Pub Date : 2024-12-11DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3511259
Xiao Jia;Xiaotian Pan;Xunwang Dang;Kun Liang;Mingjiang Wang
This study introduces an approach to analyzing multiple scattering of targets involving realistic metasurfaces. The method utilizes the surface susceptibility model (SSM), a parametric model of metasurfaces, in conjunction with geometrical optics (GO) and physical optics (PO). The study showcases that through the utilization of this technique, targets comprised of metasurfaces can be accurately and efficiently analyzed on standard computers. This level of precision and efficiency is challenging to achieve with traditional GO/PO and brute-force analysis methods, making this approach particularly beneficial for large systems where metasurfaces are a component of the scattering analysis. To test the accuracy, flexibility, and performance in scenarios involving multiscattering, a uniform array, a gradient array, and a dihedral corner reflector constructed from two metasurface arrays are evaluated. The results are validated using commercial software for both the s (or TE) and p (or TM) polarization, confirming the high efficiency and flexibility of the proposed method.
{"title":"GO/PO With Surface Susceptibility Model for Multiple Scattering Analysis of Targets Involving Metasurfaces","authors":"Xiao Jia;Xiaotian Pan;Xunwang Dang;Kun Liang;Mingjiang Wang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3511259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3511259","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces an approach to analyzing multiple scattering of targets involving realistic metasurfaces. The method utilizes the surface susceptibility model (SSM), a parametric model of metasurfaces, in conjunction with geometrical optics (GO) and physical optics (PO). The study showcases that through the utilization of this technique, targets comprised of metasurfaces can be accurately and efficiently analyzed on standard computers. This level of precision and efficiency is challenging to achieve with traditional GO/PO and brute-force analysis methods, making this approach particularly beneficial for large systems where metasurfaces are a component of the scattering analysis. To test the accuracy, flexibility, and performance in scenarios involving multiscattering, a uniform array, a gradient array, and a dihedral corner reflector constructed from two metasurface arrays are evaluated. The results are validated using commercial software for both the s (or TE) and p (or TM) polarization, confirming the high efficiency and flexibility of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"671-676"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-09DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3508874
K. S. Arjun;V. Prahannathan;R. Gopika;Chinmoy Saha
This article presents a novel time modulated array (TMA) or timed array, which can be a potential candidate for enabling versatile, multiuser heterogeneous wireless systems, with each user uniquely powered by a switching harmonic frequency. In the proposed timed array, each switch at the antenna element feed is controlled with a pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) signal, carrying the phase information of a triangular wave and a reference signal. This PWM timed array architecture offers precise control of the number of radiated harmonics, independent steering of individual beams, and radiated beam power levels. The user-definable beam steering makes the system an efficient candidate for dynamic multiuser applications demanding stringent scanning capabilities. The proposed timed array is experimentally validated using a $1 times 4$ microstrip antenna array at 2.4 GHz with a PWM control signal generated by a PYNQ-Z2 field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The effect of PWM signal waveform and a systematic design methodology to achieve desired harmonics, beam direction, and power level are systematically presented in this article. Furthermore, the RF switching speed constraints and effects on PWM timed array architecture are discussed in detail.
{"title":"Pulsewidth-Modulated Timed Array for Independently Controllable Harmonic Beams in Multiuser Wireless Scenario","authors":"K. S. Arjun;V. Prahannathan;R. Gopika;Chinmoy Saha","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3508874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3508874","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a novel time modulated array (TMA) or timed array, which can be a potential candidate for enabling versatile, multiuser heterogeneous wireless systems, with each user uniquely powered by a switching harmonic frequency. In the proposed timed array, each switch at the antenna element feed is controlled with a pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) signal, carrying the phase information of a triangular wave and a reference signal. This PWM timed array architecture offers precise control of the number of radiated harmonics, independent steering of individual beams, and radiated beam power levels. The user-definable beam steering makes the system an efficient candidate for dynamic multiuser applications demanding stringent scanning capabilities. The proposed timed array is experimentally validated using a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1 times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> microstrip antenna array at 2.4 GHz with a PWM control signal generated by a PYNQ-Z2 field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The effect of PWM signal waveform and a systematic design methodology to achieve desired harmonics, beam direction, and power level are systematically presented in this article. Furthermore, the RF switching speed constraints and effects on PWM timed array architecture are discussed in detail.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"279-292"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nonterrestrial networks (NTNs) have attracted great interest in the development of 6G communication systems. Hence, it is very important to develop an accurate NTN clutter loss (CL) model for the deployment and optimization of NTN communications. In this work, we conduct a multiband channel measurement for the CL of NTN channels in a campus scenario, including 8.5, 10, and 13 GHz. A semideterministic model for the CL related to elevation and frequency is constructed, and a heuristic interpretation for the modeling process is provided based on: 1) the variation of the energy flux density due to the ray-tube effect of the NTN channel and 2) the channel sparsity on angular domain. The obtained results are helpful for the accurate understanding of the NTN channel, which is essential for the development of NTN communications.
{"title":"Measurement-Based Multiband Clutter Loss Modeling for Nonterrestrial Networks","authors":"Yuning Yu;Cen Ling;Aoran Liu;José Rodríguez-Piñeiro;Bolun Guo;Xuefeng Yin","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3508083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3508083","url":null,"abstract":"Nonterrestrial networks (NTNs) have attracted great interest in the development of 6G communication systems. Hence, it is very important to develop an accurate NTN clutter loss (CL) model for the deployment and optimization of NTN communications. In this work, we conduct a multiband channel measurement for the CL of NTN channels in a campus scenario, including 8.5, 10, and 13 GHz. A semideterministic model for the CL related to elevation and frequency is constructed, and a heuristic interpretation for the modeling process is provided based on: 1) the variation of the energy flux density due to the ray-tube effect of the NTN channel and 2) the channel sparsity on angular domain. The obtained results are helpful for the accurate understanding of the NTN channel, which is essential for the development of NTN communications.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 2","pages":"1281-1285"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-09DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3509212
Seyed Mohammad Hadi Mousavi;Kamel Sultan;Lei Guo;Azin S. Janani;Konstanty Bialkowski;Amin M. Abbosh
A compact dual-sense circularly polarized (CP) antenna is presented for torso imaging, offering deep electromagnetic (EM) wave penetration and improved imaging capabilities. The design starts with a single-sense antenna on a circular base, using a square patch and substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) to enhance EM wave penetration into the torso. Sleeved feeding and slow wave techniques are adopted to broaden the CP bandwidth without increasing the size. The final dual-sense CP antenna, with both left-hand and right-hand CP and dual feeds, has a 3.9 dB signal-to-mean-clutter ratio more than the single-sense design. It operates from 0.64 to 2.22 GHz (107% Fractional Bandwidth) with a compact size of 75 mm diameter and 8 mm thickness. Despite avoiding using a bulky lens, the antenna outperforms recent similar antennas by up to 248% in penetration in the torso while using a more compact structure. The proposed antenna generates in-depth E-fields across vertical and horizontal directions, enhancing imaging quality by collecting more accurate data. The antenna is tested on a torso phantom in three imaging scenarios using an optimization-based confocal imaging algorithm. It achieves a 129% improvement in detection accuracy compared to a single-sense CP antenna.
{"title":"Dual-Sense Circularly Polarized Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna for Deep Torso Imaging","authors":"Seyed Mohammad Hadi Mousavi;Kamel Sultan;Lei Guo;Azin S. Janani;Konstanty Bialkowski;Amin M. Abbosh","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3509212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3509212","url":null,"abstract":"A compact dual-sense circularly polarized (CP) antenna is presented for torso imaging, offering deep electromagnetic (EM) wave penetration and improved imaging capabilities. The design starts with a single-sense antenna on a circular base, using a square patch and substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) to enhance EM wave penetration into the torso. Sleeved feeding and slow wave techniques are adopted to broaden the CP bandwidth without increasing the size. The final dual-sense CP antenna, with both left-hand and right-hand CP and dual feeds, has a 3.9 dB signal-to-mean-clutter ratio more than the single-sense design. It operates from 0.64 to 2.22 GHz (107% Fractional Bandwidth) with a compact size of 75 mm diameter and 8 mm thickness. Despite avoiding using a bulky lens, the antenna outperforms recent similar antennas by up to 248% in penetration in the torso while using a more compact structure. The proposed antenna generates in-depth E-fields across vertical and horizontal directions, enhancing imaging quality by collecting more accurate data. The antenna is tested on a torso phantom in three imaging scenarios using an optimization-based confocal imaging algorithm. It achieves a 129% improvement in detection accuracy compared to a single-sense CP antenna.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"188-200"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) imaging is one of the important approaches for remote sensing and target detection in the ocean background. In general, seawater always fluctuates under the influence of factors such as wind, earthquakes, tidal forces, and ship movements. The undulating waves produce many bright or dark spots of brightness temperature (TB). This complex background may increase the difficulty of object detection for observers and postprocessing algorithms. In this article, we comprehensively assess the polarization properties of PMMW imaging for sea scene observation, both theoretically and experimentally. According to the millimeter-wave radiation propagation model, the TB difference characteristics between ship and seawater under various conditions are calculated and analyzed. Based on the simulated and measured experimental data, the polarization TB and the multipolarization parameter images are qualitatively and quantitatively discussed using performance metrics such as statistical histograms, differential signal-to-noise ratio (DSNR), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and survey scoring. The analysis results show that vertical polarization is usually the optimal polarization observation mode under most conditions. For the long observation distance or very small angle of incidence, different polarization responses might be comparable. In addition, if the system can obtain multipolarization images at the same time, polarization fusion can bring more advantages for target enhancement, detection, and recognition.
{"title":"Optimal Polarization of Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging for Sea Scene Observation","authors":"Yayun Cheng;Huimin Xiong;Bo Qi;Jiaran Qi;Jinghui Qiu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3507613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3507613","url":null,"abstract":"Passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) imaging is one of the important approaches for remote sensing and target detection in the ocean background. In general, seawater always fluctuates under the influence of factors such as wind, earthquakes, tidal forces, and ship movements. The undulating waves produce many bright or dark spots of brightness temperature (TB). This complex background may increase the difficulty of object detection for observers and postprocessing algorithms. In this article, we comprehensively assess the polarization properties of PMMW imaging for sea scene observation, both theoretically and experimentally. According to the millimeter-wave radiation propagation model, the TB difference characteristics between ship and seawater under various conditions are calculated and analyzed. Based on the simulated and measured experimental data, the polarization TB and the multipolarization parameter images are qualitatively and quantitatively discussed using performance metrics such as statistical histograms, differential signal-to-noise ratio (DSNR), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and survey scoring. The analysis results show that vertical polarization is usually the optimal polarization observation mode under most conditions. For the long observation distance or very small angle of incidence, different polarization responses might be comparable. In addition, if the system can obtain multipolarization images at the same time, polarization fusion can bring more advantages for target enhancement, detection, and recognition.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"554-565"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a new second-order approximated transition boundary condition that can be used to analyze penetrable thin sheets with low density. This new condition can be easily incorporated into the existing method of moment (MoM) codes that use the Poggio-Miller-Chew-Harrington-Wu-Tsai (PMCHWT) formulation. The new boundary condition is expressed as an ABCD matrix, allowing it to be applied to multiple thin layers without the need for transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) decomposition of the field. The proposed formulation ensures accurate modeling of thin slabs with low dielectric constants, even if the thickness of the slab is as small as one-tenth of the wavelength within the slab. This accurate modeling is achieved with an error of less than 1%. Despite its accuracy, the proposed formulation has a computational complexity similar to that of the widely used zero-order approximated transition boundary condition in the method of moments codes.
{"title":"Second-Order Transition Boundary Condition for Not Dense Thin Sheets Analysis With MoM","authors":"Agnese Mazzinghi;Alessandro Mori;Mirko Bercigli;Mauro Bandinelli;Angelo Freni","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3505430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3505430","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a new second-order approximated transition boundary condition that can be used to analyze penetrable thin sheets with low density. This new condition can be easily incorporated into the existing method of moment (MoM) codes that use the Poggio-Miller-Chew-Harrington-Wu-Tsai (PMCHWT) formulation. The new boundary condition is expressed as an ABCD matrix, allowing it to be applied to multiple thin layers without the need for transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) decomposition of the field. The proposed formulation ensures accurate modeling of thin slabs with low dielectric constants, even if the thickness of the slab is as small as one-tenth of the wavelength within the slab. This accurate modeling is achieved with an error of less than 1%. Despite its accuracy, the proposed formulation has a computational complexity similar to that of the widely used zero-order approximated transition boundary condition in the method of moments codes.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"362-374"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-03DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3505418
Joseph J. Gedney;Joel T. Johnson;Robert J. Burkholder
An analytical solution for the coherent field scattered from an arbitrary object above a rough surface using the bistatic response of the object in free space is presented. The method allows the computation of the mean scattered field for an object above a rough surface without the need for costly Monte Carlo simulations. Assuming the first-order scattering from the object and decomposing the illuminating field into free space and rough surface scattered components, predicted by the first-order small-slope approximation, the ensemble average scattered field can be described using a four-path model interpretation. The resulting field contributions for the first three paths have the form of an object above a flat dielectric interface with an additional reflection loss arising from surface roughness, while the contribution of the fourth path requires an additional correction term that depends on the surface roughness power spectral density function. The effects of this coherent correction term on the results are investigated.
{"title":"An Analytical Formulation for the Coherent Scattered Field of a Target Above a Randomly Rough Surface","authors":"Joseph J. Gedney;Joel T. Johnson;Robert J. Burkholder","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3505418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3505418","url":null,"abstract":"An analytical solution for the coherent field scattered from an arbitrary object above a rough surface using the bistatic response of the object in free space is presented. The method allows the computation of the mean scattered field for an object above a rough surface without the need for costly Monte Carlo simulations. Assuming the first-order scattering from the object and decomposing the illuminating field into free space and rough surface scattered components, predicted by the first-order small-slope approximation, the ensemble average scattered field can be described using a four-path model interpretation. The resulting field contributions for the first three paths have the form of an object above a flat dielectric interface with an additional reflection loss arising from surface roughness, while the contribution of the fourth path requires an additional correction term that depends on the surface roughness power spectral density function. The effects of this coherent correction term on the results are investigated.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"329-340"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-29DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3504727
Kefeng Ji;Yulong Zhou;Huanhuan Yang;Zhiyun Zhang;Tong Li;Sijia Li;Xiangyu Cao
In this article, a dual-beam frequency-scanning antenna based on spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) is designed for continuous scanning in full space. The antenna is composed of a double-layer composite single-sided (DL-CSS) SSPP transmission line (TL) and asymmetric radiation patches. The DL-CSS SSPP element has stronger dispersion characteristics and well-separated dispersion curves, facilitating designing the frequency-scanning antenna with dual-beam, ultrawide angle, and high scanning rate. The asymmetric radiation patches consist of an elliptic patch array and a rectangular patch array with different modulation periods, effectively improving the open-stopband effect through beam synthesis. Simulation and measurement results show that the dual-beam frequency-scanning antenna can realize 360° full coverage scanning in the whole space without a dead angle. The operating frequency band is 6.79–8.69 GHz, the relative bandwidth is 24.5%, and the scanning rate is 7.35°/%. The average gain is 9.98 dBi and the maximum gain is 12.38 dBi. Furthermore, the overall radiation efficiency is more than 50%, and the average radiation efficiency is 68.99%. Thus, the designed antenna not only greatly broadens the scanning range and raises the scanning rate but also improves the open-stopband effect of broadside radiation. Meanwhile, its full-space continuous scanning capability has a broad application prospect in autonomous vehicles and intelligent transportation systems, radar systems, wireless communication network optimization, radio signal intelligence, spectrum monitoring and management, disaster recovery and emergency communications, radio astronomy, and so on.
{"title":"Dual-Beam Frequency-Scanning Antenna Based on SSPP for Full-Space Continuous Scanning","authors":"Kefeng Ji;Yulong Zhou;Huanhuan Yang;Zhiyun Zhang;Tong Li;Sijia Li;Xiangyu Cao","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3504727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3504727","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a dual-beam frequency-scanning antenna based on spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) is designed for continuous scanning in full space. The antenna is composed of a double-layer composite single-sided (DL-CSS) SSPP transmission line (TL) and asymmetric radiation patches. The DL-CSS SSPP element has stronger dispersion characteristics and well-separated dispersion curves, facilitating designing the frequency-scanning antenna with dual-beam, ultrawide angle, and high scanning rate. The asymmetric radiation patches consist of an elliptic patch array and a rectangular patch array with different modulation periods, effectively improving the open-stopband effect through beam synthesis. Simulation and measurement results show that the dual-beam frequency-scanning antenna can realize 360° full coverage scanning in the whole space without a dead angle. The operating frequency band is 6.79–8.69 GHz, the relative bandwidth is 24.5%, and the scanning rate is 7.35°/%. The average gain is 9.98 dBi and the maximum gain is 12.38 dBi. Furthermore, the overall radiation efficiency is more than 50%, and the average radiation efficiency is 68.99%. Thus, the designed antenna not only greatly broadens the scanning range and raises the scanning rate but also improves the open-stopband effect of broadside radiation. Meanwhile, its full-space continuous scanning capability has a broad application prospect in autonomous vehicles and intelligent transportation systems, radar systems, wireless communication network optimization, radio signal intelligence, spectrum monitoring and management, disaster recovery and emergency communications, radio astronomy, and so on.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"149-160"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-28DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3503755
Minseok Chang;Daehyeon Kim;Donggeun An;Jihwan Lee;Myoungsun Kim;Hyengcheul Choi;Byounggwan Kang;Shuai Zhang;Wonbin Hong
This communication demonstrates a passive reflective surface (RS) capable of independently generating beams at both sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands using only a single-layer substrate for the first time to be reported in the literature. Independent phase shift at both bands can be achieved within a shared aperture through a unique combination of concentric annular loop elements and open-ended stubs. This is further supported by the utilization of double-ringed circular elements, which suppress mutual interference between the two bands, while conventional cross-dipole elements are employed for structural brevity. Through full-wave simulations, it is numerically verified that the proposed RS exhibits excellent radiation performance, independently supporting reflected beam angles of up to 60° at each band. Furthermore, experimental validation of this performance is provided through far-field measurement results obtained from the fabricated RS prototype. Due to the wide frequency ratio of 8 and the simple structure of the RS, this design is expected to be beneficial for more efficient coverage enhancement of future generation (5G and 6G) wireless networks encompassing sub-6 GHz and mmWave spectrums.
{"title":"Dual-Band Shared-Aperture Reflective Surface Featuring Wide Band-Ratio Across Sub-6 GHz and Millimeter-Wave on a Single-Layer","authors":"Minseok Chang;Daehyeon Kim;Donggeun An;Jihwan Lee;Myoungsun Kim;Hyengcheul Choi;Byounggwan Kang;Shuai Zhang;Wonbin Hong","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3503755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3503755","url":null,"abstract":"This communication demonstrates a passive reflective surface (RS) capable of independently generating beams at both sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands using only a single-layer substrate for the first time to be reported in the literature. Independent phase shift at both bands can be achieved within a shared aperture through a unique combination of concentric annular loop elements and open-ended stubs. This is further supported by the utilization of double-ringed circular elements, which suppress mutual interference between the two bands, while conventional cross-dipole elements are employed for structural brevity. Through full-wave simulations, it is numerically verified that the proposed RS exhibits excellent radiation performance, independently supporting reflected beam angles of up to 60° at each band. Furthermore, experimental validation of this performance is provided through far-field measurement results obtained from the fabricated RS prototype. Due to the wide frequency ratio of 8 and the simple structure of the RS, this design is expected to be beneficial for more efficient coverage enhancement of future generation (5G and 6G) wireless networks encompassing sub-6 GHz and mmWave spectrums.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"665-670"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The integration of sub-6 conformal patch antennas with an mm-wave reflector is proposed in this communication as a compact multiband antenna solution. Using the concept of shared-aperture antenna, patch antennas are placed on the surface of a reflector to obtain a dual-frequency band antenna without increasing the total volume of the system. The key aspect of the design is the use of a substrate thickness for the patches that is an integer multiple of $0.5lambda _{0}$ at the reflector operating frequency, to obtain in-phase reflections and minimize disturbance to reflector operation. As a proof of concept, a 28-GHz off-axis reflector antenna with a sub-6 dual-band U-shaped conformal patch antenna has been designed, simulated, manufactured, and measured.
{"title":"Unified Design: Sub-6 GHz Conformal Patch Antennas Integrated With Millimeter-Wave Reflector for Fixed Wireless Access Terminals","authors":"José-Manuel Poyanco;Alfonso Fernández-Durán;Eva Rajo-Iglesias","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3503909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3503909","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of sub-6 conformal patch antennas with an mm-wave reflector is proposed in this communication as a compact multiband antenna solution. Using the concept of shared-aperture antenna, patch antennas are placed on the surface of a reflector to obtain a dual-frequency band antenna without increasing the total volume of the system. The key aspect of the design is the use of a substrate thickness for the patches that is an integer multiple of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.5lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at the reflector operating frequency, to obtain in-phase reflections and minimize disturbance to reflector operation. As a proof of concept, a 28-GHz off-axis reflector antenna with a sub-6 dual-band U-shaped conformal patch antenna has been designed, simulated, manufactured, and measured.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"635-640"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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