Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3433913
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3433913","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3433913","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10633219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141939422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Smooth-walled horns realize efficient radiation by introducing high-order modes meeting the requirements for both proportion and phase. However, the excitation of high-order modes depends on the relative phase of hybrid modes, and the modulation of the relative phase is limited by the frequency dispersion. The dependence between the excitation and phase modulation poses considerable challenges in synthesizing smooth-walled horns. This article reveals the hybrid modes conversion mechanism in smooth-walled horn and proposes a phase-rematching method to synthesize oversized smooth-walled horns for high power millimeter-wave applications. In this method, the excitation and phase modulation are independently realized: utilizing a slow taper near the input to modulate the relative phase and compensate for the frequency dispersion and employing a nonmonotonically increasing radius to control the amplitudes of hybrid modes. To verify the proposed method, a W-band highly oversized smooth-walled horn is designed, fabricated, and measured for gyrotron traveling-wave tubes.
光滑壁喇叭通过引入同时满足比例和相位要求的高阶模式来实现高效辐射。然而，高阶模式的激励取决于混合模式的相对相位，而相对相位的调制则受到频率色散的限制。激励和相位调制之间的依赖关系给合成光滑壁喇叭带来了巨大挑战。本文揭示了光滑壁喇叭中的混合模式转换机制，并提出了一种相位匹配方法，以合成超大光滑壁喇叭，用于高功率毫米波应用。在该方法中，激励和相位调制是独立实现的：利用输入附近的慢锥度来调制相对相位并补偿频率色散，同时采用非单调递增的半径来控制混合模式的振幅。为了验证所提出的方法，我们设计、制造并测量了用于陀螺仪行波管的 W 波段高超大光滑壁喇叭。
{"title":"Synthesis of Oversized Smooth-Walled Horns via Phase Rematching Method","authors":"Xiaoyi Liao;Minxing Wang;Shuai Huang;Chen Zhao;Zewei Wu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3437634","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3437634","url":null,"abstract":"Smooth-walled horns realize efficient radiation by introducing high-order modes meeting the requirements for both proportion and phase. However, the excitation of high-order modes depends on the relative phase of hybrid modes, and the modulation of the relative phase is limited by the frequency dispersion. The dependence between the excitation and phase modulation poses considerable challenges in synthesizing smooth-walled horns. This article reveals the hybrid modes conversion mechanism in smooth-walled horn and proposes a phase-rematching method to synthesize oversized smooth-walled horns for high power millimeter-wave applications. In this method, the excitation and phase modulation are independently realized: utilizing a slow taper near the input to modulate the relative phase and compensate for the frequency dispersion and employing a nonmonotonically increasing radius to control the amplitudes of hybrid modes. To verify the proposed method, a W-band highly oversized smooth-walled horn is designed, fabricated, and measured for gyrotron traveling-wave tubes.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141939421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3436680
Kun Gao;Yulong Zhou;Tong Li;Huanhuan Yang;Sijia Li;Xiangyu Cao
In this article, a novel frequency-reconfigurable and decoupled method for dual-port single-radiating patch antennas is proposed. This method is implemented by field and circuit investigations using characteristic mode analysis (CMA). First, the resonant frequencies and modal electric fields of even and odd modes are studied in detail by loading single-column metallized vias on a single-radiating patch. The coupling between two ports is suppressed by even and odd mode cancellation. Then, the gap capacitance is introduced by etching slots on both sides of the metalized vias on the single-radiating patch. The capacitance varies with the length of the slots. Subsequently, two p-i-n diodes are implanted in each slot, and the length of the slots is adjusted by controlling the on-off state of the diodes, thereby tuning the resonant frequency of the modes. Equivalent circuit models are employed to further delve into the decoupling mechanism and guide the selection of inductance and capacitance. Finally, frequency-reconfigurable and decoupled antenna (FRDA) is elaborately designed and fabricated, and good agreement is achieved between the simulation and the measurement. The measured broadband tuning and significant isolation performances validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
{"title":"Design of Frequency-Reconfigurable and Decoupled Dual-Port Single-Radiating Patch Antennas Using Characteristic Mode Analysis","authors":"Kun Gao;Yulong Zhou;Tong Li;Huanhuan Yang;Sijia Li;Xiangyu Cao","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3436680","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3436680","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a novel frequency-reconfigurable and decoupled method for dual-port single-radiating patch antennas is proposed. This method is implemented by field and circuit investigations using characteristic mode analysis (CMA). First, the resonant frequencies and modal electric fields of even and odd modes are studied in detail by loading single-column metallized vias on a single-radiating patch. The coupling between two ports is suppressed by even and odd mode cancellation. Then, the gap capacitance is introduced by etching slots on both sides of the metalized vias on the single-radiating patch. The capacitance varies with the length of the slots. Subsequently, two p-i-n diodes are implanted in each slot, and the length of the slots is adjusted by controlling the on-off state of the diodes, thereby tuning the resonant frequency of the modes. Equivalent circuit models are employed to further delve into the decoupling mechanism and guide the selection of inductance and capacitance. Finally, frequency-reconfigurable and decoupled antenna (FRDA) is elaborately designed and fabricated, and good agreement is achieved between the simulation and the measurement. The measured broadband tuning and significant isolation performances validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141939564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1109/tap.2024.3437205
Qian Chen, Feng Yang, Chao Sun, Yikai Chen, Jun Hu, Shiwen Yang
{"title":"A Fast Analytical Approach for the Simulation of Stratified Hemispherical Lens","authors":"Qian Chen, Feng Yang, Chao Sun, Yikai Chen, Jun Hu, Shiwen Yang","doi":"10.1109/tap.2024.3437205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2024.3437205","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141939424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1109/tap.2024.3436685
Ziliang Wei, Shuang Yang, Zhizhang Chen, Mang I Vai, Sio Hang Pun, Jiejie Yang, Yueming Gao
{"title":"A Reconfigurable Impedance Matching Method for Magnetic-Coupling-Based Near-Field Human Body Communication","authors":"Ziliang Wei, Shuang Yang, Zhizhang Chen, Mang I Vai, Sio Hang Pun, Jiejie Yang, Yueming Gao","doi":"10.1109/tap.2024.3436685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2024.3436685","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141939425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1109/tap.2024.3436679
Ming Jiang, Wei Jian Ran, Jun Wei Wu, Xiong Yang, Yin Li, Rui Yuan Wu, Qiang Cheng, Jun Hu, Tie Jun Cui
{"title":"Efficient and Accurate Simulations of Metamaterials Based on Domain Decomposition and Unit Feature Database","authors":"Ming Jiang, Wei Jian Ran, Jun Wei Wu, Xiong Yang, Yin Li, Rui Yuan Wu, Qiang Cheng, Jun Hu, Tie Jun Cui","doi":"10.1109/tap.2024.3436679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2024.3436679","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141939565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this communication, a leaky wave antenna (LWA) based on the manipulation of slow wave dispersion curves, possessing high-scanning-rate and full-space-scanning capacities, is studied. The novelty of this design is presenting a universal technique from the point of the electric current path to control the cut-off frequency and slope of dispersive curve of slow wave units independently without extra loading slow wave layer, and applying it in odd-mode unit, thus realizing the full space scanning and high scanning rate. The odd-mode slow wave unit composed of two “half-cross-shaped” units, creates longitudinal current distribution and omnidirectional radiation components, enabling full space scanning possible. The cut-off frequency and slope of odd-mode unit is independently controlled by manipulating the longest electric current path length and electric field strength between the spacing. In this LWA, by unifying the cut-off frequency and changing the slope of dispersion curve, the spacing length modulation is introduced herein instead of classical groove depth modulation, which fully utilizes unit slow wave property while realizing radiation, thus achieving high scanning rate. The open stopband (OSB) is suppressed by asymmetrically loading a pair of the open-ended stubs at the outer side of periodic radiation structure along the transmission direction. A prototype of LWA is fabricated and measured demonstrating a continuous scanning from -90° to 90° in a frequency band of 11.7 to 13.6 GHz.
{"title":"Design of High-Scanning-Rate and Full-Space-Scanning Leaky Wave Antenna Utilizing the Manipulation of Slow Wave Dispersion Curve","authors":"Hong-Hao Zhang;Jian Ren;Wen Li;Xiao-Yuan Sun;Rui He;Yingzeng Yin","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3421321","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3421321","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, a leaky wave antenna (LWA) based on the manipulation of slow wave dispersion curves, possessing high-scanning-rate and full-space-scanning capacities, is studied. The novelty of this design is presenting a universal technique from the point of the electric current path to control the cut-off frequency and slope of dispersive curve of slow wave units independently without extra loading slow wave layer, and applying it in odd-mode unit, thus realizing the full space scanning and high scanning rate. The odd-mode slow wave unit composed of two “half-cross-shaped” units, creates longitudinal current distribution and omnidirectional radiation components, enabling full space scanning possible. The cut-off frequency and slope of odd-mode unit is independently controlled by manipulating the longest electric current path length and electric field strength between the spacing. In this LWA, by unifying the cut-off frequency and changing the slope of dispersion curve, the spacing length modulation is introduced herein instead of classical groove depth modulation, which fully utilizes unit slow wave property while realizing radiation, thus achieving high scanning rate. The open stopband (OSB) is suppressed by asymmetrically loading a pair of the open-ended stubs at the outer side of periodic radiation structure along the transmission direction. A prototype of LWA is fabricated and measured demonstrating a continuous scanning from -90° to 90° in a frequency band of 11.7 to 13.6 GHz.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141939572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3437241
Ben Martin;Colin Gilmore;Ian Jeffrey
Motivated by the benefits of using multifrequency data in traditional nonlinear iterative optimization approaches in microwave imaging (MWI), this work compares three different approaches to using multifrequency data in deep-learning-based MWI. Specifically, we evaluate the imaging capabilities of the following: 1) a multichannel simultaneous frequency data-to-image U-Net-like network; 2) a novel cascaded multifrequency network; and 3) a novel long short-term memory (LSTM)-based recurrent network. The cascaded and LSTM networks are motivated by marching-on-frequency approaches and attempt to leverage reconstructions at lower frequencies as additional input information at higher frequencies. Results on both synthetic and experimental data show that the LSTM-based approach significantly outperforms the other models.
{"title":"A Long Short-Term Memory Approach to Incorporating Multifrequency Data Into Deep-Learning-Based Microwave Imaging","authors":"Ben Martin;Colin Gilmore;Ian Jeffrey","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3437241","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3437241","url":null,"abstract":"Motivated by the benefits of using multifrequency data in traditional nonlinear iterative optimization approaches in microwave imaging (MWI), this work compares three different approaches to using multifrequency data in deep-learning-based MWI. Specifically, we evaluate the imaging capabilities of the following: 1) a multichannel simultaneous frequency data-to-image U-Net-like network; 2) a novel cascaded multifrequency network; and 3) a novel long short-term memory (LSTM)-based recurrent network. The cascaded and LSTM networks are motivated by marching-on-frequency approaches and attempt to leverage reconstructions at lower frequencies as additional input information at higher frequencies. Results on both synthetic and experimental data show that the LSTM-based approach significantly outperforms the other models.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141939573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3436578
Hoda M. Farhat;Joseph Costantine;Youssef Tawk;Rouwaida Kanj;Ali H. Ramadan;Batoul Dia;Joanna Ghaddar;Assaad A. Eid
This article discusses the design of circularly polarized V-band antenna arrays for continuous and wireless blood glucose monitoring. The proposed system is designed to be integrated into earrings to sense glucose variations at a distance and without physical contact with the sensed area. Sensing occurs when one antenna array transmits its radiated beam across the neck veins to be received by a second antenna array integrated into a second earring on the other side of the neck. The analysis of received signals versus transmitted signals using machine learning algorithms enables this system to track glucose variation in blood instantaneously with great fidelity. Experiments executed on fetal bovine serum (FBS) solutions and in vivo experiments on animal models demonstrate high accuracy in the ability of the proposed antenna array system to continuously track glucose concentrations across the diabetic range [30–500 mg/dl]. Furthermore, executed clinical studies reveal an accuracy of 94.82% in continuously monitoring glucose variations.
本文讨论了用于连续和无线血糖监测的圆极化 V 波段天线阵列的设计。所提议的系统可集成到耳环中，在远距离感测血糖变化，且无需与感测区域进行物理接触。当一个天线阵列穿过颈部静脉发射辐射波束，被集成在颈部另一侧第二个耳环中的第二个天线阵列接收时，就会发生感应。利用机器学习算法对接收信号和发射信号进行分析，使该系统能够即时、准确地跟踪血液中的葡萄糖变化。在胎牛血清（FBS）溶液上进行的实验和在动物模型上进行的体内实验表明，所提议的天线阵列系统能够在糖尿病患者的血糖浓度范围[30-500 mg/dl]内连续跟踪葡萄糖浓度，具有很高的准确性。此外，临床研究显示，连续监测葡萄糖变化的准确率为 94.82%。
{"title":"Wireless Continuous Glucose Monitoring Using V-Band Circularly Polarized Directive Antenna Arrays in a Transmit/Receive System","authors":"Hoda M. Farhat;Joseph Costantine;Youssef Tawk;Rouwaida Kanj;Ali H. Ramadan;Batoul Dia;Joanna Ghaddar;Assaad A. Eid","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3436578","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3436578","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the design of circularly polarized V-band antenna arrays for continuous and wireless blood glucose monitoring. The proposed system is designed to be integrated into earrings to sense glucose variations at a distance and without physical contact with the sensed area. Sensing occurs when one antenna array transmits its radiated beam across the neck veins to be received by a second antenna array integrated into a second earring on the other side of the neck. The analysis of received signals versus transmitted signals using machine learning algorithms enables this system to track glucose variation in blood instantaneously with great fidelity. Experiments executed on fetal bovine serum (FBS) solutions and in vivo experiments on animal models demonstrate high accuracy in the ability of the proposed antenna array system to continuously track glucose concentrations across the diabetic range [30–500 mg/dl]. Furthermore, executed clinical studies reveal an accuracy of 94.82% in continuously monitoring glucose variations.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141939566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Researchers have been trying to design metamaterial or metasurface with desired medium properties in a simple and flexible way. However, it is difficult to balance the performance, complexity, and cost. Digital circuits and systems have the abilities of describing the magnificent information world by simply using only two numbers, “0” and “1.” In this article, inspired by the digital electronics, we propose an approach that can synthesize the metasurface with arbitrary desired phase as easily as Boolean algebra. First, the notions of “phase bits” and “phase bytes” are originally developed. Then, the metasurface elements and the corresponding phase control circuits are designed to synthesize “phase bytes” with “phase bits.” Finally, several examples of the beam forming, the double beam, and the dynamic vortex beam are applied, demonstrating the capabilities and simplicity of our proposed approach in this article. This study makes it becomes feasible to synthesize metasurface as flexibly as digital techniques and may attract many interests, including anomalous reflection, dynamic hologram creation, 6G wireless communication, and others.
{"title":"High-Flexibility Low-Complexity Reprogrammable Phase-Continuous Metasurface","authors":"Huiping Yang;Qunqiang Hu;Yufan Rao;Wenfeng Zhong;Xiu Yin Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3437231","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3437231","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers have been trying to design metamaterial or metasurface with desired medium properties in a simple and flexible way. However, it is difficult to balance the performance, complexity, and cost. Digital circuits and systems have the abilities of describing the magnificent information world by simply using only two numbers, “0” and “1.” In this article, inspired by the digital electronics, we propose an approach that can synthesize the metasurface with arbitrary desired phase as easily as Boolean algebra. First, the notions of “phase bits” and “phase bytes” are originally developed. Then, the metasurface elements and the corresponding phase control circuits are designed to synthesize “phase bytes” with “phase bits.” Finally, several examples of the beam forming, the double beam, and the dynamic vortex beam are applied, demonstrating the capabilities and simplicity of our proposed approach in this article. This study makes it becomes feasible to synthesize metasurface as flexibly as digital techniques and may attract many interests, including anomalous reflection, dynamic hologram creation, 6G wireless communication, and others.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141939576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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