This article explores the radiation of a vertical electric dipole (VED) placed in a lossy half-space where its radiated electromagnetic field is estimated. The modified saddle point method (MSPM) is used to evaluate the Sommerfeld integrals (SIs) involved in the problem and the contribution of the poles, and the branch cuts are accurately taken into account. The proposed asymptotic evaluation shows the emergence of the lateral wave (LW) characteristic of an underground wave propagation near an electromagnetic interface. The field components obtained by the new proposed formulation [double-slope formulas (DSFs)] are compared with the existing analytical expressions [single-slope formulas (SSFs)] in the literature and to the results of Altair FEKO simulator, which performs a numerical evaluation of the SIs. The better accuracy of the proposed formulation in the estimation of the LW is finally highlighted.
{"title":"Accurate Estimation of the Lateral Wave’s Contribution to the Radiated Fields of a Vertical Electric Dipole Embedded in a Lossy Half-Space","authors":"Hocine Belaid;Shermila Mostarshedi;Benoit Poussot;Jean-Marc Laheurte","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3452959","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3452959","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the radiation of a vertical electric dipole (VED) placed in a lossy half-space where its radiated electromagnetic field is estimated. The modified saddle point method (MSPM) is used to evaluate the Sommerfeld integrals (SIs) involved in the problem and the contribution of the poles, and the branch cuts are accurately taken into account. The proposed asymptotic evaluation shows the emergence of the lateral wave (LW) characteristic of an underground wave propagation near an electromagnetic interface. The field components obtained by the new proposed formulation [double-slope formulas (DSFs)] are compared with the existing analytical expressions [single-slope formulas (SSFs)] in the literature and to the results of Altair FEKO simulator, which performs a numerical evaluation of the SIs. The better accuracy of the proposed formulation in the estimation of the LW is finally highlighted.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8709-8718"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel dual-port dual-beam reconfigurable antenna with independent dual-beam 2-D scanning capability is presented. The antenna consists of two driven ports and a shared beamforming surface consisting of subwavelength reconfigurable metal-lines (RMLs). The two ports can each form a radiation beam that can be independently controlled by changing p-i-n diode switch states on the RML surface. Modeling and analysis of the antenna is performed to provide design guidelines for dual-beam scanning, impedance matching, and mutual coupling. The results from a prototyped dual-port dual-beam reconfigurable antenna operating at 3.6 GHz with over 400-MHz bandwidth and providing 360° scanning in azimuth and 60° in elevation are reported. The measured results demonstrate the antenna’s high beamforming capability with the two beams capable of independent 2-D beam-scanning. In addition, the antenna has an average realized gain of 8 dBi, a port isolation exceeding 20 dB, and the total efficiency exceeding 80% across all reconfigurable states. This dual-port dual-beam scanning antenna has potential applications in future wireless communication systems where compact beamforming antennas are becoming important.
{"title":"A Dual-Port Dual-Beam Pattern-Reconfigurable Antenna With Independent 2-D Beam-Scanning","authors":"Yujie Zhang;Shiwen Tang;Junhui Rao;Chi-Yuk Chiu;Xudong Chen;Ross Murch","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3452425","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3452425","url":null,"abstract":"A novel dual-port dual-beam reconfigurable antenna with independent dual-beam 2-D scanning capability is presented. The antenna consists of two driven ports and a shared beamforming surface consisting of subwavelength reconfigurable metal-lines (RMLs). The two ports can each form a radiation beam that can be independently controlled by changing p-i-n diode switch states on the RML surface. Modeling and analysis of the antenna is performed to provide design guidelines for dual-beam scanning, impedance matching, and mutual coupling. The results from a prototyped dual-port dual-beam reconfigurable antenna operating at 3.6 GHz with over 400-MHz bandwidth and providing 360° scanning in azimuth and 60° in elevation are reported. The measured results demonstrate the antenna’s high beamforming capability with the two beams capable of independent 2-D beam-scanning. In addition, the antenna has an average realized gain of 8 dBi, a port isolation exceeding 20 dB, and the total efficiency exceeding 80% across all reconfigurable states. This dual-port dual-beam scanning antenna has potential applications in future wireless communication systems where compact beamforming antennas are becoming important.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 10","pages":"7628-7643"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-09DOI: 10.1109/tap.2024.3452960
Zhenke Ding, Yi Liu, Kai Yang, Yuxiao Li, Ruibing Ran, Yi Lin, Yunqi Fu
{"title":"A Circularly-Polarized Omnidirectional Rydberg Atomic Sensor Using Characteristic Mode Analysis","authors":"Zhenke Ding, Yi Liu, Kai Yang, Yuxiao Li, Ruibing Ran, Yi Lin, Yunqi Fu","doi":"10.1109/tap.2024.3452960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2024.3452960","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3451275
{"title":"Institutional Listings","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3451275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3451275","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 9","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10669122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142143667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3451271
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3451271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3451271","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 9","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10669112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142152095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3452432
Shuai Gao;Hang Wong
This article introduces a novel dual-mode orbital angular momentum (OAM) metal lens antenna for millimeter-wave applications. The proposed lens antenna enables the independent mode manipulation of the transmitted OAM beams for respective left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) and right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP) illumination within a wide frequency range. Such functionality is achieved by designing a novel quadruple-ridged waveguide element with the capability of providing the simultaneous geometric phase and propagation phase control of the transmitted waves by rotating the ridges and tuning the waveguide height, allowing for the irrelevant synthetic phase profiles of the transmitted waves for LHCP and RHCP incidences. For demonstration, four lens antennas with different OAM modes are designed and discussed first, and a lens transmitting $l =0$ OAM mode beams for RHCP excitation and $l = +1$ OAM mode beams for LHCP excitation is fabricated and measured. A dual-circularly polarized (dual-CP) horn with two ports for respective LHCP and RHCP wave generation is used as the feed. Both simulated and measured near- and far-field results validate the effectiveness of the proposed dual-mode OAM lens antenna. The measured effective bandwidths with joint −10-dB impedance, 3-dB axial ratio (AR), and 3-dB gain bandwidths are 33.3% from 22.5 to 31.5 GHz with a peak gain of 22.6 dBi for $l = +1$ OAM mode beams and 37.8% from 22.5 to 33 GHz with a peak gain of 28.5 dBi for $l =0$ OAM mode beams. The obtained mode purities are both more than 0.97 for two states. Due to the merits of wide bandwidth, dual-mode OAM generation, and high-power handling properties, the demonstrated dual-mode metal lens antenna is a promising candidate in millimeter-wave high-capacity communication systems.
{"title":"A Wideband Millimeter-Wave Dual-Mode OAM Metal Lens Antenna","authors":"Shuai Gao;Hang Wong","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3452432","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3452432","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a novel dual-mode orbital angular momentum (OAM) metal lens antenna for millimeter-wave applications. The proposed lens antenna enables the independent mode manipulation of the transmitted OAM beams for respective left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) and right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP) illumination within a wide frequency range. Such functionality is achieved by designing a novel quadruple-ridged waveguide element with the capability of providing the simultaneous geometric phase and propagation phase control of the transmitted waves by rotating the ridges and tuning the waveguide height, allowing for the irrelevant synthetic phase profiles of the transmitted waves for LHCP and RHCP incidences. For demonstration, four lens antennas with different OAM modes are designed and discussed first, and a lens transmitting \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$l =0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 OAM mode beams for RHCP excitation and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$l = +1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 OAM mode beams for LHCP excitation is fabricated and measured. A dual-circularly polarized (dual-CP) horn with two ports for respective LHCP and RHCP wave generation is used as the feed. Both simulated and measured near- and far-field results validate the effectiveness of the proposed dual-mode OAM lens antenna. The measured effective bandwidths with joint −10-dB impedance, 3-dB axial ratio (AR), and 3-dB gain bandwidths are 33.3% from 22.5 to 31.5 GHz with a peak gain of 22.6 dBi for \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$l = +1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 OAM mode beams and 37.8% from 22.5 to 33 GHz with a peak gain of 28.5 dBi for \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$l =0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 OAM mode beams. The obtained mode purities are both more than 0.97 for two states. Due to the merits of wide bandwidth, dual-mode OAM generation, and high-power handling properties, the demonstrated dual-mode metal lens antenna is a promising candidate in millimeter-wave high-capacity communication systems.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 11","pages":"8228-8238"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3451273
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3451273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3451273","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 9","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10669137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142143643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3452427
Yu Dang;Michael Cheffena
Antenna sensors are promising microwave sensor variants that combine the benefits of easy fabrication, nondestructive detection, and robust performance with integrated communication capabilities, making them ideal for Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensor nodes that require both sensing and communication. However, existing antenna sensors lack multifunctionality and require additional circuitry to maintain the fixed communication band, which increases the complexity. Considering these challenges, in this work, we propose a multifunctional antenna sensor capable of hand gesture recognition, volatile organic compound (VOC) gas identification, permittivity characterization, and fixed band communication. By replacing the large sensor array in the conventional gesture radar sensor and VOC electronic nose (e-nose) with a single piece of uniplanar antenna sensor, we integrate all the above functions on a $33times 33$ mm substrate, reducing system complexity and costs significantly. By extracting rich features over ultrawideband and using efficient machine learning (ML) algorithms, ten gestures and six VOC gases (including isomers) are successfully discriminated with 94.1% and 100% measurement accuracy, respectively. In addition, different types of liquids and substrate blocks are also successfully characterized without affecting the communication band. Our proposed antenna sensor promises advancement in the next generation of IoT sensor nodes.
{"title":"Multifunctional Sensing Platform Based on Single Antenna for Noncontact Human–Machine Interaction and Environment Sensing","authors":"Yu Dang;Michael Cheffena","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3452427","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3452427","url":null,"abstract":"Antenna sensors are promising microwave sensor variants that combine the benefits of easy fabrication, nondestructive detection, and robust performance with integrated communication capabilities, making them ideal for Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensor nodes that require both sensing and communication. However, existing antenna sensors lack multifunctionality and require additional circuitry to maintain the fixed communication band, which increases the complexity. Considering these challenges, in this work, we propose a multifunctional antenna sensor capable of hand gesture recognition, volatile organic compound (VOC) gas identification, permittivity characterization, and fixed band communication. By replacing the large sensor array in the conventional gesture radar sensor and VOC electronic nose (e-nose) with a single piece of uniplanar antenna sensor, we integrate all the above functions on a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$33times 33$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 mm substrate, reducing system complexity and costs significantly. By extracting rich features over ultrawideband and using efficient machine learning (ML) algorithms, ten gestures and six VOC gases (including isomers) are successfully discriminated with 94.1% and 100% measurement accuracy, respectively. In addition, different types of liquids and substrate blocks are also successfully characterized without affecting the communication band. Our proposed antenna sensor promises advancement in the next generation of IoT sensor nodes.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 10","pages":"7664-7679"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3418288
Emanuele Tavanti;Daniele D. Caviglia;Andrea Randazzo
In the above article [1] , several errors were introduced during the production.
在上述文章[1]中，制作过程中出现了一些错误。
{"title":"Erratum to “Improved Chebyshev Spectral Method Modeling for Vector Radiative Transfer in Atmospheric Propagation”","authors":"Emanuele Tavanti;Daniele D. Caviglia;Andrea Randazzo","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3418288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3418288","url":null,"abstract":"In the above article \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000, several errors were introduced during the production.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 9","pages":"7431-7431"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10669136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142143668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3451997
S. Kosulnikov;A. Díaz-Rubio;A. V. Osipov;S. A. Tretyakov
Developing intelligent radio environments with the ability to engineer and optimize propagation channels has been made possible by metasurfaces that perform anomalous reflection and control the direction of wave reflection at will. Several design methods for creation of anomalous reflectors have been developed, from the simplest locally periodic designs of individual unit cells to advanced global optimizations. In this study, we design, fabricate, and experimentally characterize anomalous reflectors that have the same size and perform the same function but are designed using two different, most commonly used methods. Experimental characterization of the reflector performance over a broad frequency range and for a variety of illumination angles allows comparison of the two methods and helps to select the most suitable design approach for specific application requirements.
{"title":"Experimental Comparison of Anomalous Reflectors Implemented With Local and Nonlocal Design Approaches","authors":"S. Kosulnikov;A. Díaz-Rubio;A. V. Osipov;S. A. Tretyakov","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3451997","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3451997","url":null,"abstract":"Developing intelligent radio environments with the ability to engineer and optimize propagation channels has been made possible by metasurfaces that perform anomalous reflection and control the direction of wave reflection at will. Several design methods for creation of anomalous reflectors have been developed, from the simplest locally periodic designs of individual unit cells to advanced global optimizations. In this study, we design, fabricate, and experimentally characterize anomalous reflectors that have the same size and perform the same function but are designed using two different, most commonly used methods. Experimental characterization of the reflector performance over a broad frequency range and for a variety of illumination angles allows comparison of the two methods and helps to select the most suitable design approach for specific application requirements.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"72 10","pages":"7783-7792"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10667002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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