Pub Date : 2025-07-18DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3587062
Archit Joshi;Shabari Nath
Direct AC/AC solid-state transformer (SST) is a single-stage SST consisting of matrix converters and a high frequency transformer (HFT). It does not require any bulky reactive elements. It can achieve high power density by high frequency operation. However, the switching frequency is limited due to leakage inductance of the HFT. The limitation can be eliminated by adding filters in the output of the secondary side of the HFT and using modified selective harmonic elimination for direct AC/AC SST (MSHE-DAC) proposed in the literature. Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) is used to reduce or eliminate lower order harmonics from a switched waveform while maintaining a desired value for the fundamental component. This is achieved by introducing notches at certain time instants in the switched waveform. These time instants are also referred to as notch angles. By removing lower order harmonics, SHE allows reduction in filter size and unwanted resonance associated with the filter. However, the existing methods of implementation of SHE are for DC/AC converters and not suitable for implementing MSHE-DAC. MSHE-DAC requires variable voltage amplitude factor and calculation of notch angles of high frequency waveforms. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid implementation strategy for MSHE-DAC. The proposed strategy calculates variable voltage amplitude factor in real time and calculates notch angles offline, thus increasing calculation speed. It also proposes a selection strategy for notch angles for maintaining good precision of values of modulation indices. The proposed strategy is verified experimentally on hardware prototype.
{"title":"Hybrid Selective Harmonic Elimination for Direct AC/AC SST","authors":"Archit Joshi;Shabari Nath","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3587062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3587062","url":null,"abstract":"Direct AC/AC solid-state transformer (SST) is a single-stage SST consisting of matrix converters and a high frequency transformer (HFT). It does not require any bulky reactive elements. It can achieve high power density by high frequency operation. However, the switching frequency is limited due to leakage inductance of the HFT. The limitation can be eliminated by adding filters in the output of the secondary side of the HFT and using modified selective harmonic elimination for direct AC/AC SST (MSHE-DAC) proposed in the literature. Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) is used to reduce or eliminate lower order harmonics from a switched waveform while maintaining a desired value for the fundamental component. This is achieved by introducing notches at certain time instants in the switched waveform. These time instants are also referred to as notch angles. By removing lower order harmonics, SHE allows reduction in filter size and unwanted resonance associated with the filter. However, the existing methods of implementation of SHE are for DC/AC converters and not suitable for implementing MSHE-DAC. MSHE-DAC requires variable voltage amplitude factor and calculation of notch angles of high frequency waveforms. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid implementation strategy for MSHE-DAC. The proposed strategy calculates variable voltage amplitude factor in real time and calculates notch angles offline, thus increasing calculation speed. It also proposes a selection strategy for notch angles for maintaining good precision of values of modulation indices. The proposed strategy is verified experimentally on hardware prototype.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 1","pages":"657-670"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-17DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588231
Zhaoyang Liu;Liang Ma;Ke Wang;Junnan Zhang;Chenyi Si;Jun Yi;Chaoxu Mu
The large-scale injection of new energy systems into active distribution networks (ADNs) has caused voltage violations, challenging the stable operation of power grids. Recently, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has emerged with great advantages in replacing traditional optimization methods for voltage regulation in ADNs. However, existing DRL studies face sampling inefficiency and overlook the robustness issue resulting from the uncertainties brought by renewable energy systems in ADNs, which seriously affects the application of DRL in the real world. In this paper, a novel uncertainty-aware model-based multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) framework is proposed for robust active voltage control (AVC). First, a probabilistic ensemble of neural networks with different initializations is designed for uncertainties in environment model learning, and a hybrid data augmentation method is proposed to improve the learning efficiency and final performance of MADRL. Then, a multi-agent distributional soft actor-critic (MADSAC) framework is developed for robust voltage regulation by tackling various uncertainties in the ADN environment. Simulations are performed on the IEEE 33-bus distribution network and IEEE 141-bus distribution network to validate that the proposed model-based MADSAC algorithm can significantly improve sampling efficiency, robustness and performance in AVC.
{"title":"Uncertainty-Aware Model-Based Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Robust Active Voltage Control","authors":"Zhaoyang Liu;Liang Ma;Ke Wang;Junnan Zhang;Chenyi Si;Jun Yi;Chaoxu Mu","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588231","url":null,"abstract":"The large-scale injection of new energy systems into active distribution networks (ADNs) has caused voltage violations, challenging the stable operation of power grids. Recently, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has emerged with great advantages in replacing traditional optimization methods for voltage regulation in ADNs. However, existing DRL studies face sampling inefficiency and overlook the robustness issue resulting from the uncertainties brought by renewable energy systems in ADNs, which seriously affects the application of DRL in the real world. In this paper, a novel uncertainty-aware model-based multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) framework is proposed for robust active voltage control (AVC). First, a probabilistic ensemble of neural networks with different initializations is designed for uncertainties in environment model learning, and a hybrid data augmentation method is proposed to improve the learning efficiency and final performance of MADRL. Then, a multi-agent distributional soft actor-critic (MADSAC) framework is developed for robust voltage regulation by tackling various uncertainties in the ADN environment. Simulations are performed on the IEEE 33-bus distribution network and IEEE 141-bus distribution network to validate that the proposed model-based MADSAC algorithm can significantly improve sampling efficiency, robustness and performance in AVC.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 1","pages":"618-629"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-11DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3584353
Yaxian Hong;Youfeng Su;He Cai
This paper studies the resilient cooperative output regulation problem of uncertain linear multi-agent systems under denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. An integrated resilient distributed observer and a resilient distributed canonical internal model approach have been proposed. First, a hybrid sampling mechanism that mixes event-triggered and time-triggered scenarios has been adopted, with which a sampled output based resilient distributed observer is designed against DoS attacks. Second, the resilient cooperative output regulation problem is converted into an input-output stabilization problem of an augmented system composed of the plant, the reduced-order observer, and the resilient distributed canonical internal model. Then, an adaptive stabilizer is synthesized to stabilize the augmented system using a recursive iteration approach. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control design is verified by an example of the quarter-car active automotive suspension system.
{"title":"Resilient Cooperative Output Regulation of Uncertain Multi-Agent Systems Under DoS Attacks","authors":"Yaxian Hong;Youfeng Su;He Cai","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3584353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3584353","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the resilient cooperative output regulation problem of uncertain linear multi-agent systems under denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. An integrated resilient distributed observer and a resilient distributed canonical internal model approach have been proposed. First, a hybrid sampling mechanism that mixes event-triggered and time-triggered scenarios has been adopted, with which a sampled output based resilient distributed observer is designed against DoS attacks. Second, the resilient cooperative output regulation problem is converted into an input-output stabilization problem of an augmented system composed of the plant, the reduced-order observer, and the resilient distributed canonical internal model. Then, an adaptive stabilizer is synthesized to stabilize the augmented system using a recursive iteration approach. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control design is verified by an example of the quarter-car active automotive suspension system.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 12","pages":"8421-8433"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145600665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-10DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3582392
Weiqi Zhang;Yanmin Wang;Kai Song
This paper presents an adaptive integral-type non-singular terminal sliding mode (AINTSM) control strategy with zero-crossing control gain for DC-DC buck converters operating under both matched and mismatched uncertainties, which can be widely utilized to ensure the continuous stability and rapid response of various systems. By integrating adaptive gain and zero-crossing for adapting to system uncertain states, adjusting the control direction, and suppressing chattering. The advantages of integral-type NTSM help eliminate singularity issues during global convergence, further compensate steady-state errors through an integral control architecture, the proposed method overcomes key limitations of conventional sliding mode approaches. Compared to linear sliding mode (LSM) and fixed-gain NTSM controllers, AINTSM achieves enhanced output accuracy and dynamic stability while preserving structural simplicity. The global finite-time convergence is rigorously established through Lyapunov-based analysis, supported by phase trajectory studies that define stability boundaries for control parameter selection. Experimental validation under comprehensive parameter perturbations demonstrates the controller’s effectiveness in suppressing chattering phenomena and improving transient response, confirming its superior robustness in practical power conversion applications with complex operating conditions.
{"title":"Adaptive Integral-Type NTSMC for DC–DC Buck Converters With Zero-Crossing Gain Under Matched and Mismatched Uncertainties","authors":"Weiqi Zhang;Yanmin Wang;Kai Song","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3582392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3582392","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an adaptive integral-type non-singular terminal sliding mode (AINTSM) control strategy with zero-crossing control gain for DC-DC buck converters operating under both matched and mismatched uncertainties, which can be widely utilized to ensure the continuous stability and rapid response of various systems. By integrating adaptive gain and zero-crossing for adapting to system uncertain states, adjusting the control direction, and suppressing chattering. The advantages of integral-type NTSM help eliminate singularity issues during global convergence, further compensate steady-state errors through an integral control architecture, the proposed method overcomes key limitations of conventional sliding mode approaches. Compared to linear sliding mode (LSM) and fixed-gain NTSM controllers, AINTSM achieves enhanced output accuracy and dynamic stability while preserving structural simplicity. The global finite-time convergence is rigorously established through Lyapunov-based analysis, supported by phase trajectory studies that define stability boundaries for control parameter selection. Experimental validation under comprehensive parameter perturbations demonstrates the controller’s effectiveness in suppressing chattering phenomena and improving transient response, confirming its superior robustness in practical power conversion applications with complex operating conditions.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 12","pages":"8536-8549"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145600683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-08DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3583777
Kai Ma;Ning He;Jinfeng Liu
For solving the problem of building climate system uncertainty affected by spatio-temporal variables, an event-triggered multi-kernel learning-based stochastic model predictive control (EMSMPC) method is developed. Compared to the existing stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) methods, the developed method does not require the uncertainty to satisfy strict distributional conditions and can effectively handle the spatio-temporal coupling effects within the uncertainty. Firstly, the spatio-temporal uncertainty is learned via multi-kernel Gaussian process regression. The learning results are employed for constructing the cost function and designing the chance constraint tightening set, thereby ensuring that the chance constraints are satisfied while maintaining the robustness of the controlled system. Then, an event-triggering mechanism is introduced to reduce the frequency of solving optimal control problem (OCP) and online learning, further reducing the energy consumption of the controlled system. Moreover, the feasibility and closed-loop stability of stochastic predictive control method based on multi-kernel learning are critically analyzed. Finally, the effectiveness of the developed method is verified through simulation and experimentation.
{"title":"Event-Triggered Multi-Kernel Learning-Based Stochastic MPC With Applications in Building Climate Control","authors":"Kai Ma;Ning He;Jinfeng Liu","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3583777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3583777","url":null,"abstract":"For solving the problem of building climate system uncertainty affected by spatio-temporal variables, an event-triggered multi-kernel learning-based stochastic model predictive control (EMSMPC) method is developed. Compared to the existing stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) methods, the developed method does not require the uncertainty to satisfy strict distributional conditions and can effectively handle the spatio-temporal coupling effects within the uncertainty. Firstly, the spatio-temporal uncertainty is learned via multi-kernel Gaussian process regression. The learning results are employed for constructing the cost function and designing the chance constraint tightening set, thereby ensuring that the chance constraints are satisfied while maintaining the robustness of the controlled system. Then, an event-triggering mechanism is introduced to reduce the frequency of solving optimal control problem (OCP) and online learning, further reducing the energy consumption of the controlled system. Moreover, the feasibility and closed-loop stability of stochastic predictive control method based on multi-kernel learning are critically analyzed. Finally, the effectiveness of the developed method is verified through simulation and experimentation.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 1","pages":"630-643"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-08DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3580665
Wei Zhang;Haihong Zhu;Hangjun Che;Xin Wang;Huaqing Li;Hongyi Li
This article investigates the problem of bipartite synchronization with a non-autonomous leader in fractional-order multi-layer signed network. To address the chattering phenomenon induced by the use of sign functions in existing studies for mitigating the influence of bounded unknown leader inputs, a continuous controller and a dynamic event-triggered controller are proposed, respectively. The continuous controller is introduced a decay function to ensure the continuity of the control input, thereby effectively avoids chattering. The dynamic event-triggered controller leverages the characteristics of event-triggered control, the input remains constant within triggered intervals, which confines discontinuities to discrete triggering instants. This approach not only eliminates chattering but also reduces the frequency of control updates. Besides, the measurement error is designed by synchronization error and introduce a new trigger mechanism, avoiding the issue of the existence of the fractional-order right-Dini derivative at zero caused by measurement error designed through the controller with the sign function. Notably, the controllers proposed in this paper are not only applicable to non-autonomous systems but also to those subject to external disturbances as well as traditional autonomous leader systems. The stability of the error system is demonstrated by Lyapunov method. In the end, the proposed corollaries and theorems are verified by three simulations.
{"title":"Bipartite Synchronization of Fractional-Order Multi-Layer Signed Network With a Non-Autonomous Leader","authors":"Wei Zhang;Haihong Zhu;Hangjun Che;Xin Wang;Huaqing Li;Hongyi Li","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3580665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3580665","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the problem of bipartite synchronization with a non-autonomous leader in fractional-order multi-layer signed network. To address the chattering phenomenon induced by the use of sign functions in existing studies for mitigating the influence of bounded unknown leader inputs, a continuous controller and a dynamic event-triggered controller are proposed, respectively. The continuous controller is introduced a decay function to ensure the continuity of the control input, thereby effectively avoids chattering. The dynamic event-triggered controller leverages the characteristics of event-triggered control, the input remains constant within triggered intervals, which confines discontinuities to discrete triggering instants. This approach not only eliminates chattering but also reduces the frequency of control updates. Besides, the measurement error is designed by synchronization error and introduce a new trigger mechanism, avoiding the issue of the existence of the fractional-order right-Dini derivative at zero caused by measurement error designed through the controller with the sign function. Notably, the controllers proposed in this paper are not only applicable to non-autonomous systems but also to those subject to external disturbances as well as traditional autonomous leader systems. The stability of the error system is demonstrated by Lyapunov method. In the end, the proposed corollaries and theorems are verified by three simulations.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 12","pages":"8396-8407"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145600687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a general efficiency enhancement method for compact broadband rectifiers. First, a simple LCR model is employed to characterize the frequency-dependent parasitic effects of Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) in broadband. Subsequently, based on the LCR model, a compact rectifier circuit configuration is proposed to minimize impedance mismatch in broadband, thereby significantly improving the rectification efficiency. To validate the proposed approach, two representative rectifier prototypes are designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results show that Rectifier I achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 70% across 0.5–2.5 GHz under 20 dBm input power with a ${},1000{Omega }$ load, while Rectifier II attains a PCE above 64% from 1.1 to 5.4 GHz under 10 dBm input power with the same load. Compared with state-of-the-art designs, the proposed rectifiers exhibit superior PCE performance while achieving a fractional bandwidth (FBW) exceeding 100%. Notably, the proposed efficiency enhancement technique is suitable for most broadband rectifier designs, such as diverse rectifier topologies, SBD types, input power levels, and load conditions.
{"title":"A General Efficiency Enhancement Method for Compact Broadband Rectifiers","authors":"Haokun Zhang;Daotong Li;Zhihui Wang;Ying Liu;Naoki Shinohara","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3582044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3582044","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a general efficiency enhancement method for compact broadband rectifiers. First, a simple LCR model is employed to characterize the frequency-dependent parasitic effects of Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) in broadband. Subsequently, based on the LCR model, a compact rectifier circuit configuration is proposed to minimize impedance mismatch in broadband, thereby significantly improving the rectification efficiency. To validate the proposed approach, two representative rectifier prototypes are designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results show that Rectifier I achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 70% across 0.5–2.5 GHz under 20 dBm input power with a <inline-formula> <tex-math>${},1000{Omega }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> load, while Rectifier II attains a PCE above 64% from 1.1 to 5.4 GHz under 10 dBm input power with the same load. Compared with state-of-the-art designs, the proposed rectifiers exhibit superior PCE performance while achieving a fractional bandwidth (FBW) exceeding 100%. Notably, the proposed efficiency enhancement technique is suitable for most broadband rectifier designs, such as diverse rectifier topologies, SBD types, input power levels, and load conditions.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 12","pages":"8514-8522"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145600702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3580927
{"title":"IEEE Circuits and Systems Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3580927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3580927","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 7","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11061260","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144557860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3580925
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems--I: Regular Papers Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3580925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3580925","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 7","pages":"3729-3729"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11061258","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144557769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3552636
Xinyi Zhang;Bernardo Severino;Kai Strunz
A proportional-integral (PI) controller in parallel with a nonlinear cubic controller is proposed in order to achieve the objective of addressing both the issues of small-signal and large-signal stability, with the latter also being referred to as transient stability. Within the scope of application and of practical relevance is the enhancement of the region of attraction for which equilibrium states are found for an electric vehicle (EV) charging station while considering constraints. As a main contribution, a methodology for the design of the cubic controller to expand the constrained region of attraction (CROA) through sum-of-squares (SOS) programming is formulated, implemented, and validated. The developed SOS program incorporates the construction of Lyapunov functions, which are employed to estimate the CROA. The optimal coefficient of the cubic controller is obtained by estimating the largest CROA. The integration of the cubic controller enhances the robustness of the EV charging station against large disturbances, while the performance under minor disturbances is dealt with by the accompanying PI controller. As a result, the proposed PI-cubic voltage controller enhances the stability across wide operating ranges including fast charging and in the presence of constant power loads. In general, application also includes DC microgrid stability. Time-domain simulations conducted in Matlab validate the made claims. During the considered outage of local power generation on the DC side of the charging station and microgrid, transient stability was only maintained with the proposed controller, and an overcurrent situation was avoided. The PI-cubic controller is shown to be effective in enhancing robustness.
{"title":"Proportional-Integral and Nonlinear Cubic Control to Enhance Small-Signal and Transient Stability of EV Charging Station and DC Microgrid","authors":"Xinyi Zhang;Bernardo Severino;Kai Strunz","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3552636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3552636","url":null,"abstract":"A proportional-integral (PI) controller in parallel with a nonlinear cubic controller is proposed in order to achieve the objective of addressing both the issues of small-signal and large-signal stability, with the latter also being referred to as transient stability. Within the scope of application and of practical relevance is the enhancement of the region of attraction for which equilibrium states are found for an electric vehicle (EV) charging station while considering constraints. As a main contribution, a methodology for the design of the cubic controller to expand the constrained region of attraction (CROA) through sum-of-squares (SOS) programming is formulated, implemented, and validated. The developed SOS program incorporates the construction of Lyapunov functions, which are employed to estimate the CROA. The optimal coefficient of the cubic controller is obtained by estimating the largest CROA. The integration of the cubic controller enhances the robustness of the EV charging station against large disturbances, while the performance under minor disturbances is dealt with by the accompanying PI controller. As a result, the proposed PI-cubic voltage controller enhances the stability across wide operating ranges including fast charging and in the presence of constant power loads. In general, application also includes DC microgrid stability. Time-domain simulations conducted in Matlab validate the made claims. During the considered outage of local power generation on the DC side of the charging station and microgrid, transient stability was only maintained with the proposed controller, and an overcurrent situation was avoided. The PI-cubic controller is shown to be effective in enhancing robustness.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 7","pages":"3669-3682"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11061814","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144557584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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