Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3615976
Yanzhen Wang;Wangli He
In this paper, a class of merely monotone games with both local and uncertain coupled constraints is studied, where the coupled constraint is influenced by agent-wise uncertainties with unknown distributions. Two main challenges are addressed: 1) the uncertain game leads to an infinite-dimensional problem, making the equilibrium seeking problem intractable and 2) under the mild assumption, i.e., merely monotonicity of the pseudo-gradient, equilibrium solutions are non-unique, and traditional algorithms fail to converge. To tackle these issues, the problem is first reformulated into a deterministic, tractable game model, whose solution corresponds to the robust generalized Nash equilibrium (r-GNE) related to worst-case scenario. The existence and non-uniqueness of the r-GNE are then analyzed via variational inequality analysis, and the selection function is defined to provide a priori characterization of optimality among potential numerous r-GNEs. Based on monotone operator theory, a distributed algorithm is proposed to seek the optimal r-GNE, and it is rigorously proven to converge to the optimal r-GNE with guaranteed complexity under mild assumptions. Finally, the performance of the algorithm is validated through an electric vehicle charging management problem with uncertain transmission line losses.
{"title":"Distributed Optimal Robust GNE Seeking in Merely Monotone Games With Uncertain Coupled Constraints","authors":"Yanzhen Wang;Wangli He","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3615976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3615976","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a class of merely monotone games with both local and uncertain coupled constraints is studied, where the coupled constraint is influenced by agent-wise uncertainties with unknown distributions. Two main challenges are addressed: 1) the uncertain game leads to an infinite-dimensional problem, making the equilibrium seeking problem intractable and 2) under the mild assumption, i.e., merely monotonicity of the pseudo-gradient, equilibrium solutions are non-unique, and traditional algorithms fail to converge. To tackle these issues, the problem is first reformulated into a deterministic, tractable game model, whose solution corresponds to the robust generalized Nash equilibrium (r-GNE) related to worst-case scenario. The existence and non-uniqueness of the r-GNE are then analyzed via variational inequality analysis, and the selection function is defined to provide a priori characterization of optimality among potential numerous r-GNEs. Based on monotone operator theory, a distributed algorithm is proposed to seek the optimal r-GNE, and it is rigorously proven to converge to the optimal r-GNE with guaranteed complexity under mild assumptions. Finally, the performance of the algorithm is validated through an electric vehicle charging management problem with uncertain transmission line losses.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 2","pages":"1394-1405"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3609993
{"title":"IEEE Circuits and Systems Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3609993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3609993","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 10","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11185578","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3609989
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems--I: Regular Papers Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3609989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3609989","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 10","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11185765","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3609991
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems--I: Regular Papers Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3609991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3609991","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 10","pages":"6276-6276"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11185580","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-11DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3598323
Jing He;Long Yang;Feisheng Yang
Integrating wind power and electric vehicles into the load frequency control of grid systems is promising for modern power grid operations. For such energy systems, it is crucial to establish stability criteria with less conservatism, and equally important is to ensure computational tractability. This paper attempts to achieve this purpose from the perspective of characteristic exploiting in an exploratory manner. First, we exploit the sparse characteristic of the system matrices by separating state variables into delay-dependent and delay-independent categories, thus the reconstructed model is obtained. While maintaining equivalence to the original system, it improves the computational efficiency through reducing the dimension by more than 30%. Then, to address challenging higher-order time-varying delay terms and system matrix-Lyapunov matrix products, the variable-augmented free-weighting matrix method is applied. By exploiting such matrix characteristics, we justify the introduction of these matrices and derive the less conservative stability criteria. Finally, case studies show that, compared with existing results, the proposed method has increased the calculation accuracy measured by the average improvement rate of allowable maximum delay upper bound by at least 16.02%, and the calculation efficiency measured by the average calculation time has increased by more than 71.1%.
{"title":"Characteristic Exploiting-Based Delay-Dependent Stability Analysis of Grid Systems With Wind Power and Electric Vehicles","authors":"Jing He;Long Yang;Feisheng Yang","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3598323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3598323","url":null,"abstract":"Integrating wind power and electric vehicles into the load frequency control of grid systems is promising for modern power grid operations. For such energy systems, it is crucial to establish stability criteria with less conservatism, and equally important is to ensure computational tractability. This paper attempts to achieve this purpose from the perspective of characteristic exploiting in an exploratory manner. First, we exploit the sparse characteristic of the system matrices by separating state variables into delay-dependent and delay-independent categories, thus the reconstructed model is obtained. While maintaining equivalence to the original system, it improves the computational efficiency through reducing the dimension by more than 30%. Then, to address challenging higher-order time-varying delay terms and system matrix-Lyapunov matrix products, the variable-augmented free-weighting matrix method is applied. By exploiting such matrix characteristics, we justify the introduction of these matrices and derive the less conservative stability criteria. Finally, case studies show that, compared with existing results, the proposed method has increased the calculation accuracy measured by the average improvement rate of allowable maximum delay upper bound by at least 16.02%, and the calculation efficiency measured by the average calculation time has increased by more than 71.1%.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 2","pages":"1434-1447"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing penetration of renewable energy generation (REG) introduces significant uncertainty into power grids, posing heightened risks for cascading failures. In this paper, a Markov tree model is proposed to assess the risk of cascading failure in power grid with uncertain REG. The model captures the diverse failure paths caused by REG uncertainty, representing the cascading failure process as a sequence of state transitions with probabilities reflecting the likelihood of state transitions. To identify critical tripping branches during cascading failure propagation, a hybrid probability-interval method is introduced. Probabilistic power flow analysis identifies branches with overload risk, while interval positional relationships rank their severity. To improve the efficiency of risk assessment, a risk-based depth-first search (R-DFS) method is proposed. This method uses estimated risk indices to prioritize high-risk failure paths while pruning low-risk paths, significantly reducing simulation time while maintaining assessment accuracy. Compared with existing models, the proposed model balances simulation efficiency and accuracy, effectively identifying high-risk failure paths under REG uncertainty. Simulation results demonstrate the impact of threshold selection on the retention of high-risk paths and simulation performance, providing insights into managing cascading failure risks in power grid with high REG penetration.
{"title":"A Markov Tree Model for Cascading Failure Risk Assessment in Power Grid With Uncertain Renewable Energy Generation","authors":"Yujie Yang;Yadong Zhou;Sizhe He;Bowen Hu;Yu Qu;Ting Liu;Xiaohong Guan","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3601132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3601132","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing penetration of renewable energy generation (REG) introduces significant uncertainty into power grids, posing heightened risks for cascading failures. In this paper, a Markov tree model is proposed to assess the risk of cascading failure in power grid with uncertain REG. The model captures the diverse failure paths caused by REG uncertainty, representing the cascading failure process as a sequence of state transitions with probabilities reflecting the likelihood of state transitions. To identify critical tripping branches during cascading failure propagation, a hybrid probability-interval method is introduced. Probabilistic power flow analysis identifies branches with overload risk, while interval positional relationships rank their severity. To improve the efficiency of risk assessment, a risk-based depth-first search (R-DFS) method is proposed. This method uses estimated risk indices to prioritize high-risk failure paths while pruning low-risk paths, significantly reducing simulation time while maintaining assessment accuracy. Compared with existing models, the proposed model balances simulation efficiency and accuracy, effectively identifying high-risk failure paths under REG uncertainty. Simulation results demonstrate the impact of threshold selection on the retention of high-risk paths and simulation performance, providing insights into managing cascading failure risks in power grid with high REG penetration.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 2","pages":"1460-1473"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Forsilicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET applications, it has been a constant challenge to address the trade-off among drain-source voltage slew rate (dv ${}_{mathbf {ds}}$ /dt), drain-source voltage spike, and turn-off loss. The existing active gate drivers (AGDs) have not considered the influence of dynamically varying drain current, resulting in increased turn-off loss and voltage spike. To address this issue, this paper proposes a cross-cycle dynamic active gate driver (CDAGD) that features constant (dv${}_{mathbf {ds}}$ /dt)${}_{mathbf {max}}$ and spike under dynamic drain current. By deriving the quantitative relationship among the gate current,drain current, (dv${}_{mathbf {ds}}$ /dt)${}_{mathbf {max}}$ , and voltage spike, the optimal gate currents in different switching stages are determined. Furthermore, the CDAGD incorporates a cross-cycle gate current regulator (CCGCR) to generate the required gate currents in different stages, and a dynamic switching timing controller (DSTC) to locate the optimal timing of the stages. With the CDAGD providing the optimal gate current, the turn-off loss is minimized with reduced dv${}_{mathbf {ds}}$ /dt and spike.Fabricated in a $0.18mu $ m BCD process, the CDAGD chip achieves a maximum reduction in turn-off loss of 72.2% and 37.9% compared with the conventional gate driver (CGD) and AGD under varying drain current. A 45.9% reduction in turn-off time is also achieved with the proposed gate driver.
{"title":"A Cross-Cycle Dynamic Active Gate Driver to Minimize Turn-Off Loss With Reduced Spike and dv/dt for SiC MOSFETs","authors":"Chang Liu;Shuo Zhang;Zeyang Liu;Jianming Lei;Run Min;Desheng Zhang;Qiaoling Tong;Han Peng","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3601227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3601227","url":null,"abstract":"Forsilicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET applications, it has been a constant challenge to address the trade-off among drain-source voltage slew rate (<italic>dv</i> <inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{mathbf {ds}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/<italic>dt</i>), drain-source voltage spike, and turn-off loss. The existing active gate drivers (AGDs) have not considered the influence of dynamically varying drain current, resulting in increased turn-off loss and voltage spike. To address this issue, this paper proposes a cross-cycle dynamic active gate driver (CDAGD) that features constant (<italic>dv</i><inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{mathbf {ds}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/<italic>dt</i>)<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{mathbf {max}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and spike under dynamic drain current. By deriving the quantitative relationship among the gate current,drain current, (<italic>dv</i><inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{mathbf {ds}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/<italic>dt</i>)<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{mathbf {max}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and voltage spike, the optimal gate currents in different switching stages are determined. Furthermore, the CDAGD incorporates a cross-cycle gate current regulator (CCGCR) to generate the required gate currents in different stages, and a dynamic switching timing controller (DSTC) to locate the optimal timing of the stages. With the CDAGD providing the optimal gate current, the turn-off loss is minimized with reduced <italic>dv</i><inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{mathbf {ds}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/<italic>dt</i> and spike.Fabricated in a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.18mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula> m BCD process, the CDAGD chip achieves a maximum reduction in turn-off loss of 72.2% and 37.9% compared with the conventional gate driver (CGD) and AGD under varying drain current. A 45.9% reduction in turn-off time is also achieved with the proposed gate driver.","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"73 2","pages":"1474-1485"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-28DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3599057
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems--I: Regular Papers Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3599057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3599057","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 9","pages":"5299-5299"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11143802","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-28DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3589034
Georges Gielen;Jan Craninckx;Hongyang Jia
{"title":"Guest Editorial TCAS-I Special Issue on the ESSERC 2024 Conference","authors":"Georges Gielen;Jan Craninckx;Hongyang Jia","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3589034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3589034","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 9","pages":"4406-4407"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11143804","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-28DOI: 10.1109/TCSI.2025.3599059
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems--I: Regular Papers Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TCSI.2025.3599059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3599059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13039,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","volume":"72 9","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11143805","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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