Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3648758
Chao Zhang;Anzi Xu;Lian-Kuan Chen
Exploiting oceanic resources necessitates sophisticated real-time, multi-dimensional surveillance technologies integrated with high-bandwidth, low-latency wireless communication systems. These are essential not only to ensure successful underwater operations but also to identify and address potential ecosystem issues promptly. Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) emerges as the most suitable solution to fulfill the aforementioned communication requirements. However, diverse human exploitation activities can generate bubbles, turbulence, and plumes, which significantly degrade the channel conditions of UWOC systems. Among these external interferences, plumes, primarily generated by the sediment resuspension during the deep-sea mining process, can dramatically scatter and absorb light, leading to UWOC link disruption. This letter proposes and demonstrates a 1-Gbps underwater wireless Ethernet passive optical communication network (EPON) to efficiently meet the demands of multi-node access, dynamic bandwidth allocation, and seamless network reconfiguration to accommodate new users. Commercial EPON chips are employed in system development. The proposed system incorporates a protection path mechanism, which enables reconnection when the primary wireless channel degrades due to plume interference.
{"title":"Demonstration of an Underwater Wireless EPON With Plume Mitigation for Deep-Sea Mining Surveillance","authors":"Chao Zhang;Anzi Xu;Lian-Kuan Chen","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3648758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3648758","url":null,"abstract":"Exploiting oceanic resources necessitates sophisticated real-time, multi-dimensional surveillance technologies integrated with high-bandwidth, low-latency wireless communication systems. These are essential not only to ensure successful underwater operations but also to identify and address potential ecosystem issues promptly. Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) emerges as the most suitable solution to fulfill the aforementioned communication requirements. However, diverse human exploitation activities can generate bubbles, turbulence, and plumes, which significantly degrade the channel conditions of UWOC systems. Among these external interferences, plumes, primarily generated by the sediment resuspension during the deep-sea mining process, can dramatically scatter and absorb light, leading to UWOC link disruption. This letter proposes and demonstrates a 1-Gbps underwater wireless Ethernet passive optical communication network (EPON) to efficiently meet the demands of multi-node access, dynamic bandwidth allocation, and seamless network reconfiguration to accommodate new users. Commercial EPON chips are employed in system development. The proposed system incorporates a protection path mechanism, which enables reconnection when the primary wireless channel degrades due to plume interference.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"495-498"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3648347
Yang Lan;Choloong Hahn;Zhiping Jiang
The detection of silent failures in optical networks is inherently difficult, and their presence may jeopardize network reliability and operational efficiency, particularly as these networks scale to meet increasing bandwidth demands. Among the most elusive silent failure types are forwarding errors in wavelength selective switches (WSSs), which may misroute optical signals without triggering alarms, leading to prolonged service interruptions. In this work, we propose a novel failure detection and localization framework that leverages the distributed chromatic dispersion (CD) profile of the signal path using longitudinal power profile estimation (PPE) technique. PPE enables span-by-span reconstruction of the lightpath’s optical characteristics with resolution of a few tens of ps/nm for typical coherent signals, allowing for precise estimation of CD accumulation at each segment. By comparing the measured distributed CD profile against a topology-aware digital twin of the network, discrepancies caused by forwarding errors at specific WSS nodes are unambiguously identified and localized. Our method bypasses the limitation of total CD estimation and enhances fault localization resolution as validated by the experiment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of silent failure identification and localization in optical networks based on PPE.
{"title":"PPE-Assisted Silent Failure Awareness in Optical Transport Networks","authors":"Yang Lan;Choloong Hahn;Zhiping Jiang","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3648347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3648347","url":null,"abstract":"The detection of silent failures in optical networks is inherently difficult, and their presence may jeopardize network reliability and operational efficiency, particularly as these networks scale to meet increasing bandwidth demands. Among the most elusive silent failure types are forwarding errors in wavelength selective switches (WSSs), which may misroute optical signals without triggering alarms, leading to prolonged service interruptions. In this work, we propose a novel failure detection and localization framework that leverages the distributed chromatic dispersion (CD) profile of the signal path using longitudinal power profile estimation (PPE) technique. PPE enables span-by-span reconstruction of the lightpath’s optical characteristics with resolution of a few tens of ps/nm for typical coherent signals, allowing for precise estimation of CD accumulation at each segment. By comparing the measured distributed CD profile against a topology-aware digital twin of the network, discrepancies caused by forwarding errors at specific WSS nodes are unambiguously identified and localized. Our method bypasses the limitation of total CD estimation and enhances fault localization resolution as validated by the experiment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of silent failure identification and localization in optical networks based on PPE.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"459-462"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145859869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3648451
Junming Hu;Zexu Liu;Weiqi Lu;William Shieh
In this letter, we introduce a GUDR-Net for multimode-fiber (MMF) -based wavemeters, which is an integrated pipeline combining two image enhancement processes – $G$ amma correction and $U$ nsharp masking – with a parameter-efficient convolutional neural network (CNN) built around $D$ ouble $R$ esidual blocks. GUDR-Net, consisting of only a 19-layer CNN, represents the shallowest architecture ever reported for MMF wavemeters. It achieves 98.38% prediction accuracy at a spectral resolution of 1 pm. Compared to the previous work achieving the same resolution, the network depth is reduced by a factor of approximately 9.32. Applying the model, we validate the effectiveness of the fiber wavemeters across the entire C-band, achieving a resolution of 0.02nm in a 35 nm operation bandwidth, which is the first demonstration of its kind.
{"title":"GUDR-Net-Based MMF Wavemeters for High-Resolution Wavelength Prediction Across the Full C-Band","authors":"Junming Hu;Zexu Liu;Weiqi Lu;William Shieh","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3648451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3648451","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we introduce a GUDR-Net for multimode-fiber (MMF) -based wavemeters, which is an integrated pipeline combining two image enhancement processes – <inline-formula> <tex-math>$G$ </tex-math></inline-formula>amma correction and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$U$ </tex-math></inline-formula>nsharp masking – with a parameter-efficient convolutional neural network (CNN) built around <inline-formula> <tex-math>$D$ </tex-math></inline-formula>ouble <inline-formula> <tex-math>$R$ </tex-math></inline-formula>esidual blocks. GUDR-Net, consisting of only a 19-layer CNN, represents the shallowest architecture ever reported for MMF wavemeters. It achieves 98.38% prediction accuracy at a spectral resolution of 1 pm. Compared to the previous work achieving the same resolution, the network depth is reduced by a factor of approximately 9.32. Applying the model, we validate the effectiveness of the fiber wavemeters across the entire C-band, achieving a resolution of 0.02nm in a 35 nm operation bandwidth, which is the first demonstration of its kind.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"479-482"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a newly developed semi-analytic model of the slot waveguide characteristics for the time-efficient optimization of the total electro-optic bandwidth in silicon-organic hybrid Mach-Zehnder modulators. This model consists of an accurate calculation of the bandwidth-limiting conductivity and capacitance of the slot waveguide with root mean square error as low as 1.32% compared to numerical field simulations by applying a transfer matrix algorithm. Our approach improves the computational efficiency remarkably enabling the time-efficient design of silicon-organic hybrid Mach-Zehnder modulators by varying a large variety of parameters.
{"title":"Semi-Analytic Model of the Slot Waveguide for the Optimization of Silicon-Organic Hybrid Modulators","authors":"Raik Elster;Wolfgang Vogel;Manfred Berroth;Georg Rademacher","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3648574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3648574","url":null,"abstract":"We present a newly developed semi-analytic model of the slot waveguide characteristics for the time-efficient optimization of the total electro-optic bandwidth in silicon-organic hybrid Mach-Zehnder modulators. This model consists of an accurate calculation of the bandwidth-limiting conductivity and capacitance of the slot waveguide with root mean square error as low as 1.32% compared to numerical field simulations by applying a transfer matrix algorithm. Our approach improves the computational efficiency remarkably enabling the time-efficient design of silicon-organic hybrid Mach-Zehnder modulators by varying a large variety of parameters.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"487-490"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3648566
Horacio I. Cantú;Antonio Samarelli;Iain Eddie
The reliability of a ridge waveguide AlInGaAs strained O-band InP laser design is characterized by means of 10 khrs of accelerated life test. Multiple stress conditions are used to estimate the device wear-out activation energy and bias current exponential factor using the Eyring equation. Time to failure for each stressed device is obtained from the parametric accelerated life test data. The laser operation bias current degradation is used to extract failure distributions. These distributions agree well with lognormal fits and are used to calculate the wear-out activation energy and bias current exponential factor. An activation energy and an exponential factor above 1.5 eV and 3, respectively, are obtained from operation bias current degradation analysis. Based on five stress conditions calculated acceleration factors, single digit failures in time are expected after 10 years of continuous operation.
{"title":"Reliability Study of AlInGaAs Strained Multi-Quantum Well O-Band Laser Source","authors":"Horacio I. Cantú;Antonio Samarelli;Iain Eddie","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3648566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3648566","url":null,"abstract":"The reliability of a ridge waveguide AlInGaAs strained O-band InP laser design is characterized by means of 10 khrs of accelerated life test. Multiple stress conditions are used to estimate the device wear-out activation energy and bias current exponential factor using the Eyring equation. Time to failure for each stressed device is obtained from the parametric accelerated life test data. The laser operation bias current degradation is used to extract failure distributions. These distributions agree well with lognormal fits and are used to calculate the wear-out activation energy and bias current exponential factor. An activation energy and an exponential factor above 1.5 eV and 3, respectively, are obtained from operation bias current degradation analysis. Based on five stress conditions calculated acceleration factors, single digit failures in time are expected after 10 years of continuous operation.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"467-470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3648305
Elena A. Anashkina;Arseny A. Sorokin;Alexey V. Andrianov
We experimentally demonstrate tunable cascade Raman lasing in a 34-$mu $ m microsphere fabricated from tungsten-tellurite glass, which possesses high and ultrabroadband Raman gain. Lasing was observed in the first cascade from 1665 nm to 1895 nm and in the second cascade from 1952 nm to 2189 nm when the pump wavelength was tuned from 1488 nm to 1612 nm. To the best of our knowledge, the 2189 nm wavelength is the longest wavelength ever achieved via Raman generation or other nonlinear optical processes in tellurite glass microresonators. We also constructed and analyzed a theoretical model incorporating four nonlinearly interacting Raman modes. The model accounts for two modes in the first cascade and two in the second. Each of these modes is associated with a different peak of the Raman gain function. The results of numerical simulations support and explain the experimental findings.
{"title":"Wavelength-Tunable Cascade Raman Lasing beyond 2 Micrometer in a Tellurite Microresonator","authors":"Elena A. Anashkina;Arseny A. Sorokin;Alexey V. Andrianov","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3648305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3648305","url":null,"abstract":"We experimentally demonstrate tunable cascade Raman lasing in a 34-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m microsphere fabricated from tungsten-tellurite glass, which possesses high and ultrabroadband Raman gain. Lasing was observed in the first cascade from 1665 nm to 1895 nm and in the second cascade from 1952 nm to 2189 nm when the pump wavelength was tuned from 1488 nm to 1612 nm. To the best of our knowledge, the 2189 nm wavelength is the longest wavelength ever achieved via Raman generation or other nonlinear optical processes in tellurite glass microresonators. We also constructed and analyzed a theoretical model incorporating four nonlinearly interacting Raman modes. The model accounts for two modes in the first cascade and two in the second. Each of these modes is associated with a different peak of the Raman gain function. The results of numerical simulations support and explain the experimental findings.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"451-454"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145860193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3648028
Tongxin Wang;Pingping Qiu;Hengjie Zhou;Qiuhua Wang;Chaowei Si;Shuanglin Yue;Sheng Zhang;Qiang Kan
We present a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) employing the extended-cavity structure and dielectric film reflector, with a $4.5~mu $ m oxide aperture diameter. The laser operates in fundamental transverse mode with side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) exceeding 30 dB at 1090 nm. The divergence angle is limited to only 4°, attributed to increased diffraction loss for high-order transverse modes and a larger mode field size facilitated by the extended-cavity. The top reflector comprises sputtered dielectric distributed Bragg reflector, while current spreading and partial reflectivity are facilitated by 3 pairs of p-doped DBRs. The device demonstrates a low thermal resistance of 1.3 K/mW and exhibits robust temperature stability. The combination of stable single-mode performance, minimal divergence angle, and low thermal resistance establish this VCSEL design as a promising candidate for high-performance single-mode VCSELs suitable for applications in atomic sensing and high-precision metrology.
{"title":"Low Divergence Angle Extended-Cavity Single-Mode VCSEL Based on Dielectric DBR Mirror","authors":"Tongxin Wang;Pingping Qiu;Hengjie Zhou;Qiuhua Wang;Chaowei Si;Shuanglin Yue;Sheng Zhang;Qiang Kan","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3648028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3648028","url":null,"abstract":"We present a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) employing the extended-cavity structure and dielectric film reflector, with a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4.5~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m oxide aperture diameter. The laser operates in fundamental transverse mode with side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) exceeding 30 dB at 1090 nm. The divergence angle is limited to only 4°, attributed to increased diffraction loss for high-order transverse modes and a larger mode field size facilitated by the extended-cavity. The top reflector comprises sputtered dielectric distributed Bragg reflector, while current spreading and partial reflectivity are facilitated by 3 pairs of p-doped DBRs. The device demonstrates a low thermal resistance of 1.3 K/mW and exhibits robust temperature stability. The combination of stable single-mode performance, minimal divergence angle, and low thermal resistance establish this VCSEL design as a promising candidate for high-performance single-mode VCSELs suitable for applications in atomic sensing and high-precision metrology.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"447-450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145861223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3647795
Yuliang Long;Yan Tang;Xiaolong Cheng;Shaoyu Liu;Wei Liu;Yanfang Yang;Xinxiang Gong;Lixin Zhao;Yu He
For moiré-based alignment technique, to meet the increasingly precision requirements, the alignment marks are designed to be more complex and larger in area. However, the space on the wafer for placing the alignment marks is very narrow. Therefore, advancing the miniaturization of alignment marks is a key direction for the development of this technology. Unfortunately, the mainstream frequency-based misalignment value analysis algorithms are challenging to apply to small-area alignment marks, as traditional filters struggle to accurately extract useful information from the frequency spectrum of the detection signal. To this end, we propose a neural network for analyzing moiré fringes based on convolutional attention filters (CAFN), which can achieve a direct mapping of small-area moiré fringe images to misalignment value. Experimental results show that on our test dataset, the average error of CAFN is 0.7nm, with a processing speed of 100 Hz.
{"title":"A Neural Network Based on Convolutional Attention Filter for Small Area Alignment Mark","authors":"Yuliang Long;Yan Tang;Xiaolong Cheng;Shaoyu Liu;Wei Liu;Yanfang Yang;Xinxiang Gong;Lixin Zhao;Yu He","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3647795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3647795","url":null,"abstract":"For moiré-based alignment technique, to meet the increasingly precision requirements, the alignment marks are designed to be more complex and larger in area. However, the space on the wafer for placing the alignment marks is very narrow. Therefore, advancing the miniaturization of alignment marks is a key direction for the development of this technology. Unfortunately, the mainstream frequency-based misalignment value analysis algorithms are challenging to apply to small-area alignment marks, as traditional filters struggle to accurately extract useful information from the frequency spectrum of the detection signal. To this end, we propose a neural network for analyzing moiré fringes based on convolutional attention filters (CAFN), which can achieve a direct mapping of small-area moiré fringe images to misalignment value. Experimental results show that on our test dataset, the average error of CAFN is 0.7nm, with a processing speed of 100 Hz.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"483-486"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3634873
Yeolheon Seong;Heedeuk Shin
Presents corrections to the paper, (Etch Rate Dependence of Optical Loss in Silicon Photonics).
对论文《硅光子学中光损耗的蚀刻速率依赖性》进行了修正。
{"title":"Corrections to “Etch Rate Dependence of Optical Loss in Silicon Photonics”","authors":"Yeolheon Seong;Heedeuk Shin","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3634873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3634873","url":null,"abstract":"Presents corrections to the paper, (Etch Rate Dependence of Optical Loss in Silicon Photonics).","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 6","pages":"365-365"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11313735","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2025.3647768
Zerong Hu;Yukang Xie;Hanwen Zhang;Ziyun Yang;Baiquan Liu;Shaolin Liao;Xianbo Li
This letter presents a correlation detection circuit (CDC) with a programmable threshold for noise filtering in single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems. A four-bit sorter based on combinational logic and an adjustable time window is employed for level-sensitive pulse correlation detection, which increases the pulse detection rate compared to existing edge-counting techniques when there exists pulse merging in a typical OR-Tree receiver structure. The threshold of the CDC is configurable to adapt to different noise strength. Fabricated in a $0.18~mu $ m CMOS process, the proposed CDC achieves a significant improvement of the effective pulse detection rate by about 10 times in a macro-pixel containing four SPADs, where each SPAD has a typical dark count rate (DCR) of about 1 kHz.
{"title":"A Programmable Correlation Detection Circuit for SPAD-Based LiDAR Applications","authors":"Zerong Hu;Yukang Xie;Hanwen Zhang;Ziyun Yang;Baiquan Liu;Shaolin Liao;Xianbo Li","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2025.3647768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2025.3647768","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a correlation detection circuit (CDC) with a programmable threshold for noise filtering in single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems. A four-bit sorter based on combinational logic and an adjustable time window is employed for level-sensitive pulse correlation detection, which increases the pulse detection rate compared to existing edge-counting techniques when there exists pulse merging in a typical OR-Tree receiver structure. The threshold of the CDC is configurable to adapt to different noise strength. Fabricated in a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.18~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m CMOS process, the proposed CDC achieves a significant improvement of the effective pulse detection rate by about 10 times in a macro-pixel containing four SPADs, where each SPAD has a typical dark count rate (DCR) of about 1 kHz.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"38 7","pages":"455-458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145861225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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