Pub Date : 2025-07-30DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3592025
Reham Haroun;Abdelali El Aroudi;Kuntal Mandal;Guidong Zhang;Zhen Li;Luis Martínez-Salamero
A switched-inductor (SL) multi-cell boost converter is analyzed in this paper for a high-voltage gain application, stepping up a dc voltage from 36 V to 380 V in the first stage of a photovoltaic (PV) conversion chain. A fast maximum power point tracker (MPPT), processing the system input voltage, is used to extract the maximum power from the PV generator regardless of atmospheric conditions. A single sliding-mode control (SMC) loop forces the PV generator voltage to follow the maximum power point (MPP) voltage provided by a Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm. The sliding-mode analysis uses the equivalent control approach to demonstrate that the linearized ideal sliding dynamics are unconditionally stable. Theoretical predictions are corroborated by simulations and experimental measurements of the system under step-type changes in input irradiance and output load. The MPPT performance is experimentally evaluated against two classical approaches applied to a canonical boost converter: a current-based SMC and a voltage-based PWM. Both approaches track the MPP current and voltage, respectively, as given by the P&O algorithm. The proposed system outperforms the two classical systems, showing a better tracking accuracy.
{"title":"Fast Single-Loop Voltage-Based MPPT Using Sliding-Mode Control for Switched-Inductor Multi-Cell Boost Converters","authors":"Reham Haroun;Abdelali El Aroudi;Kuntal Mandal;Guidong Zhang;Zhen Li;Luis Martínez-Salamero","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3592025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3592025","url":null,"abstract":"A switched-inductor (SL) multi-cell boost converter is analyzed in this paper for a high-voltage gain application, stepping up a dc voltage from 36 V to 380 V in the first stage of a photovoltaic (PV) conversion chain. A fast maximum power point tracker (MPPT), processing the system input voltage, is used to extract the maximum power from the PV generator regardless of atmospheric conditions. A single sliding-mode control (SMC) loop forces the PV generator voltage to follow the maximum power point (MPP) voltage provided by a Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm. The sliding-mode analysis uses the equivalent control approach to demonstrate that the linearized ideal sliding dynamics are unconditionally stable. Theoretical predictions are corroborated by simulations and experimental measurements of the system under step-type changes in input irradiance and output load. The MPPT performance is experimentally evaluated against two classical approaches applied to a canonical boost converter: a current-based SMC and a voltage-based PWM. Both approaches track the MPP current and voltage, respectively, as given by the P&O algorithm. The proposed system outperforms the two classical systems, showing a better tracking accuracy.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 1","pages":"671-684"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11104276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-29DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588373
{"title":"IEEE Circuits and Systems Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588373","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 8","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11099064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144725318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MWSCAS Guest Editorial Special Issue Based on the 67th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems","authors":"Marvin Onabajo;Susana Patón;Bibhu Datta Sahoo;Hanjun Jiang","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3579508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3579508","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 8","pages":"3731-3732"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11099040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144725292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-29DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588369
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems--I: Regular Papers Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588369","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 8","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11099068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144725223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-29DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588371
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems--I: Regular Papers Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588371","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 8","pages":"4403-4403"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11099067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144725268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a trust-evaluation-based distributed model predictive control (DMPC) strategy for safe and scalable consensus of heterogeneous multi-agent systems (MASs) in a zero-trust environment. Dempster-Shafer theory (DST) is employed to quantify inter-agent trustworthiness and derive a global trust metric, thereby mitigating the impact of network threats and false testimonies during the trust evaluation process. Based on the computed trust, artificial reference trajectories are constructed to define the safe and scalable consensus state that each agent tracks, enabling adaptive regulation of reliance on neighbor information through real-time trust weights. The consensus problem is then reformulated as a trust-aware DMPC tracking problem that depends solely on locally received information, supporting distributed decision-making under zero-trust communication conditions. Sufficient conditions are derived to ensure recursive feasibility of the optimization problem, exponential stability of the closed-loop system, and the achievement of safe and scalable consensus. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is validated via numerical simulations and vehicle platoon experiments.
{"title":"Distributed MPC for Safe and Scalable Consensus of Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Systems in a Zero-Trust Environment","authors":"Xiaotian Zhang;Defeng He;Xiulan Song;Haiping Du;Darong Huang","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3590249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3590249","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a trust-evaluation-based distributed model predictive control (DMPC) strategy for safe and scalable consensus of heterogeneous multi-agent systems (MASs) in a zero-trust environment. Dempster-Shafer theory (DST) is employed to quantify inter-agent trustworthiness and derive a global trust metric, thereby mitigating the impact of network threats and false testimonies during the trust evaluation process. Based on the computed trust, artificial reference trajectories are constructed to define the safe and scalable consensus state that each agent tracks, enabling adaptive regulation of reliance on neighbor information through real-time trust weights. The consensus problem is then reformulated as a trust-aware DMPC tracking problem that depends solely on locally received information, supporting distributed decision-making under zero-trust communication conditions. Sufficient conditions are derived to ensure recursive feasibility of the optimization problem, exponential stability of the closed-loop system, and the achievement of safe and scalable consensus. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is validated via numerical simulations and vehicle platoon experiments.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 2","pages":"1367-1379"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study proposes a novel synchronization framework for memristive chaotic systems (MCSs) through an enhanced deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach, featuring an improved proximal policy optimization (PPO) algorithm. Distinguished from traditional linear/nonlinear control paradigms that necessitate precise mathematical modeling, our DRL-based methodology operates without prior knowledge of system dynamics or analytical model requirements. The developed data-driven control strategy demonstrates significant advantages by reducing the required control forces from four to three dimensions, thereby substantially decreasing control complexity and operational costs compared to conventional item-by-item control methods. Through systematic optimization of the reward function architecture in classical PPO algorithms, we achieve accelerated synchronization convergence rates for MCSs, in which an optimal exponential parameter is obtained accordingly. Finally, the practical efficacy of our DRL-driven synchronization framework is successfully validated in image encryption applications. Comprehensive numerical simulations and comparative analyses demonstrate that the proposed methodology not only maintains robust performance under Gaussian noise perturbations but also achieves synchronization efficiency improvements.
{"title":"A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Synchronization Between Two Memristor Chaotic Systems and Application for Image Encryption","authors":"Shitao Jin;Jie Chen;Jie Wu;Xiaofeng Wang;Xiaoli Luan;Junjie Fu;Guanghui Wen","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3592187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3592187","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a novel synchronization framework for memristive chaotic systems (MCSs) through an enhanced deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach, featuring an improved proximal policy optimization (PPO) algorithm. Distinguished from traditional linear/nonlinear control paradigms that necessitate precise mathematical modeling, our DRL-based methodology operates without prior knowledge of system dynamics or analytical model requirements. The developed data-driven control strategy demonstrates significant advantages by reducing the required control forces from four to three dimensions, thereby substantially decreasing control complexity and operational costs compared to conventional item-by-item control methods. Through systematic optimization of the reward function architecture in classical PPO algorithms, we achieve accelerated synchronization convergence rates for MCSs, in which an optimal exponential parameter is obtained accordingly. Finally, the practical efficacy of our DRL-driven synchronization framework is successfully validated in image encryption applications. Comprehensive numerical simulations and comparative analyses demonstrate that the proposed methodology not only maintains robust performance under Gaussian noise perturbations but also achieves synchronization efficiency improvements.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 2","pages":"1380-1393"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-22DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588383
Yan Zhao;Min Meng;Xiuxian Li
This paper investigates multi-coalition games (MCGs) involving players with high-order dynamics, where their decisions satisfy both hard local set constraints and nonlinear coupled inequality constraints. The hard set constraints require that players’ decisions always satisfy the prescribed local set constraints. The coexistence of constraints and high-order dynamics leads to significant challenges for algorithm design and analysis, as the system inertia caused by high-order dynamics prevents direct control of the decisions of players through their inputs. To control the constrained high-order players to perform MCG tasks autonomously and distributedly, based on state feedback, leader-following consensus, dynamic average consensus, projection, and adaptive control methods, a fully distributed algorithm is proposed, where the decisions of all players are ensured to satisfy the set constraints all the time. It allows players to adjust their own parameters by using their procurable feedback errors without requiring direct access to others’ decisions or gradients, eliminating the need for global information and parameters tuning. Furthermore, the convergence of this algorithm is rigorously proven by nonsmooth analysis and Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the algorithm is applied to the electricity market games (EMGs) of smart grids to demonstrate its effectiveness.
{"title":"Fully Distributed GNE Seeking for MCGs With High-Order Players and Hard Set Constraints","authors":"Yan Zhao;Min Meng;Xiuxian Li","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588383","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates multi-coalition games (MCGs) involving players with high-order dynamics, where their decisions satisfy both hard local set constraints and nonlinear coupled inequality constraints. The hard set constraints require that players’ decisions always satisfy the prescribed local set constraints. The coexistence of constraints and high-order dynamics leads to significant challenges for algorithm design and analysis, as the system inertia caused by high-order dynamics prevents direct control of the decisions of players through their inputs. To control the constrained high-order players to perform MCG tasks autonomously and distributedly, based on state feedback, leader-following consensus, dynamic average consensus, projection, and adaptive control methods, a fully distributed algorithm is proposed, where the decisions of all players are ensured to satisfy the set constraints all the time. It allows players to adjust their own parameters by using their procurable feedback errors without requiring direct access to others’ decisions or gradients, eliminating the need for global information and parameters tuning. Furthermore, the convergence of this algorithm is rigorously proven by nonsmooth analysis and Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the algorithm is applied to the electricity market games (EMGs) of smart grids to demonstrate its effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 1","pages":"606-617"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-22DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3584951
Tse-Huang Lo;Shin-Hong Miao;Pei Yu Lai;Xiao Cheng Gao;Chan-Liang Wu;Chih-Wen Lu
This study proposes a micro-LED display driver with 1.15-transistor pixel circuits and current-driving mode pulse width modulation (PWM). A three-stage pass transistor pixel circuit was used to transmit a driving current to micro-LEDs to shorten their off-time and achieve an average of 1.15 transistors per pixel circuit. A 7,700-PPI $640 times 480$ micro-LED display driver operating in 8-bit current-driving mode PWM was designed and fabricated using standard 0.18-$mu $ m CMOS technology. A down counter with parallel load function was used in each channel of the column driver to generate PWM control signals. The results of the study indicate that the display driver chip has a die dimension of $3.64 times 4.82$ mm2 and a display area of $2.11times 1.58$ mm2. In addition, the maximum DNL and INL values are 0.73 and 0.97 least significant bits, respectively. Overall, the display driver consumed 92.9 mW of power at a frame rate of 240 Hz.
本研究提出一种采用1.15晶体管像素电路和电流驱动模式脉宽调制（PWM）的微型led显示驱动器。采用三级通型晶体管像素电路向微型led传输驱动电流，缩短了其关闭时间，实现了每像素电路平均1.15个晶体管。采用标准的0.18- $mu $ m CMOS技术，设计并制作了一个8位电流驱动PWM模式下的7700 ppi $640 × 480$微型led显示屏驱动器。在柱驱动器的每一个通道中都使用了一个具有并行负载功能的下行计数器来产生PWM控制信号。研究结果表明，该显示驱动芯片的芯片尺寸为3.64 × 4.82$ mm2，显示面积为2.11 × 1.58$ mm2。DNL的最大值为0.73位，INL的最大值为0.97位。总的来说，显示驱动器在240 Hz的帧速率下消耗了92.9 mW的功率。
{"title":"A 7700-PPI 640 × 480 Micro-LED Display Backplane Driver Chip With 1.15-Transistor Pixel Circuits by Using 0.18-μm CMOS Technology","authors":"Tse-Huang Lo;Shin-Hong Miao;Pei Yu Lai;Xiao Cheng Gao;Chan-Liang Wu;Chih-Wen Lu","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3584951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3584951","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a micro-LED display driver with 1.15-transistor pixel circuits and current-driving mode pulse width modulation (PWM). A three-stage pass transistor pixel circuit was used to transmit a driving current to micro-LEDs to shorten their off-time and achieve an average of 1.15 transistors per pixel circuit. A 7,700-PPI <inline-formula> <tex-math>$640 times 480$ </tex-math></inline-formula> micro-LED display driver operating in 8-bit current-driving mode PWM was designed and fabricated using standard 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m CMOS technology. A down counter with parallel load function was used in each channel of the column driver to generate PWM control signals. The results of the study indicate that the display driver chip has a die dimension of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3.64 times 4.82$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm<sup>2</sup> and a display area of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.11times 1.58$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm<sup>2</sup>. In addition, the maximum DNL and INL values are 0.73 and 0.97 least significant bits, respectively. Overall, the display driver consumed 92.9 mW of power at a frame rate of 240 Hz.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 12","pages":"8523-8535"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145600681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-18DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588603
Jin Zhao;Mou Chen;Kenan Yong;Mihai Lungu
External disturbances in complex environments often have a serious impact on the control system performance. For the tracking control problem of an air-breathing hypersonic vehicle (AHV) longitudinal attitude system with unknown disturbances and multiple constraints, a dynamic event-triggered Lyapunov-based model predictive control (DET-LMPC) based on disturbance preview (DP) and control barrier function (CBF) scheme is proposed. To obtain the future disturbance information, DP is introduced to estimate the current and the future disturbances’ values, and used as the basis for designing predictive control technique. Then, a Lyapunov convergence constraint (LCC) imposed on the entire prediction horizon is given based on DP to ensure the stability of the closed-loop system. Moreover, to ensure that the AHV flies safely under disturbances, a dynamic predictive constraint for angle of attack is provided and realized by CBF added to the cost function. Furthermore, a dynamic event-triggered mechanism based on DP and LCC is taken into account to alleviate the calculation burden and maintain the anticipated tracking performance, simultaneously. The sufficient conditions ensuring the feasibility of the presented algorithm and the stability of the closed-loop system are analyzed. Finally, the simulation study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed DET-LMPC with DP and CBF scheme.
{"title":"Dynamic Event-Triggered Lyapunov-Based Model Predictive Control for AHV Under Disturbance and Multiple Constraints","authors":"Jin Zhao;Mou Chen;Kenan Yong;Mihai Lungu","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3588603","url":null,"abstract":"External disturbances in complex environments often have a serious impact on the control system performance. For the tracking control problem of an air-breathing hypersonic vehicle (AHV) longitudinal attitude system with unknown disturbances and multiple constraints, a dynamic event-triggered Lyapunov-based model predictive control (DET-LMPC) based on disturbance preview (DP) and control barrier function (CBF) scheme is proposed. To obtain the future disturbance information, DP is introduced to estimate the current and the future disturbances’ values, and used as the basis for designing predictive control technique. Then, a Lyapunov convergence constraint (LCC) imposed on the entire prediction horizon is given based on DP to ensure the stability of the closed-loop system. Moreover, to ensure that the AHV flies safely under disturbances, a dynamic predictive constraint for angle of attack is provided and realized by CBF added to the cost function. Furthermore, a dynamic event-triggered mechanism based on DP and LCC is taken into account to alleviate the calculation burden and maintain the anticipated tracking performance, simultaneously. The sufficient conditions ensuring the feasibility of the presented algorithm and the stability of the closed-loop system are analyzed. Finally, the simulation study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed DET-LMPC with DP and CBF scheme.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 1","pages":"594-605"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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