A broadband and ultracompact on-chip three-mode (de)multiplexer has been designed and demonstrated experimentally using a subwavelength grating-assisted asymmetric adiabatic coupler on the silicon-on-insulator platform. The device supports the (de)multiplexing of TE0, TE1, and TE2 modes for a broad bandwidth of 145 nm. The proposed device has a compact footprint of $sim ~5times 62~mu $ m2. The fabricated device has a crosstalk of $lt -10$ dB and insertion loss of <2.6 dB for wavelengths 1530 - 1675 nm (C-L-U band). The proposed three-mode (de)multiplexer is beneficial for mode division multiplexing and can be used for bandwidth enhancement in photonic network-on-chip systems.
{"title":"Broadband On-Chip Three Mode (De) Multiplexer Using SWG-Asymmetric Adiabatic Coupling","authors":"Rajarshi Guchhait;Shamsul Hassan;Devendra Chack;Gaurav Kumar","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3556783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3556783","url":null,"abstract":"A broadband and ultracompact on-chip three-mode (de)multiplexer has been designed and demonstrated experimentally using a subwavelength grating-assisted asymmetric adiabatic coupler on the silicon-on-insulator platform. The device supports the (de)multiplexing of TE0, TE1, and TE2 modes for a broad bandwidth of 145 nm. The proposed device has a compact footprint of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim ~5times 62~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m2. The fabricated device has a crosstalk of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$lt -10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB and insertion loss of <2.6 dB for wavelengths 1530 - 1675 nm (C-L-U band). The proposed three-mode (de)multiplexer is beneficial for mode division multiplexing and can be used for bandwidth enhancement in photonic network-on-chip systems.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 8","pages":"497-500"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3556731
Hui Chen;Lei Zhang;Qibing Wang;Xu Zhang;Siyue Jin;Jie Luo;Lei Wang;Zhixue He
We present the first experimental demonstration of a performance-enhanced delta-sigma modulated digital mobile fronthaul (MFH) architecture using long-span hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (HCF). By utilizing high baud rate four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) with intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD), 2-bit delta-sigma modulation (DSM) quantization enables the transmission of high-order 1024/4096-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) based discrete multi-tone (DMT) signal over 11 km and 20 km of HCF in the C-band, meeting the fronthaul error vector magnitude (EVM) thresholds of 2.5% and 1.29%, respectively. Compared with conventional standard single-mode fiber (SMF) transmission, HCF based transmission achieves more than two-fold capacity enhancement while maintaining simplified digital signal processing (DSP), providing a promising solution for future MFH architecture.
{"title":"Performance-Enhanced Digital Mobile Fronthaul Based on Long-Span Hollow-Core Anti-Resonant Fiber","authors":"Hui Chen;Lei Zhang;Qibing Wang;Xu Zhang;Siyue Jin;Jie Luo;Lei Wang;Zhixue He","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3556731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3556731","url":null,"abstract":"We present the first experimental demonstration of a performance-enhanced delta-sigma modulated digital mobile fronthaul (MFH) architecture using long-span hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (HCF). By utilizing high baud rate four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) with intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD), 2-bit delta-sigma modulation (DSM) quantization enables the transmission of high-order 1024/4096-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) based discrete multi-tone (DMT) signal over 11 km and 20 km of HCF in the C-band, meeting the fronthaul error vector magnitude (EVM) thresholds of 2.5% and 1.29%, respectively. Compared with conventional standard single-mode fiber (SMF) transmission, HCF based transmission achieves more than two-fold capacity enhancement while maintaining simplified digital signal processing (DSP), providing a promising solution for future MFH architecture.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 9","pages":"508-511"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3556025
Wangheng Pan;Zongwen Li;Anran Wang;Pengfei Zhao;Hu Chen;Zhixiang Zhang;Yi Shi;Yang Xu;Fengqiu Wang
Graphene/silicon (Gr/Si) heterostructure has emerged as a promising approach for high-performance broadband photodetectors. However, it is often the case that devices of similar structures exhibit bandwidths that differ by orders of magnitude. Moreover, the relatively large photosensitive area combined with multiple operation modes make it imperative to understand the in-plane bandwidth characteristics of such devices. Here, we conducted a thorough investigation of the in-plane bandwidth distribution and the focal-condition-dependent bandwidth characteristics in an exemplar Gr/Si Schottky-junction photodetector with a large lateral dimension ($sim 640~mu $ m). It is found that the bandwidth as deduced by the 0.35/$tau _{mathrm {FWHM}}$ method can better depict the high-frequency transient response of the device than the more conventional S21 bandwidth. Additionally, influence of illumination area and excitation power density on the response time has been characterized. Our study helps clarify two commonly used bandwidth figures of merit, and suggests that more analysis of the in-plane bandwidth characteristics may lead to updated design guidelines for photosensitive devices.
{"title":"Bandwidth Characteristics of a Graphene/Silicon Schottky-Junction Photodetector","authors":"Wangheng Pan;Zongwen Li;Anran Wang;Pengfei Zhao;Hu Chen;Zhixiang Zhang;Yi Shi;Yang Xu;Fengqiu Wang","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3556025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3556025","url":null,"abstract":"Graphene/silicon (Gr/Si) heterostructure has emerged as a promising approach for high-performance broadband photodetectors. However, it is often the case that devices of similar structures exhibit bandwidths that differ by orders of magnitude. Moreover, the relatively large photosensitive area combined with multiple operation modes make it imperative to understand the in-plane bandwidth characteristics of such devices. Here, we conducted a thorough investigation of the in-plane bandwidth distribution and the focal-condition-dependent bandwidth characteristics in an exemplar Gr/Si Schottky-junction photodetector with a large lateral dimension (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim 640~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m). It is found that the bandwidth as deduced by the 0.35/<inline-formula> <tex-math>$tau _{mathrm {FWHM}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> method can better depict the high-frequency transient response of the device than the more conventional S21 bandwidth. Additionally, influence of illumination area and excitation power density on the response time has been characterized. Our study helps clarify two commonly used bandwidth figures of merit, and suggests that more analysis of the in-plane bandwidth characteristics may lead to updated design guidelines for photosensitive devices.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 8","pages":"485-488"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-28DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3555919
Mohannad Shehadeh;Frank R. Kschischang
Recent work by Shehadeh and Kschischang provides a simple capacity-achieving scheme for channels with polarization-dependent loss (PDL) under common modeling assumptions via a careful choice of orthogonal-design-based precoding and interference cancellation. This letter extends that work with a simulation-based demonstration showing that this scheme remains highly effective at mitigating PDL in the highly practical setting of 16-QAM with Chase-decoded extended Hamming inner codes rather than the near-capacity inner codes considered in the original work. An alternative near-optimal variation of this scheme is also provided requiring only one inner code rather than two and suffering no penalty in the absence of PDL, making it much more practical.
{"title":"Polarization-Dependent Loss Mitigation via Orthogonal Design Precoding and Interference Cancellation","authors":"Mohannad Shehadeh;Frank R. Kschischang","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3555919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3555919","url":null,"abstract":"Recent work by Shehadeh and Kschischang provides a simple capacity-achieving scheme for channels with polarization-dependent loss (PDL) under common modeling assumptions via a careful choice of orthogonal-design-based precoding and interference cancellation. This letter extends that work with a simulation-based demonstration showing that this scheme remains highly effective at mitigating PDL in the highly practical setting of 16-QAM with Chase-decoded extended Hamming inner codes rather than the near-capacity inner codes considered in the original work. An alternative near-optimal variation of this scheme is also provided requiring only one inner code rather than two and suffering no penalty in the absence of PDL, making it much more practical.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 8","pages":"477-480"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fusion splicing between anti-resonant hollow-core fibers (AR-HCFs) is the key enabler that opens practical applications of those fibers in low-latency and low-loss fiber optical communication. Here, the impact of angular misalignment and fiber overlap on the splicing loss, higher-order modes (HOMs) excitation, and polarization-dependent loss (PDL) of commonly-used AR-HCF with 5-nested tubes are comprehensively characterized. Simulation and experimental results reveal that the misalignment angle can introduce a maximum coupling loss of 0.12 dB while having almost no impact on HOMs excitation and PDL variation. Then, under the condition of perfect angular alignment, the parameter of fiber overlap during the splicing is optimized, and an average splicing loss of 0.05 dB over 10 times experiment is obtained, which is equivalent to the loss result of standard single mode fiber (SSMF) splicing. Spectral analysis shows that the normalized LP11 mode power has a slight increase from -31.62 dB to -28.33 dB, and the variation in PDL is less than 0.01 dB under the optimal fiber overlap of $8~mu $ m, indicating that no structural deformation of AR-HCF thin tubes is introduced during the fusion splicing. Moreover, the mechanical robustness of the splicing is examined with a standard proof test returning a damage threshold of 250 gf @1 s. Our proposed fusion splicing technique can be extended to various AR-HCFs, providing the benefit of low-loss, robust, and repeatable interconnection between AR-HCFs.
{"title":"Low-Loss and Robust Arc-Discharge Fusion-Splicing Between Anti-Resonant Hollow-Core Fibers","authors":"Junjie Zeng;Cong Zhang;Yue Wang;Peng Li;Lei Zhang;Jie Luo;Lipeng Feng;Di Lin;Songnian Fu;Yuwen Qin","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3554394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3554394","url":null,"abstract":"Fusion splicing between anti-resonant hollow-core fibers (AR-HCFs) is the key enabler that opens practical applications of those fibers in low-latency and low-loss fiber optical communication. Here, the impact of angular misalignment and fiber overlap on the splicing loss, higher-order modes (HOMs) excitation, and polarization-dependent loss (PDL) of commonly-used AR-HCF with 5-nested tubes are comprehensively characterized. Simulation and experimental results reveal that the misalignment angle can introduce a maximum coupling loss of 0.12 dB while having almost no impact on HOMs excitation and PDL variation. Then, under the condition of perfect angular alignment, the parameter of fiber overlap during the splicing is optimized, and an average splicing loss of 0.05 dB over 10 times experiment is obtained, which is equivalent to the loss result of standard single mode fiber (SSMF) splicing. Spectral analysis shows that the normalized LP11 mode power has a slight increase from -31.62 dB to -28.33 dB, and the variation in PDL is less than 0.01 dB under the optimal fiber overlap of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$8~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m, indicating that no structural deformation of AR-HCF thin tubes is introduced during the fusion splicing. Moreover, the mechanical robustness of the splicing is examined with a standard proof test returning a damage threshold of 250 gf @1 s. Our proposed fusion splicing technique can be extended to various AR-HCFs, providing the benefit of low-loss, robust, and repeatable interconnection between AR-HCFs.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 8","pages":"465-468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-25DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3553910
Jiahao Du;Tingting Yuan;Xiaotong Zhang;Libo Yuan
The manipulation and analysis of particles in fluid has always been a matter of concern. In the liquid microfluidic system, the quality of single cell flow directly affects the final analysis results. Due to its special structure, optical fiber has the advantages of simple structure and good compatibility and has become a cross-integration link in various research fields. In this letter, an integrated optical fiber structure for particle manipulation in fluid is proposed. The annular-core capillary fiber developed by the laboratory is adopted, which has the structure of cladding - annular core - air hole. The cone angle of 12° is polished at the exit end of the optical fiber. The laser transmitted by the annular core is reflected by the cone and forms a funnel-shaped cone shell light field at the end of the optical fiber, which is called ‘optical funnel’. When the particles are injected from the air hole and pass through the conical shell light field, the continuous directional control is formed due to the action of the light field force. The device has the characteristics of simple structure and high integration, which provides a solution for the miniaturization of instruments and equipment and is of great significance in engineering applications.
{"title":"Optical Funnel Effect of Fiber-End Conical Shell Light Field","authors":"Jiahao Du;Tingting Yuan;Xiaotong Zhang;Libo Yuan","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3553910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3553910","url":null,"abstract":"The manipulation and analysis of particles in fluid has always been a matter of concern. In the liquid microfluidic system, the quality of single cell flow directly affects the final analysis results. Due to its special structure, optical fiber has the advantages of simple structure and good compatibility and has become a cross-integration link in various research fields. In this letter, an integrated optical fiber structure for particle manipulation in fluid is proposed. The annular-core capillary fiber developed by the laboratory is adopted, which has the structure of cladding - annular core - air hole. The cone angle of 12° is polished at the exit end of the optical fiber. The laser transmitted by the annular core is reflected by the cone and forms a funnel-shaped cone shell light field at the end of the optical fiber, which is called ‘optical funnel’. When the particles are injected from the air hole and pass through the conical shell light field, the continuous directional control is formed due to the action of the light field force. The device has the characteristics of simple structure and high integration, which provides a solution for the miniaturization of instruments and equipment and is of great significance in engineering applications.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 8","pages":"489-492"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-24DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3554238
Meng Shan;Koichi Iiyama
Optical frequency chirp of an external-cavity laser is linearized by optimizing the modulation waveform for long-range FMCW optical ranging system. The modulation signal of the laser is sampled with the interference signal of the auxiliary interferometer, and the sampled modulation signal is used as a new modulation signal. As a result, the optical frequency is linearly chirped. The linearization is realized at 50kHz modulation frequency and the measurement range of up to 66m optical fiber and up to 10m in free space. The linearity of the optical frequency chirp is evaluated by the ranging resolution and the ranging accuracy of the FMCW optical ranging system, and the ranging resolution is almost the theoretical limit, indicating that the optical frequency of the laser is highly linearly chirped.
{"title":"Linearizing Optical Frequency Chirp of a Laser Diode for Accurate FMCW Optical Ranging","authors":"Meng Shan;Koichi Iiyama","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3554238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3554238","url":null,"abstract":"Optical frequency chirp of an external-cavity laser is linearized by optimizing the modulation waveform for long-range FMCW optical ranging system. The modulation signal of the laser is sampled with the interference signal of the auxiliary interferometer, and the sampled modulation signal is used as a new modulation signal. As a result, the optical frequency is linearly chirped. The linearization is realized at 50kHz modulation frequency and the measurement range of up to 66m optical fiber and up to 10m in free space. The linearity of the optical frequency chirp is evaluated by the ranging resolution and the ranging accuracy of the FMCW optical ranging system, and the ranging resolution is almost the theoretical limit, indicating that the optical frequency of the laser is highly linearly chirped.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 8","pages":"461-464"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-21DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3553793
Eric D. Galván-Navarro;David Monzón-Hernández;Héctor Pérez-Aguilar;María del Socorro Hernández-Montes
In this work, we propose and demonstrate a frequency vibration sensor based on Multimode-Coreless-Multimode (MCM) fiber optic structure to measure the frequency of vibration modes of a metallic plate. To take advantage of the curvature sensitivity of the MCM structure, the device needs to be placed in direct contact with the structure under analysis, the vibration produces periodical changes in the curvature of the fiber that in turns modulate the intensity of the attenuation band of the MCM transmitted spectrum. In order to characterize the response of the sensor, we first measured the vibration frequencies of a loudspeaker in the range of 500 to 12500 Hz observing a percentage relative error less than 0.5 %. Then, the sensor was placed in contact with an aluminum plate of 5 cm x 5 cm x 0.3 cm. It was possible to detect the frequency of several vibration modes of the plate in a very simple way. The curvature-sensitive MCM structure is simple, easy to build, and sturdy, these features make the device a good candidate for measuring mechanical vibrations of an object.
{"title":"Optical Fiber Sensor for Monitoring the Vibration Modes of a Metallic Plate","authors":"Eric D. Galván-Navarro;David Monzón-Hernández;Héctor Pérez-Aguilar;María del Socorro Hernández-Montes","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3553793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3553793","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we propose and demonstrate a frequency vibration sensor based on Multimode-Coreless-Multimode (MCM) fiber optic structure to measure the frequency of vibration modes of a metallic plate. To take advantage of the curvature sensitivity of the MCM structure, the device needs to be placed in direct contact with the structure under analysis, the vibration produces periodical changes in the curvature of the fiber that in turns modulate the intensity of the attenuation band of the MCM transmitted spectrum. In order to characterize the response of the sensor, we first measured the vibration frequencies of a loudspeaker in the range of 500 to 12500 Hz observing a percentage relative error less than 0.5 %. Then, the sensor was placed in contact with an aluminum plate of 5 cm x 5 cm x 0.3 cm. It was possible to detect the frequency of several vibration modes of the plate in a very simple way. The curvature-sensitive MCM structure is simple, easy to build, and sturdy, these features make the device a good candidate for measuring mechanical vibrations of an object.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 8","pages":"457-460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a silica-based bidirectional arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) chip with cascaded optical switches intended for coarse wavelength-division-multiplexing (CWDM) applications. It performs multiple functions including multi/demultiplexing, switching and wavelength routing within a compact chip size. For uplink signal, we achieved a 1 dB optical bandwidth of more than 15 nm while for downlink signal, a 3 dB optical bandwidth of 12 nm was attained. The cascaded extinction ratios of optical switches are all above 30 dB across a large wavelength range. The results demonstrate its promising potential for flexible and cost-effective CWDM systems.
{"title":"Compact Multifunctional CWDM Arrayed Waveguide Grating Router Cascaded With Optical Switches","authors":"Shuojian Zhang;Zikang Xu;Zhuping Fan;Rui Yang;Yangbo Wu;Guocai Song;Jiahui Yu;Junqiang Zhu;Jiasheng Zhao;Jian-Jun He","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3553693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3553693","url":null,"abstract":"We present a silica-based bidirectional arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) chip with cascaded optical switches intended for coarse wavelength-division-multiplexing (CWDM) applications. It performs multiple functions including multi/demultiplexing, switching and wavelength routing within a compact chip size. For uplink signal, we achieved a 1 dB optical bandwidth of more than 15 nm while for downlink signal, a 3 dB optical bandwidth of 12 nm was attained. The cascaded extinction ratios of optical switches are all above 30 dB across a large wavelength range. The results demonstrate its promising potential for flexible and cost-effective CWDM systems.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 9","pages":"504-507"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-21DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3553701
Steven Binder;Kabir Hossain;Alexander Bucksch;Mable Fok
Real-time measurements of crop root architecture can overcome limitations faced by plant breeders when developing climate-resilient plants. Due to current measurement methods failing to continuously monitor root growth in a non-destructive and scalable fashion, we propose a first in-soil sensing system based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBG). The sensing system logs three-dimensional strain generated by a growing pseudo-root. Two ResNet models confirm the utility of in-soil FBG sensors by predicting pseudo-root width and depth with accuracies of 92% and 93%, respectively. To analyze model robustness, a preliminary experiment was performed where FBGs logged strain generated from a corn plant’s roots for 30 days. The models were then retrained on new data where they achieved accuracies of 98% and 96%, respectively. Our presented prototype has potential prospects to go beyond measuring root parameters and sense its surrounding soil environment.
{"title":"Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Sensing System for Non-Destructive Root Phenotyping With ResNet Prediction","authors":"Steven Binder;Kabir Hossain;Alexander Bucksch;Mable Fok","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3553701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3553701","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time measurements of crop root architecture can overcome limitations faced by plant breeders when developing climate-resilient plants. Due to current measurement methods failing to continuously monitor root growth in a non-destructive and scalable fashion, we propose a first in-soil sensing system based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBG). The sensing system logs three-dimensional strain generated by a growing pseudo-root. Two ResNet models confirm the utility of in-soil FBG sensors by predicting pseudo-root width and depth with accuracies of 92% and 93%, respectively. To analyze model robustness, a preliminary experiment was performed where FBGs logged strain generated from a corn plant’s roots for 30 days. The models were then retrained on new data where they achieved accuracies of 98% and 96%, respectively. Our presented prototype has potential prospects to go beyond measuring root parameters and sense its surrounding soil environment.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"37 8","pages":"473-476"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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