In this article, two new methods are proposed for miniaturizing planar ultrawideband (UWB) horizontally polarized (HP) omnidirectional Vivaldi antenna arrays. In the first method, the order of a power divider (PD) is decreased by means of feeding two neighboring Vivaldi antenna elements in series as a subarray or termed as a double-Vivaldi antenna element, and thus, the layout area required for a feeding network is reduced. Therefore, the layout problem of a conventional circular Vivaldi antenna array with a confined size is solved. Meanwhile, nonuniform elements with different taper rates are used to solve the in-band peak gain variation that is caused by a disc monopole mode. In this way, a nonuniform series-fed double-Vivaldi antenna array is presented. In the second method, a folded loop structure is introduced for an electrical size reduction of the aforementioned array. As a result, a lower resonant frequency is obtained. The measured results show that the final design has the advantages of a large operating bandwidth, a small footprint of $pi times $ ($0.284lambda _{max })^{2}$ , and a high gain. Besides, a clear design flowchart is given.
{"title":"Miniaturization of Ultrawideband Horizontally Polarized Omnidirectional Vivaldi Antenna Arrays Using Nonuniform Elements","authors":"Sui-Bin Liu;Fu-Shun Zhang;Guo-Jun Xie;Liwei Song;Yong-Xin Guo","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3503775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3503775","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, two new methods are proposed for miniaturizing planar ultrawideband (UWB) horizontally polarized (HP) omnidirectional Vivaldi antenna arrays. In the first method, the order of a power divider (PD) is decreased by means of feeding two neighboring Vivaldi antenna elements in series as a subarray or termed as a double-Vivaldi antenna element, and thus, the layout area required for a feeding network is reduced. Therefore, the layout problem of a conventional circular Vivaldi antenna array with a confined size is solved. Meanwhile, nonuniform elements with different taper rates are used to solve the in-band peak gain variation that is caused by a disc monopole mode. In this way, a nonuniform series-fed double-Vivaldi antenna array is presented. In the second method, a folded loop structure is introduced for an electrical size reduction of the aforementioned array. As a result, a lower resonant frequency is obtained. The measured results show that the final design has the advantages of a large operating bandwidth, a small footprint of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pi times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.284lambda _{max })^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and a high gain. Besides, a clear design flowchart is given.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 2","pages":"748-757"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-27DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3502900
Muhammad Hamza;Christos Exadaktylos;Constantinos L. Zekios;Stavros V. Georgakopoulos
A novel element for ultrawideband (UWB) tightly coupled arrays (TCAs) is introduced called the fully planar inverted-L element (FILE). Our FILE element is inspired by a traditional monopole antenna, thereby reducing its complexity in both design and fabrication. It offers a unique solution to realize UWB tightly coupled dipole arrays (TCDAs) in the V- and W- millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands. The unit cell of the FILE array consists of an inverted-L shaped radiator that is capacitively coupled to two grounded vias. This innovative design effectively shifts the common-mode resonance (CMR) and loop-mode resonance (LMR) outside the desired frequency range. Infinite array simulations of our array demonstrate an operational bandwidth of 3:1 (33–101 GHz) with VSWR<3 for a maximum scan angle of ±45° for all principal E-, H-, and D-planes. The measured results align closely with these simulations, validating the performance of our FILM array.
本文介绍了一种用于超宽带（UWB）紧耦合阵列（TCA）的新型元件，称为全平面倒 L 元件（FILE）。我们的 FILE 元件受到传统单极天线的启发，从而降低了设计和制造的复杂性。它为实现 V 波段和 W 波段毫米波 (mmWave) 的 UWB 紧耦合偶极子阵列 (TCDA) 提供了独特的解决方案。FILE 阵列的单元由一个倒 L 形辐射器组成，该辐射器与两个接地通孔电容耦合。这种创新设计有效地将共模谐振（CMR）和环模谐振（LMR）转移到所需频率范围之外。对我们的阵列进行的无限阵列仿真表明，在最大扫描角度为 ±45° 时，所有主 E、H 和 D 平面的工作带宽为 3:1（33-101 GHz），驻波比<3。测量结果与模拟结果非常吻合，验证了我们的 FILM 阵列的性能。
{"title":"An Ultrawideband Fully Planar Inverted-L Element (FILE) Array","authors":"Muhammad Hamza;Christos Exadaktylos;Constantinos L. Zekios;Stavros V. Georgakopoulos","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3502900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3502900","url":null,"abstract":"A novel element for ultrawideband (UWB) tightly coupled arrays (TCAs) is introduced called the fully planar inverted-L element (FILE). Our FILE element is inspired by a traditional monopole antenna, thereby reducing its complexity in both design and fabrication. It offers a unique solution to realize UWB tightly coupled dipole arrays (TCDAs) in the V- and W- millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands. The unit cell of the FILE array consists of an inverted-L shaped radiator that is capacitively coupled to two grounded vias. This innovative design effectively shifts the common-mode resonance (CMR) and loop-mode resonance (LMR) outside the desired frequency range. Infinite array simulations of our array demonstrate an operational bandwidth of 3:1 (33–101 GHz) with VSWR<3 for a maximum scan angle of ±45° for all principal E-, H-, and D-planes. The measured results align closely with these simulations, validating the performance of our FILM array.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"174-187"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-27DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3503916
Biying Han;Qi Wu;Chen Yu;Haiming Wang;Wei Hong
Low-wind-load designs are increasingly crucial for ultralarge-scale base station arrays operating in the sub-6 GHz band. Here, a sequential multiphysics machine-learning-assisted optimization (MLAO) method is proposed for the rapid design of a compact antenna with aerodynamic favorability and excellent electromagnetic (EM) performance. The total project area is reduced by designing a compact radiator and replacing the traditional metal ground with a topologically innovative metal ground. A $4 times 4$ array formed by the above antenna showcases a remarkable 73% reduction in the wind load, when each antenna element is independently packaged in a small radome. Moreover, the EM performance is greatly enhanced by optimizing the dipole arm topologies. The antenna prototype is fabricated and measured with a broad impedance bandwidth of 3.2–5.0 GHz, isolation higher than 20 dB, and realized gain of $6.5 pm 1.2$ dBi. The $4 times 4$ array shows a front-to-back ratio greater than 20 dB, cross-polarization discrimination greater than 15 dB, and realized gain of $18.6 pm 1.5$ dBi. These results demonstrate that the proposed antenna is suitable for 5G new radio frequency bands n77/n78/n79.
{"title":"Low-Wind-Load Broadband Dual-Polarized Antenna and Array Designs Using Sequential Multiphysics Machine-Learning-Assisted Optimization","authors":"Biying Han;Qi Wu;Chen Yu;Haiming Wang;Wei Hong","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3503916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3503916","url":null,"abstract":"Low-wind-load designs are increasingly crucial for ultralarge-scale base station arrays operating in the sub-6 GHz band. Here, a sequential multiphysics machine-learning-assisted optimization (MLAO) method is proposed for the rapid design of a compact antenna with aerodynamic favorability and excellent electromagnetic (EM) performance. The total project area is reduced by designing a compact radiator and replacing the traditional metal ground with a topologically innovative metal ground. A <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4 times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> array formed by the above antenna showcases a remarkable 73% reduction in the wind load, when each antenna element is independently packaged in a small radome. Moreover, the EM performance is greatly enhanced by optimizing the dipole arm topologies. The antenna prototype is fabricated and measured with a broad impedance bandwidth of 3.2–5.0 GHz, isolation higher than 20 dB, and realized gain of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6.5 pm 1.2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dBi. The <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4 times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> array shows a front-to-back ratio greater than 20 dB, cross-polarization discrimination greater than 15 dB, and realized gain of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$18.6 pm 1.5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dBi. These results demonstrate that the proposed antenna is suitable for 5G new radio frequency bands n77/n78/n79.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"135-148"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3502915
Wenkai Jia;Andreas Jakobsson;Jiangwei Jian;Ping Li;Bang Huang;Wen-Qin Wang
When processing radar signals, the target steering vector is generally only partially known, being subject to various forms of errors and mismatches. In this article, we investigate the design of an unimodular transmit sequence that is robust against steering vector mismatches, with the aim of enhancing the performance of a frequency diverse array multiple-input-multiple-output (FDA-MIMO) radar system in the presence of signal-dependent main-lobe interference. The design is formulated as a max-min problem, constrained by the constant modulus of the transmit waveform, and seeks to maximize the worst case output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) over the mismatched target steering vector. As the resulting problem is NP-hard, an iterative approximate scheme is proposed to allow for a feasible solution. Specifically, in each iteration, the inner optimization problem, which solves the norm-constrained steering vector mismatch, is addressed using a 1-D search. Subsequently, the unimodular transmit sequence is designed via two distinct algorithms, namely, the CC-SDR (Charnes-Cooper transformation combined with semidefinite relaxation technique) and CD-DIN (Dinkelbach’s procedure embedded in a coordinated decent framework) algorithms. Through numerical simulations, we demonstrate the preferable performance of the proposed approaches in mitigating the adverse effects of steering vector mismatch and signal-dependent main-lobe interference.
{"title":"Unimodular Transmit Sequence Design for FDA-MIMO Radar in the Presence of Mismatched Target Steering Vectors","authors":"Wenkai Jia;Andreas Jakobsson;Jiangwei Jian;Ping Li;Bang Huang;Wen-Qin Wang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3502915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3502915","url":null,"abstract":"When processing radar signals, the target steering vector is generally only partially known, being subject to various forms of errors and mismatches. In this article, we investigate the design of an unimodular transmit sequence that is robust against steering vector mismatches, with the aim of enhancing the performance of a frequency diverse array multiple-input-multiple-output (FDA-MIMO) radar system in the presence of signal-dependent main-lobe interference. The design is formulated as a max-min problem, constrained by the constant modulus of the transmit waveform, and seeks to maximize the worst case output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) over the mismatched target steering vector. As the resulting problem is NP-hard, an iterative approximate scheme is proposed to allow for a feasible solution. Specifically, in each iteration, the inner optimization problem, which solves the norm-constrained steering vector mismatch, is addressed using a 1-D search. Subsequently, the unimodular transmit sequence is designed via two distinct algorithms, namely, the CC-SDR (Charnes-Cooper transformation combined with semidefinite relaxation technique) and CD-DIN (Dinkelbach’s procedure embedded in a coordinated decent framework) algorithms. Through numerical simulations, we demonstrate the preferable performance of the proposed approaches in mitigating the adverse effects of steering vector mismatch and signal-dependent main-lobe interference.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"161-173"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143184046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3502912
Kaiqiao Yang;Che Liu;Wenming Yu;Tie Jun Cui
The rapid computation of electromagnetic (EM) fields across various scenarios has long been a challenge, primarily due to the need for precise geometric models. The emergence of point cloud data offers a potential solution to this issue. However, the lack of EM simulation algorithms optimized for point-based models remains a significant limitation. In this study, we propose PointEMRay, an innovative shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) framework designed explicitly for point-based geometries. To enable SBR on point clouds, we address two critical challenges: point-ray intersection (PRI) and multiple bounce computation (MBC). For PRI, we propose a screen-based method leveraging deep learning. Initially, we obtain coarse depth maps through ray tube tracing, which are then transformed by a neural network into dense depth maps, normal maps, and intersection masks, collectively referred to as geometric frame buffers (GFBs). For MBC, inspired by simultaneous localization and mapping techniques, we introduce a GFB-assisted approach. This involves aggregating GFBs from various observation angles and integrating them to recover the complete geometry. Subsequently, a ray tracing algorithm is applied to these GFBs to compute the scattering EM field. Numerical results and experiments demonstrate the superior performance of PointEMRay in terms of both accuracy and efficiency, including support for real-time simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first attempt to develop an SBR framework specifically tailored for point-based models.
{"title":"PointEMRay: A Novel Efficient SBR Framework on Point-Based Geometry","authors":"Kaiqiao Yang;Che Liu;Wenming Yu;Tie Jun Cui","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3502912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3502912","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid computation of electromagnetic (EM) fields across various scenarios has long been a challenge, primarily due to the need for precise geometric models. The emergence of point cloud data offers a potential solution to this issue. However, the lack of EM simulation algorithms optimized for point-based models remains a significant limitation. In this study, we propose PointEMRay, an innovative shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) framework designed explicitly for point-based geometries. To enable SBR on point clouds, we address two critical challenges: point-ray intersection (PRI) and multiple bounce computation (MBC). For PRI, we propose a screen-based method leveraging deep learning. Initially, we obtain coarse depth maps through ray tube tracing, which are then transformed by a neural network into dense depth maps, normal maps, and intersection masks, collectively referred to as geometric frame buffers (GFBs). For MBC, inspired by simultaneous localization and mapping techniques, we introduce a GFB-assisted approach. This involves aggregating GFBs from various observation angles and integrating them to recover the complete geometry. Subsequently, a ray tracing algorithm is applied to these GFBs to compute the scattering EM field. Numerical results and experiments demonstrate the superior performance of PointEMRay in terms of both accuracy and efficiency, including support for real-time simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first attempt to develop an SBR framework specifically tailored for point-based models.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"375-390"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3502836
Jingzhe Shan;Xiaojian Xu
Both the four-path-based multipath signal model and existent shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) techniques are widely used in electromagnetic (EM) scattering signature prediction for electrically large objects on rough surfaces. Either has its limitation, i.e., the lack of higher order interactions in the multipath model and the burdensome or even impractical ray tracing in SBR for low grazing angle cases where extremely large scenes must be considered. In this article, a multipath model enhanced SBR (MP-SBR) technique is proposed to deal with near-field EM scattering prediction for an object on rough surface in both low and high grazing angle cases. A modified rough surface reflection coefficient calculation formulation, which is employed to statistically quantify the coherently reflected fields from the rough surface, is first derived to consider the near-field effect on the multipath scattering fields. Then, the multipath model with the modified reflection coefficient is inserted into the near-field SBR process for a more exact while still efficient calculation of the scattered fields from an object on rough surface, including those not only stimulated from the direct incidence but also from the surface reflected illumination, which originates from the rough surface within the far-away Fresnel zone, as well as the EM interactions among the object and its nearby areas of the underlying surface. The results calculated using the method of moments (MoM) are used to validate the MP-SBR technique. Simulated radar images are also presented and compared with the measured counterparts to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed technique in high-fidelity radar image generation.
{"title":"Multipath Model Enhanced SBR Technique for Prediction of Near-Field EM Scattering From Objects on Rough Surfaces","authors":"Jingzhe Shan;Xiaojian Xu","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3502836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3502836","url":null,"abstract":"Both the four-path-based multipath signal model and existent shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) techniques are widely used in electromagnetic (EM) scattering signature prediction for electrically large objects on rough surfaces. Either has its limitation, i.e., the lack of higher order interactions in the multipath model and the burdensome or even impractical ray tracing in SBR for low grazing angle cases where extremely large scenes must be considered. In this article, a multipath model enhanced SBR (MP-SBR) technique is proposed to deal with near-field EM scattering prediction for an object on rough surface in both low and high grazing angle cases. A modified rough surface reflection coefficient calculation formulation, which is employed to statistically quantify the coherently reflected fields from the rough surface, is first derived to consider the near-field effect on the multipath scattering fields. Then, the multipath model with the modified reflection coefficient is inserted into the near-field SBR process for a more exact while still efficient calculation of the scattered fields from an object on rough surface, including those not only stimulated from the direct incidence but also from the surface reflected illumination, which originates from the rough surface within the far-away Fresnel zone, as well as the EM interactions among the object and its nearby areas of the underlying surface. The results calculated using the method of moments (MoM) are used to validate the MP-SBR technique. Simulated radar images are also presented and compared with the measured counterparts to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed technique in high-fidelity radar image generation.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"539-553"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10768936","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3501410
Bryce M. Barclay;Eric J. Kostelich;Alex Mahalov
Detecting and processing electromagnetic (EM) waves in modern applications involves obtaining time series data from EM sensors and applying standard methods such as the fast Fourier transform to obtain frequency and amplitude information. Often, however, EM sensors are accelerating through physical space, which results in modulated frequencies in the time series obtained by the sensor. In this work, we evaluate the effect of receiver acceleration on observed signals in the context of wireless communications and introduce methods to reconstruct the transmitted signal. We analyze the effect of constant acceleration and uniform circular motion which result in sensor time series that are distorted by quadratic and sinusoidal phase changes, creating physical linear and angular chirps, respectively. In a homogeneous medium, the time sampling of the received signal can be transformed to a nonuniform grid to account for the phase modulations induced by acceleration along 3-D trajectories in space. The nonuniform fast Fourier transform can then be applied to recover the spectrum of the transmitted signal. For general EM wave fields, new signal processing techniques need to be developed. We introduce a physics-informed randomized algorithm to analyze and reconstruct transmitted sparse EM signals propagating in inhomogeneous, stratified media using time series data of the electric field obtained from sensors moving along arbitrary trajectories in space. Our work goes beyond conventional Doppler analysis and includes general nonlinear phases and directionality effects.
{"title":"Physics-Informed Signal Processing for Time Series Data From Accelerating Sensors","authors":"Bryce M. Barclay;Eric J. Kostelich;Alex Mahalov","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3501410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3501410","url":null,"abstract":"Detecting and processing electromagnetic (EM) waves in modern applications involves obtaining time series data from EM sensors and applying standard methods such as the fast Fourier transform to obtain frequency and amplitude information. Often, however, EM sensors are accelerating through physical space, which results in modulated frequencies in the time series obtained by the sensor. In this work, we evaluate the effect of receiver acceleration on observed signals in the context of wireless communications and introduce methods to reconstruct the transmitted signal. We analyze the effect of constant acceleration and uniform circular motion which result in sensor time series that are distorted by quadratic and sinusoidal phase changes, creating physical linear and angular chirps, respectively. In a homogeneous medium, the time sampling of the received signal can be transformed to a nonuniform grid to account for the phase modulations induced by acceleration along 3-D trajectories in space. The nonuniform fast Fourier transform can then be applied to recover the spectrum of the transmitted signal. For general EM wave fields, new signal processing techniques need to be developed. We introduce a physics-informed randomized algorithm to analyze and reconstruct transmitted sparse EM signals propagating in inhomogeneous, stratified media using time series data of the electric field obtained from sensors moving along arbitrary trajectories in space. Our work goes beyond conventional Doppler analysis and includes general nonlinear phases and directionality effects.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"528-538"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10767170","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3501415
Jeongtaek Oh;Kiseo Kim;Jaeuk Choi;Jungsuek Oh
This study introduces a novel modular antenna-in-display (MAiD) concept for advanced smartphone antenna modularization. It focuses on dual-polarization integration in a compact space within the display panel, essential for millimeter-wave (mmWave) 5G smartphones operating in the n257 and n258 bands of FR2. The adaptable MAiD is compatible with various displays, including foldable and slidable types. The MAiD ingeniously utilizes the display panel’s dead space (DS), a narrow 300-$mu $ m area, for antenna placement. This innovation is integrated into the same layer as the touch sensor (TS). We propose two $1times 4$ antenna array configurations within the DS for dual-linear polarization, enhancing capacity through selection diversity. The antennas, named antenna-in-display parallel to DS (AiD-pDS) and antenna-in-display normal to DS (AiD-nDS), are fabricated with a 50-$mu $ m-thick polyimide film. Their design allows embedding in a $0.03lambda _{0}$ width of the DS. The MAiD achieves impressive 10-dB return-loss bandwidths of 26.7–28.6 GHz and 24.5–28.1 GHz, with measured boresight gains of 9.041 and 8.824 dBi for AiD-pDS and AiD-nDS, respectively. It maintains over 12-dB cross-polarization level (XPL), demonstrating its effectiveness for modern smartphone technologies.
{"title":"Tightly Embedded Modular Antenna-in-Display (MAiD) Into the Panel Edge of Display With Dual-Polarization for 5G Smartphones","authors":"Jeongtaek Oh;Kiseo Kim;Jaeuk Choi;Jungsuek Oh","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3501415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3501415","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces a novel modular antenna-in-display (MAiD) concept for advanced smartphone antenna modularization. It focuses on dual-polarization integration in a compact space within the display panel, essential for millimeter-wave (mmWave) 5G smartphones operating in the n257 and n258 bands of FR2. The adaptable MAiD is compatible with various displays, including foldable and slidable types. The MAiD ingeniously utilizes the display panel’s dead space (DS), a narrow 300-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m area, for antenna placement. This innovation is integrated into the same layer as the touch sensor (TS). We propose two <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> antenna array configurations within the DS for dual-linear polarization, enhancing capacity through selection diversity. The antennas, named antenna-in-display parallel to DS (AiD-pDS) and antenna-in-display normal to DS (AiD-nDS), are fabricated with a 50-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m-thick polyimide film. Their design allows embedding in a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.03lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> width of the DS. The MAiD achieves impressive 10-dB return-loss bandwidths of 26.7–28.6 GHz and 24.5–28.1 GHz, with measured boresight gains of 9.041 and 8.824 dBi for AiD-pDS and AiD-nDS, respectively. It maintains over 12-dB cross-polarization level (XPL), demonstrating its effectiveness for modern smartphone technologies.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 2","pages":"1209-1214"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143361484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3501473
Aditya Singh;Carlos E. Saavedra
A compact wideband magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna array with substrate-integrated coaxial line (SICL) feed is proposed for wide beam steering (BS) applications. The SICL line is transformed into a grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) to feed the ME dipole element. The element is first miniaturized using a closed U-shaped slot realized on SICL-GCPW ground, C-shaped shorting strip on ME dipole, and reactive impedance surface (RIS) loading. The element achieves an impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 59.44% at the center frequency ($rm f_{0}$ ) of 22.125 GHz while maintaining a compact size of $rm 0.33 lambda _{0}, times , rm 0.28 lambda _{0}$ (excluding RIS), where $rm lambda _{0}$ is free space wavelength at $rm f_{0}$ . A corporate feed network with low port imbalances is designed using SICL technology, which is used to realize an eight-element uniform linear array (ULA). Experiments reveal a measured IBW of 55.43% and a measured peak realized gain of 13.2 dBi ($11.53~rm pm ~1.67$ dBi). BS measurements at 24 and 27 GHz show realized gain BS to $rm pm 45^{circ } $ with worst case total scan loss (TSL)/sidelobe level (SLL)/cross-polarization discrimination of 3/-10.9/15.2 dB and 4.13/-5.2/14.8 dB, respectively. Array prototypes use Rogers 4003 with width $3.96lambda _{0}$ ($rm f_{0} =22.15$ GHz).
{"title":"Wideband Magnetoelectric Dipole Phased Array With SICL Feed and Reactive Impedance Surface","authors":"Aditya Singh;Carlos E. Saavedra","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3501473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3501473","url":null,"abstract":"A compact wideband magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna array with substrate-integrated coaxial line (SICL) feed is proposed for wide beam steering (BS) applications. The SICL line is transformed into a grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) to feed the ME dipole element. The element is first miniaturized using a closed U-shaped slot realized on SICL-GCPW ground, C-shaped shorting strip on ME dipole, and reactive impedance surface (RIS) loading. The element achieves an impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 59.44% at the center frequency (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$rm f_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 22.125 GHz while maintaining a compact size of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$rm 0.33 lambda _{0}, times , rm 0.28 lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (excluding RIS), where <inline-formula> <tex-math>$rm lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is free space wavelength at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$rm f_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. A corporate feed network with low port imbalances is designed using SICL technology, which is used to realize an eight-element uniform linear array (ULA). Experiments reveal a measured IBW of 55.43% and a measured peak realized gain of 13.2 dBi (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$11.53~rm pm ~1.67$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dBi). BS measurements at 24 and 27 GHz show realized gain BS to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$rm pm 45^{circ } $ </tex-math></inline-formula> with worst case total scan loss (TSL)/sidelobe level (SLL)/cross-polarization discrimination of 3/-10.9/15.2 dB and 4.13/-5.2/14.8 dB, respectively. Array prototypes use Rogers 4003 with width <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3.96lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$rm f_{0} =22.15$ </tex-math></inline-formula> GHz).","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"293-303"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For antenna optimization, computationally expensive full-wave EM simulations are necessary, making efficient design of antennas a challenge. Since there are only a few local minimums, some existing algorithms without considering this feature need a lot of useless EM simulations, leading to poor optimization efficiencies. In this article, a hybrid self-adaptive differential evolution (SADE) algorithm with a simplified Bayesian local optimizer (SBLO) (SADE-SBLO) is proposed for improving antenna optimization efficiencies, in which the SADE is used to generate the offspring population. The algorithm also consists of the following four modification strategies: 1) an individual parallel prediction method for reducing surrogate model training (SMT) and prediction times; 2) an offspring quality pre-assessment method for improving offspring quality and further reducing the number of EM simulations; 3) a self-adaptive database increment method for adapting the algorithm to different optimization stages and also serving as a start-up switch for the local optimizer; and 4) an SBLO for improving optimization efficiency in the later stage. These strategies are closely integrated to make the algorithm better balance exploration and exploitation, reduce useless EM simulations, and converge faster. Four representative antenna cases are optimized. Compared with some existing algorithms such as DE and the surrogate model-assisted differential evolution algorithm (SADEA), the proposed algorithm is efficient.
{"title":"A Hybrid Self-Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm With Simplified Bayesian Local Optimizer for Efficient Design of Antennas","authors":"Tian-Ye Gao;Yong-Chang Jiao;Yi-Xuan Zhang;Li Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TAP.2024.3501406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3501406","url":null,"abstract":"For antenna optimization, computationally expensive full-wave EM simulations are necessary, making efficient design of antennas a challenge. Since there are only a few local minimums, some existing algorithms without considering this feature need a lot of useless EM simulations, leading to poor optimization efficiencies. In this article, a hybrid self-adaptive differential evolution (SADE) algorithm with a simplified Bayesian local optimizer (SBLO) (SADE-SBLO) is proposed for improving antenna optimization efficiencies, in which the SADE is used to generate the offspring population. The algorithm also consists of the following four modification strategies: 1) an individual parallel prediction method for reducing surrogate model training (SMT) and prediction times; 2) an offspring quality pre-assessment method for improving offspring quality and further reducing the number of EM simulations; 3) a self-adaptive database increment method for adapting the algorithm to different optimization stages and also serving as a start-up switch for the local optimizer; and 4) an SBLO for improving optimization efficiency in the later stage. These strategies are closely integrated to make the algorithm better balance exploration and exploitation, reduce useless EM simulations, and converge faster. Four representative antenna cases are optimized. Compared with some existing algorithms such as DE and the surrogate model-assisted differential evolution algorithm (SADEA), the proposed algorithm is efficient.","PeriodicalId":13102,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","volume":"73 1","pages":"391-404"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142993228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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