Pub Date : 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3526110
Orlando Quaranta;Don Jensen;Kelsey Morgan;Joel C. Weber;Jessica L. McChesney;Hao Zheng;Tejas Guruswamy;Jonathan Baldwin;Ben Mates;Nathan Ortiz;Johnathon Gard;Doug Bennet;Dan Schmidt;Lisa Gades;Antonino Miceli
This project explores the design and development of a transition edge sensor (TES) spectrometer for resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSXS) measurements developed in collaboration between Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Soft X-ray scattering is a powerful technique for studying the electronic and magnetic properties of materials on a microscopic level. However, the lack of high-performance soft X-ray spectrometers has limited the potential of this technique. TES spectrometers have the potential to overcome these limitations due to their high energy resolution, high efficiency, and broad energy range. This project aims to optimize the design of a TES spectrometer for RSXS measurements and more generally soft X-ray spectroscopy at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) 29-ID, leading to improved understanding of advanced materials. We will present a detailed description of the instrument design and implementation. The spectrometer consists of a large array of approximately 250 high-speed and high-resolution pixels. The pixels have saturation energies of approximately 1 keV, sub-ms pulse duration and energy resolution of approximately 1 eV. The array is read out using microwave multiplexing chips with MHz bandwidth per channel, enabling efficient data throughput. To facilitate measurement of samples in situ under ultra-high vacuum conditions at the beamline, the spectrometer is integrated with an approximately 1 m long snout.
{"title":"A High-Speed, High-Resolution Transition Edge Sensor Spectrometer for Soft X-Rays at the Advanced Photon Source","authors":"Orlando Quaranta;Don Jensen;Kelsey Morgan;Joel C. Weber;Jessica L. McChesney;Hao Zheng;Tejas Guruswamy;Jonathan Baldwin;Ben Mates;Nathan Ortiz;Johnathon Gard;Doug Bennet;Dan Schmidt;Lisa Gades;Antonino Miceli","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3526110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3526110","url":null,"abstract":"This project explores the design and development of a transition edge sensor (TES) spectrometer for resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSXS) measurements developed in collaboration between Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Soft X-ray scattering is a powerful technique for studying the electronic and magnetic properties of materials on a microscopic level. However, the lack of high-performance soft X-ray spectrometers has limited the potential of this technique. TES spectrometers have the potential to overcome these limitations due to their high energy resolution, high efficiency, and broad energy range. This project aims to optimize the design of a TES spectrometer for RSXS measurements and more generally soft X-ray spectroscopy at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) 29-ID, leading to improved understanding of advanced materials. We will present a detailed description of the instrument design and implementation. The spectrometer consists of a large array of approximately 250 high-speed and high-resolution pixels. The pixels have saturation energies of approximately 1 keV, sub-ms pulse duration and energy resolution of approximately 1 eV. The array is read out using microwave multiplexing chips with MHz bandwidth per channel, enabling efficient data throughput. To facilitate measurement of samples in situ under ultra-high vacuum conditions at the beamline, the spectrometer is integrated with an approximately 1 m long snout.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We fabricated a multi-layer coil with multiple turns per layer using a spiral-coated-conductor cable and measured its ac losses. Additionally, we measured the transport & magnetization losses of a short sample of the cable and integrated them to estimate the losses in the entire coil. The measured ac loss of the coil was significantly larger than the integrated transport loss of the short sample, likely because the ac loss in a turn of the coil was dominated by the transverse magnetic field generated by other turns. Furthermore, the measured coil loss was larger than the sum of the integrated transport and magnetization losses. The interaction between the transverse magnetic field and the azimuthal self-magnetic field of each turn might cause this difference.
{"title":"AC Loss Measurements of Coils Wound With Spiral-Coated-Conductor Cables","authors":"Hiiragi Uegaki;Yusuke Sogabe;Satoshi Fukui;Naoyuki Amemiya","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3529409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3529409","url":null,"abstract":"We fabricated a multi-layer coil with multiple turns per layer using a spiral-coated-conductor cable and measured its ac losses. Additionally, we measured the transport & magnetization losses of a short sample of the cable and integrated them to estimate the losses in the entire coil. The measured ac loss of the coil was significantly larger than the integrated transport loss of the short sample, likely because the ac loss in a turn of the coil was dominated by the transverse magnetic field generated by other turns. Furthermore, the measured coil loss was larger than the sum of the integrated transport and magnetization losses. The interaction between the transverse magnetic field and the azimuthal self-magnetic field of each turn might cause this difference.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3529411
C. D. Coats;Z. D. Kauffman;G. D. May;P. M. McIntyre;J. S. Rogers;T. Tran
An ‘LHe-free’ test cryostat is being constructed to support the testing of superconducting wires, cables, and windings. Up to 20 kA is delivered through two high-current ternary lead pairs, each consisting of a resistive, vapor-cooled upper segment and a conduction-cooled HTS lower segment. Conductive and resistive heat are removed from the leads by LN2 boiloff at 80 K, by a cryocooler at 20 K, and by two cryocoolers at 4 K. The interception of heat at 20 K reduces the 4 K heat load of each lead to <1>2 bath.
{"title":"Construction of the HTS Portions of a Pair of 10 kA Ternary Leads for an “LHe-Free” Test Cryostat","authors":"C. D. Coats;Z. D. Kauffman;G. D. May;P. M. McIntyre;J. S. Rogers;T. Tran","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3529411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3529411","url":null,"abstract":"An ‘LHe-free’ test cryostat is being constructed to support the testing of superconducting wires, cables, and windings. Up to 20 kA is delivered through two high-current ternary lead pairs, each consisting of a resistive, vapor-cooled upper segment and a conduction-cooled HTS lower segment. Conductive and resistive heat are removed from the leads by LN<sub>2</sub> boiloff at 80 K, by a cryocooler at 20 K, and by two cryocoolers at 4 K. The interception of heat at 20 K reduces the 4 K heat load of each lead to <1>2</sub> bath.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143369941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2024.3515967
Earle E. Burkhardt;Robert C. Duckworth;Sergey Smolentsev
A lead-lithium (PbLi) flow loop design is being carried out at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. PbLi is the most likely candidate for liquid tritium breeder material of fusion reactors, and a deuterium-tritium reaction is one of the leading candidates for fusion reactions. Although deuterium is found naturally, tritium is not. The project will develop a simulation workflow and design a flowing PbLi corrosion loop with a dipole magnetic field and surface heating in the test section, reaching prototypical fusion blanket conditions. The magnetic field requirements for the dipole are: maximum field of 4 Tesla, a good-field region (GFR) that is 200 mm by 200 mm and 1.5 m long, <1% non-uniformity and the ability to operate the magnet with the magnetic axis both horizontal and vertical. Two options are being considered: (1) a traditional iron-dominated dipole with rectangular coils and an iron yoke that includes pole tips, and (2) a canted cosine theta (CCT) dipole with an iron yoke. Although the CCT dipole is much more compact and requires a significantly smaller yoke for magnetic shielding, it does not allow easy access to the test section. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each design.
{"title":"Comparison of Traditional Iron-Dominated and Canted Cosine Theta Dipoles for PbLi Loop","authors":"Earle E. Burkhardt;Robert C. Duckworth;Sergey Smolentsev","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2024.3515967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2024.3515967","url":null,"abstract":"A lead-lithium (PbLi) flow loop design is being carried out at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. PbLi is the most likely candidate for liquid tritium breeder material of fusion reactors, and a deuterium-tritium reaction is one of the leading candidates for fusion reactions. Although deuterium is found naturally, tritium is not. The project will develop a simulation workflow and design a flowing PbLi corrosion loop with a dipole magnetic field and surface heating in the test section, reaching prototypical fusion blanket conditions. The magnetic field requirements for the dipole are: maximum field of 4 Tesla, a good-field region (GFR) that is 200 mm by 200 mm and 1.5 m long, <1% non-uniformity and the ability to operate the magnet with the magnetic axis both horizontal and vertical. Two options are being considered: (1) a traditional iron-dominated dipole with rectangular coils and an iron yoke that includes pole tips, and (2) a canted cosine theta (CCT) dipole with an iron yoke. Although the CCT dipole is much more compact and requires a significantly smaller yoke for magnetic shielding, it does not allow easy access to the test section. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each design.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143369965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3529408
Ying-Zhe Li;Yi-Fu Yan;Yiwen Chen;Siping Zhu;Xiao-Fen Li
This article presents a critical current measurement on high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coated conductor tapes, utilizing a shunt current. In the experiment, a shunt resistance of approximately 40 μΩ is connected parallel to the HTS tape to divert a hundred-mA-level shunt current, which is measured by a fluxgate current sensor with much high accuracy than normal voltage measurement. The sampling bandwidth achieved was up to kHz with a resolution of 0.1 mA. Compared to direct voltage measurement, earlier detection of the flux flow resistance onset is achieved for the HTS tapes. This reduces the risk of instantaneous joule heat surges that could damage the tape, thereby significantly enhancing both the safety and accuracy of the measurement,ensuring the safety of the tape and potentially the magnets.
{"title":"Resistive Onset Determination of Coated Condutors Utilizing a Shunt Current Instead of Voltage Measurement","authors":"Ying-Zhe Li;Yi-Fu Yan;Yiwen Chen;Siping Zhu;Xiao-Fen Li","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3529408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3529408","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a critical current measurement on high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coated conductor tapes, utilizing a shunt current. In the experiment, a shunt resistance of approximately 40 μΩ is connected parallel to the HTS tape to divert a hundred-mA-level shunt current, which is measured by a fluxgate current sensor with much high accuracy than normal voltage measurement. The sampling bandwidth achieved was up to kHz with a resolution of 0.1 mA. Compared to direct voltage measurement, earlier detection of the flux flow resistance onset is achieved for the HTS tapes. This reduces the risk of instantaneous joule heat surges that could damage the tape, thereby significantly enhancing both the safety and accuracy of the measurement,ensuring the safety of the tape and potentially the magnets.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3529420
Ye Bai;Holger Witte;Peng Xu;Mithlesh Kumar;Sara Notaro
The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), a powerful new facility to be built in the United States at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory in collaboration with Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, will explore the most fundamental building blocks of nearly all visible matter. There are many different types of superconducting magnets near the interaction region (IR) of EIC. Due to space constraints and special lattice requirements, Tapered CCT (canted-cosine theta) magnets have been used for EIC. At beam injection, the magnetic field is only ∼5.5% of the maximum operating field. Considerable field errors will be generated from persistent current in superconducting strands even using very fine filament for those superconductors.A tapered CCT demonstrator magnet has been built and tested successfully at BNL since July 2020 to evaluate the key technologies for future tapered CCT magnets. In October 2023, BNL team also measured the persistent current in this demonstrator magnet. To validate the persistent current simulation methods for CCT magnets in EIC, this paper used a full 3D Opera Model and measured magnetization data from superconducting strand for the simulation. Simulation results showed reasonable agreement with recent measurement results.
{"title":"Persistent Current Simulation for CCT Testing Magnet Used in EIC","authors":"Ye Bai;Holger Witte;Peng Xu;Mithlesh Kumar;Sara Notaro","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3529420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3529420","url":null,"abstract":"The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), a powerful new facility to be built in the United States at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory in collaboration with Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, will explore the most fundamental building blocks of nearly all visible matter. There are many different types of superconducting magnets near the interaction region (IR) of EIC. Due to space constraints and special lattice requirements, Tapered CCT (canted-cosine theta) magnets have been used for EIC. At beam injection, the magnetic field is only ∼5.5% of the maximum operating field. Considerable field errors will be generated from persistent current in superconducting strands even using very fine filament for those superconductors.A tapered CCT demonstrator magnet has been built and tested successfully at BNL since July 2020 to evaluate the key technologies for future tapered CCT magnets. In October 2023, BNL team also measured the persistent current in this demonstrator magnet. To validate the persistent current simulation methods for CCT magnets in EIC, this paper used a full 3D Opera Model and measured magnetization data from superconducting strand for the simulation. Simulation results showed reasonable agreement with recent measurement results.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143369966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To explore the feasibility of using high-temperature superconducting (HTS) REBCO coated conductors in future accelerator magnets, two REBCO flat racetrack coils were fabricated using 4-mm wide EuBCO tapes at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK). These coils were tested as an insert inside a Nb$_{3}$Sn common-coil dipole magnet, which provides a background field of up to $sim$ 9.5T, at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). REBCO tapes offer exceptionally high critical current density under strong magnetic fields; however, they also exhibit significant magnetization due to screening currents, leading to magnetic field errors. This study presents a 2D finite element model of screening current-induced fields (SCIF) in REBCO coils using the T-A formulation, along with the results obtained. Simulations were then performed for two KEK test cases: one where the REBCO conductors were oriented with the HTS tapes parallel to the background field, and another where the tapes were perpendicular to it. Since screening currents also influence the stress distribution and increase the peak stress in the coils, the mechanical effects of these currents were analyzed. The implications of these simulation and test results for the design of Nb$_{3}$Sn/REBCO superconducting accelerator magnets are discussed.
{"title":"Analysis of Screening Current Effects in a Hybrid Nb$_{3}$Sn/REBCO Superconducting Accelerator Magnet Using a T-A Formulation","authors":"Ye Yang;Yufan Yan;Febin Kurian;Mukesh Dhakarwal;Masami Iio;Kento Suzuki;Xiaorong Wang;Ramesh Gupta;Toru Ogitsu;Tengming Shen","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3528378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3528378","url":null,"abstract":"To explore the feasibility of using high-temperature superconducting (HTS) REBCO coated conductors in future accelerator magnets, two REBCO flat racetrack coils were fabricated using 4-mm wide EuBCO tapes at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK). These coils were tested as an insert inside a Nb<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>Sn common-coil dipole magnet, which provides a background field of up to <inline-formula><tex-math>$sim$</tex-math></inline-formula> 9.5T, at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). REBCO tapes offer exceptionally high critical current density under strong magnetic fields; however, they also exhibit significant magnetization due to screening currents, leading to magnetic field errors. This study presents a 2D finite element model of screening current-induced fields (SCIF) in REBCO coils using the <italic>T</i>-<italic>A</i> formulation, along with the results obtained. Simulations were then performed for two KEK test cases: one where the REBCO conductors were oriented with the HTS tapes parallel to the background field, and another where the tapes were perpendicular to it. Since screening currents also influence the stress distribution and increase the peak stress in the coils, the mechanical effects of these currents were analyzed. The implications of these simulation and test results for the design of Nb<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>Sn/REBCO superconducting accelerator magnets are discussed.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A submarine, hybrid cable for the simultaneous transfer of green electricity and Liquid Hydrogen ($text{LH}_{2}$) in a 30 km-long pipeline from an offshore renewable power plant, in the Adriatic Sea is presented here. The superconducting (SC) cable is designed with $text{MgB}_{2}$ strands to carry the transport current with a significant margin. The SC strands are twisted around a bundle of normal conducting strands with the function of protecting against overcurrents and ensuring at the same time flexibility of the cable. The SC cable, covered by multiple layers of cold dielectric, is inserted into a corrugated pipe, constituting the inner part of a cryostat where $text{LH}_{2}$ flows. $text{LH}_{2}$ has the dual function of cryogen and energy carrier. The outer part of the cryostat is designed to limit the heat load to less than 2 W/m, and to withstand the pressure in operation due to the submarine installation at a maximum depth of ∼ 50 m.
{"title":"Design of a Submarine 30-km $text{MgB}_{2}$ Cable for the Combined Transfer of 0.3 $text{GW}_text{e}$ and $text{LH}_{2}$ from Offshore Plants to the Ravenna Port","authors":"Michela Bracco;Alessandro Balbo;Christian-Erik Bruzek;Marco Breschi;Lorenzo Cavallucci;Stefania Farinon;Antonio Macchiagodena;Giovanni Mangiulli;Riccardo Musenich;Luca Soldati;Laura Savoldi","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3528923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3528923","url":null,"abstract":"A submarine, hybrid cable for the simultaneous transfer of green electricity and Liquid Hydrogen (<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{LH}_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) in a 30 km-long pipeline from an offshore renewable power plant, in the Adriatic Sea is presented here. The superconducting (SC) cable is designed with <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{MgB}_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> strands to carry the transport current with a significant margin. The SC strands are twisted around a bundle of normal conducting strands with the function of protecting against overcurrents and ensuring at the same time flexibility of the cable. The SC cable, covered by multiple layers of cold dielectric, is inserted into a corrugated pipe, constituting the inner part of a cryostat where <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{LH}_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> flows. <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{LH}_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> has the dual function of cryogen and energy carrier. The outer part of the cryostat is designed to limit the heat load to less than 2 W/m, and to withstand the pressure in operation due to the submarine installation at a maximum depth of ∼ 50 m.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143360955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-13DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3529424
Barbara Caiffi;Luca Alfonso;Andrea Bersani;Luca Bottura;Stefania Farinon;Andrea Gagno;Filippo Levi;Francesco Mariani;Samuele Mariotto;Riccardo Musenich;Daniel Novelli;Alessandra Pampaloni;Tiina Salmi;on behalf of IMCC
The International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC) has been formed with the aim of delivering a feasibility study on a Muon Collider facility, as recommended by the European Strategy for Particle Physics and supported by the European Union through the Grant Agreement 101094300. Such facility would allow to study frontier physics with a 10 km collider ring and a muon center of mass energy of 10 TeV. Several technical challenges arise due to the short rest lifetime of these particles (2.2 $mu$s), necessitating the use of cutting-edge technology for all components, particularly the superconducting magnets. In this contribution, we present the main challenges of such magnets, focusing on the performance limits of the available technology and the possible design choices. The LTS (Low Temperature Superconductor) materials Nb-Ti and Nb$_{3}$Sn and the ReBCO HTS (High Temperature Superconductor) are analysed, comparing costs, mechanical structure feasibility and ease of protection from quench, taking into account also the sustainability of the cooling and the compatibility with the beam dynamics constraints. Furthermore, preliminary designs of arc dipoles in cos$theta$ coil and block coil configurations is discussed, focusing on the maximum achievable bore field, the stress induced by the electromagnetic forces and the AC losses due to magnetization.
{"title":"Challenges and Perspectives of the Superconducting Magnets for the Muon Collider Storage Ring","authors":"Barbara Caiffi;Luca Alfonso;Andrea Bersani;Luca Bottura;Stefania Farinon;Andrea Gagno;Filippo Levi;Francesco Mariani;Samuele Mariotto;Riccardo Musenich;Daniel Novelli;Alessandra Pampaloni;Tiina Salmi;on behalf of IMCC","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3529424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3529424","url":null,"abstract":"The International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC) has been formed with the aim of delivering a feasibility study on a Muon Collider facility, as recommended by the European Strategy for Particle Physics and supported by the European Union through the Grant Agreement 101094300. Such facility would allow to study frontier physics with a 10 km collider ring and a muon center of mass energy of 10 TeV. Several technical challenges arise due to the short rest lifetime of these particles (2.2 <inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>s), necessitating the use of cutting-edge technology for all components, particularly the superconducting magnets. In this contribution, we present the main challenges of such magnets, focusing on the performance limits of the available technology and the possible design choices. The LTS (Low Temperature Superconductor) materials Nb-Ti and Nb<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>Sn and the ReBCO HTS (High Temperature Superconductor) are analysed, comparing costs, mechanical structure feasibility and ease of protection from quench, taking into account also the sustainability of the cooling and the compatibility with the beam dynamics constraints. Furthermore, preliminary designs of arc dipoles in cos<inline-formula><tex-math>$theta$</tex-math></inline-formula> coil and block coil configurations is discussed, focusing on the maximum achievable bore field, the stress induced by the electromagnetic forces and the AC losses due to magnetization.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143369942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-13DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3528310
Julien Dular;Arjan Verweij;Mariusz Wozniak
The simulation of transient effects in large-scale superconducting systems with the finite element method is computationally expensive. A Reduced Order Hysteretic Magnetization (ROHM) model has been recently proposed for the computation of the magnetization and loss of composite superconductors. It accounts for the interplay between hysteresis, eddy, and coupling effects, without a need to model the detailed current density distribution, leading to a substantial reduction of simulation time. The ROHM model naturally fits in finite element formulations written in terms of the magnetic field such as the $h$-$phi$- or $phi$-formulation, but these formulations are not always the optimal choice. For example, in the presence of ferromagnetic materials, one may prefer formulations written in terms of the magnetic flux density. In this context, we introduce in this paper a mixed $a$-$h$-formulation that implements the ROHM model. The main advantage of this formulation is the direct use of the constitutive relation defined by the ROHM model, without the need for its inversion. We discuss the computational efficiency of the new formulation compared to a conventional $phi$-formulation, based on a model of a composite superconducting strand.
{"title":"A Finite Element $a$-$h$-Formulation for the Reduced Order Hysteretic Magnetization Model for Composite Superconductors","authors":"Julien Dular;Arjan Verweij;Mariusz Wozniak","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3528310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3528310","url":null,"abstract":"The simulation of transient effects in large-scale superconducting systems with the finite element method is computationally expensive. A Reduced Order Hysteretic Magnetization (ROHM) model has been recently proposed for the computation of the magnetization and loss of composite superconductors. It accounts for the interplay between hysteresis, eddy, and coupling effects, without a need to model the detailed current density distribution, leading to a substantial reduction of simulation time. The ROHM model naturally fits in finite element formulations written in terms of the magnetic field such as the <inline-formula><tex-math>$h$</tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula><tex-math>$phi$</tex-math></inline-formula>- or <inline-formula><tex-math>$phi$</tex-math></inline-formula>-formulation, but these formulations are not always the optimal choice. For example, in the presence of ferromagnetic materials, one may prefer formulations written in terms of the magnetic flux density. In this context, we introduce in this paper a mixed <inline-formula><tex-math>$a$</tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula><tex-math>$h$</tex-math></inline-formula>-formulation that implements the ROHM model. The main advantage of this formulation is the direct use of the constitutive relation defined by the ROHM model, without the need for its inversion. We discuss the computational efficiency of the new formulation compared to a conventional <inline-formula><tex-math>$phi$</tex-math></inline-formula>-formulation, based on a model of a composite superconducting strand.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10839043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：