchi orchard increases, the distribution of hotspots becomes more concentrated, and the differences in angle information are relatively smaller when observed from multiple angles. With the increase in LAI in litchi orchards, the BRF on the principal plane would be saturated, but observation at hotspots could alleviate this phenomenon. The above analysis provides a reference for quantitative inversion of vegetation parameters using remote sensing monitoring information of typical perennial evergreen fruit trees.
中国南方多年生常绿果树树冠因其复杂的多枝结构和密度变化而具有独特的双向反射系数（BRF）。本研究旨在解决中国南方常绿果树双向反射系数变化不明确的问题。本研究选择了该地区的典型果树荔枝作为研究对象，建立了一个三维（3D）真实结构模型。利用三维辐射传递模型模拟了不同叶片成分、光照几何形状、观测几何形状和叶面积指数（LAI）下的荔枝树冠BRF。随后分析了相应的特征变化。研究结果表明，叶片的叶绿素含量和等效水厚度对冠层 BRF 有显著影响，而蛋白质含量的影响相对较弱。光照和观测几何形状的变化导致了热点的移动，其中太阳天顶角和观测天顶角对冠层快速辐射系数有显著影响。随着荔枝园 LAI 的增加，热点分布更加集中，从多个角度观察时，角度信息的差异相对较小。随着荔枝园 LAI 的增加，主平面上的 BRF 将趋于饱和，但热点观测可以缓解这一现象。上述分析为利用典型多年生常绿果树的遥感监测信息进行植被参数定量反演提供了参考。
{"title":"Simulation and Analysis of Bidirectional Reflection Factors of Southern Evergreen Fruit Trees Based on 3D Radiative Transfer Model","authors":"Chaofan Hong, Dan Li, Liusheng Han, Xiong Du, Shuisen Chen, Jianbo Qi, Chongyang Wang, Xia Zhou, Boxiong Qin, Hao Jiang, Kai Jia, Zuanxian Su","doi":"10.3390/horticulturae10080790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080790","url":null,"abstract":"The canopy of perennial evergreen fruit trees in southern China has a unique Bidirectional Reflectance Factor (BRF) due to its complex multi-branch structure and density changes. This study aimed to address the lack of clarity regarding the changes in BRF of evergreen fruit trees in southern China. Litchi, a typical fruit tree in this region, was chosen as the subject for establishing a three-dimensional (3D) real structure model. The canopy BRF of litchi was simulated under different leaf components, illumination geometry, observed geometry, and leaf area index (LAI) using a 3D radiation transfer model. The corresponding changes in characteristics were subsequently analyzed. The findings indicate that the chlorophyll content and equivalent water thickness of leaves exert significant influences on canopy BRF, whereas the protein content exhibit relatively weak effects. Variation in illumination and observation geometry results in the displacement of hotspots, with the solar zenith angle and view zenith angle exerting significant influence on the BRF. As the LAI of the litchi orchard increases, the distribution of hotspots becomes more concentrated, and the differences in angle information are relatively smaller when observed from multiple angles. With the increase in LAI in litchi orchards, the BRF on the principal plane would be saturated, but observation at hotspots could alleviate this phenomenon. The above analysis provides a reference for quantitative inversion of vegetation parameters using remote sensing monitoring information of typical perennial evergreen fruit trees.","PeriodicalId":13034,"journal":{"name":"Horticulturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141801662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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