In contrast to digital backpropagation (DBP), perturbation-based nonlinear compensation (PB-NLC) is a low-complexity alternative to mitigate fiber Kerr nonlinearity. In this letter, we experimentally demonstrate a novel receiver-side perturbation approach to cancel the self-phase modulation and cross-phase modulation for superchannel systems using three independent receivers. With the inverse perturbation theory, we develop a nonlinear compensation model that does not require knowing the transmitted symbols and therefore avoids the penalty from the estimation error. We implement the PB-NLC in a $3times 24.5$ GBaud 64-QAM comb-based superchannel system spaced at 25 GHz. Compared to chromatic dispersion compensation, the full PB-NLC achieves a 0.2 dB Q2 factor gain after 1200 km transmission, which is equivalent to the single-channel DBP operating at 1 step per span.
{"title":"Perturbation-Based Joint SPM and XPM Compensation for Superchannel System","authors":"Zonglong He;Ali Mirani;Magnus Karlsson;Jochen Schröder","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3474479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2024.3474479","url":null,"abstract":"In contrast to digital backpropagation (DBP), perturbation-based nonlinear compensation (PB-NLC) is a low-complexity alternative to mitigate fiber Kerr nonlinearity. In this letter, we experimentally demonstrate a novel receiver-side perturbation approach to cancel the self-phase modulation and cross-phase modulation for superchannel systems using three independent receivers. With the inverse perturbation theory, we develop a nonlinear compensation model that does not require knowing the transmitted symbols and therefore avoids the penalty from the estimation error. We implement the PB-NLC in a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3times 24.5$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 GBaud 64-QAM comb-based superchannel system spaced at 25 GHz. Compared to chromatic dispersion compensation, the full PB-NLC achieves a 0.2 dB Q2 factor gain after 1200 km transmission, which is equivalent to the single-channel DBP operating at 1 step per span.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"36 23","pages":"1349-1352"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142450897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-03DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2024.3473535
Biying Zhou;Wenrui Wang;Jun Hu;Xueqian Bai;Ruoqi Wang;Haojie Wu;Xinglin Sun;Lingyun Ye;Kaichen Song
Noise floor is an important metric for fiber optic sensors. In particular, common-mode noise (CMN) suppression is critical to improving the system’s ability to detect weak signals. In this letter, an innovative method for reducing noise in white-light-driven sensors is proposed. This structure fully utilizes the broad spectrum of white light and the wavelength selectivity of fiber gratings. The proposed CMN suppression method is capable of suppressing the phase noise of the light source, as well as the noise due to environmental disturbances. The experiments demonstrate that the noise floor of this vibration sensor is about -88 dB/Hz above 30Hz with 10km disturbed transmission fiber. The max 1/f noise reduction can reach approximately 60 dB near 5 Hz, while the max transmission path noise suppression exceeds 103 dB at hundreds of Hz. The proposed structure has the potential to achieve higher resolution in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) sensor arrays without excessive cost.
{"title":"Noise Suppression Method of Fiber Optic Sensors Driven by Broadband Light Source","authors":"Biying Zhou;Wenrui Wang;Jun Hu;Xueqian Bai;Ruoqi Wang;Haojie Wu;Xinglin Sun;Lingyun Ye;Kaichen Song","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3473535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2024.3473535","url":null,"abstract":"Noise floor is an important metric for fiber optic sensors. In particular, common-mode noise (CMN) suppression is critical to improving the system’s ability to detect weak signals. In this letter, an innovative method for reducing noise in white-light-driven sensors is proposed. This structure fully utilizes the broad spectrum of white light and the wavelength selectivity of fiber gratings. The proposed CMN suppression method is capable of suppressing the phase noise of the light source, as well as the noise due to environmental disturbances. The experiments demonstrate that the noise floor of this vibration sensor is about -88 dB/Hz above 30Hz with 10km disturbed transmission fiber. The max 1/f noise reduction can reach approximately 60 dB near 5 Hz, while the max transmission path noise suppression exceeds 103 dB at hundreds of Hz. The proposed structure has the potential to achieve higher resolution in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) sensor arrays without excessive cost.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"36 23","pages":"1361-1364"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142450893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2024.3471772
Zhaocong Li;Xiaosong Wu;Linhai Huang;Naiting Gu
In this letter, we report a high-frequency centroid sensor employing an optical mask with gradient-varying transmittance and a single point detector. In contrast to pixel array detectors, the centroid detection of this sensor is accomplished by a single point detector, which has higher sampling speed. We developed a mathematical model of optical mask-based centroid detection and verified its validity through simulation. Then, we built an experimental platform and realized high-accurate centroid detection. The experimental results indicate that the root-mean-square error (RMSE) is less than $1.12~boldsymbol {mu }$ m, and the temporal sampling frequency is up to 500 kHz. Its high-frequency detection capability can serve as Malley probe in the field of aero optics, and other application scenarios that demand high detection frequency.
{"title":"Centroid Detection Using Optical Mask and Single Point Detector","authors":"Zhaocong Li;Xiaosong Wu;Linhai Huang;Naiting Gu","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3471772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2024.3471772","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we report a high-frequency centroid sensor employing an optical mask with gradient-varying transmittance and a single point detector. In contrast to pixel array detectors, the centroid detection of this sensor is accomplished by a single point detector, which has higher sampling speed. We developed a mathematical model of optical mask-based centroid detection and verified its validity through simulation. Then, we built an experimental platform and realized high-accurate centroid detection. The experimental results indicate that the root-mean-square error (RMSE) is less than \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.12~boldsymbol {mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m, and the temporal sampling frequency is up to 500 kHz. Its high-frequency detection capability can serve as Malley probe in the field of aero optics, and other application scenarios that demand high detection frequency.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"36 22","pages":"1337-1340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142434556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2024.3470797
Jixin Jiang;Fanxing Li;Siyang Yu;Fan Yang;Jixiao Liu;Jian Wang;Wei Yan;Jialin Du
In multi-plane phase retrieval imaging, the accuracy and efficiency of phase retrieval algorithm are usually mutually restrictive. Specifically, deterministic algorithms struggle to achieve sufficient accuracy, while iterative algorithms consume excessive time, thereby limiting their practical application. To address this issue, we propose a deterministic-iterative integrated phase retrieval algorithm, that is, an approximate phase, which could be quickly obtained by the deterministic algorithm, is imported as an initial value into the iterative algorithm to retrieve more accurate result efficiently. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this algorithm, we simulate its performance under various iterations and diffraction distances. Additionally, experiments are conducted using a pure-phase USAF1951 target and fixed mouse fibroblasts to verify its feasibility, high accuracy, and rapid iterative convergence speed. Integrating the deterministic and iterative algorithms, this method offers a novel approach for enhancing phase retrieval.
{"title":"Deterministic-Iterative Integrated Phase Retrieval","authors":"Jixin Jiang;Fanxing Li;Siyang Yu;Fan Yang;Jixiao Liu;Jian Wang;Wei Yan;Jialin Du","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3470797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2024.3470797","url":null,"abstract":"In multi-plane phase retrieval imaging, the accuracy and efficiency of phase retrieval algorithm are usually mutually restrictive. Specifically, deterministic algorithms struggle to achieve sufficient accuracy, while iterative algorithms consume excessive time, thereby limiting their practical application. To address this issue, we propose a deterministic-iterative integrated phase retrieval algorithm, that is, an approximate phase, which could be quickly obtained by the deterministic algorithm, is imported as an initial value into the iterative algorithm to retrieve more accurate result efficiently. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this algorithm, we simulate its performance under various iterations and diffraction distances. Additionally, experiments are conducted using a pure-phase USAF1951 target and fixed mouse fibroblasts to verify its feasibility, high accuracy, and rapid iterative convergence speed. Integrating the deterministic and iterative algorithms, this method offers a novel approach for enhancing phase retrieval.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"36 22","pages":"1341-1344"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142434557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2024.3469277
Tongtong Xie;Yudong Wang;Xun Cai;Weiyu Dai;Hao Chen;Hongyan Fu
A mode-locked optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) that generates microwave frequency combs (MFCs) based on a dual-optical-electrical-loop without external signal injection is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. An additional feedback loop with almost the same time delay as the primary loop produces a low-frequency microwave signal, which is coupled into the primary loop to lock the OEO’s mode. The experimental results show that the mode-locked fundamental and the 5th-order harmonic OEO with both repetition rates of 930 kHz are realized. Under the fundamental and 5th-order harmonic mode-locking states, the single-sideband (SSB) phase noise at 10 kHz frequency offset is measured to be −92.16 dBc/Hz and −102.22 dBc/Hz, respectively. Compared to the previously reported actively mode-locked OEO with an external injection signal, our scheme does not require external signal injection and the MFCs can be stably locked when the fiber (200m) in the loop is heated from 35°C-65°C, which can overcome the problems of modulated signals and mode spacing detuning in long-term operation with more flexible and universal characteristics.
{"title":"Mode-Locked Optoelectronic Oscillator Based on a Dual-Optical-Electrical-Loop","authors":"Tongtong Xie;Yudong Wang;Xun Cai;Weiyu Dai;Hao Chen;Hongyan Fu","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3469277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2024.3469277","url":null,"abstract":"A mode-locked optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) that generates microwave frequency combs (MFCs) based on a dual-optical-electrical-loop without external signal injection is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. An additional feedback loop with almost the same time delay as the primary loop produces a low-frequency microwave signal, which is coupled into the primary loop to lock the OEO’s mode. The experimental results show that the mode-locked fundamental and the 5th-order harmonic OEO with both repetition rates of 930 kHz are realized. Under the fundamental and 5th-order harmonic mode-locking states, the single-sideband (SSB) phase noise at 10 kHz frequency offset is measured to be −92.16 dBc/Hz and −102.22 dBc/Hz, respectively. Compared to the previously reported actively mode-locked OEO with an external injection signal, our scheme does not require external signal injection and the MFCs can be stably locked when the fiber (200m) in the loop is heated from 35°C-65°C, which can overcome the problems of modulated signals and mode spacing detuning in long-term operation with more flexible and universal characteristics.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"36 22","pages":"1309-1312"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142397081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We demonstrate a tunable grating in a six-hole anti-resonant hollow core fiber (AR-HCF) based on acousto-optic interaction, by applying flexural acoustic waves along the fiber axis. In the experiment, the resonant wavelengths could be electrically tuned within a range of 1329 nm to 1353 nm, consistent with the simulation results. The tuning range is primarily limited by the narrow response bandwidth of the acoustic field of AR-HCF. The minimum 3 dB bandwidth is 4.5 nm, and the maximal notch depth is 12.5 dB. Acoustically-induced fiber gratings benefit from the high damage threshold, low dispersion, and low nonlinearity characteristics of AR-HCF, can serve as tunable filters in fast-tunable high-power lasers, long-distance fiber communication, and WDM networks. Additionally, due to the low thermal sensitivity and radiation resistance characteristics of AR-HCF, these gratings could be applied in fiber grating sensing and laser transmission, particularly in radiation environments.
{"title":"Tunable Acoustically-Induced Fiber Gratings Based on the Anti-Resonant Hollow-Core Fiber","authors":"Ligang Huang;Yanxiang Zhao;Yujia Li;Shunli Liu;Hailin Zhou;Lei Gao;Guiyao Zhou;Tao Zhu","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3468871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2024.3468871","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate a tunable grating in a six-hole anti-resonant hollow core fiber (AR-HCF) based on acousto-optic interaction, by applying flexural acoustic waves along the fiber axis. In the experiment, the resonant wavelengths could be electrically tuned within a range of 1329 nm to 1353 nm, consistent with the simulation results. The tuning range is primarily limited by the narrow response bandwidth of the acoustic field of AR-HCF. The minimum 3 dB bandwidth is 4.5 nm, and the maximal notch depth is 12.5 dB. Acoustically-induced fiber gratings benefit from the high damage threshold, low dispersion, and low nonlinearity characteristics of AR-HCF, can serve as tunable filters in fast-tunable high-power lasers, long-distance fiber communication, and WDM networks. Additionally, due to the low thermal sensitivity and radiation resistance characteristics of AR-HCF, these gratings could be applied in fiber grating sensing and laser transmission, particularly in radiation environments.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"36 22","pages":"1345-1348"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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