Pub Date : 2025-02-20DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3543793
Pai Peng;Yutong Fu;Weihang Peng;Yawei Wang
No-insulation (NI) high temperature superconduct-ing (HTS) coils show higher stability than traditionally insulated HTS coils. However, quench remains one of the most crucial issues affecting the safe operation of NI magnets. The quench behaviors in NI coils exhibit inherent complexity since turn-to-turn current redistribution. Low normal zone propagation speed of HTS materials makes it difficult to detect the local hotspot in the early stage of quench, which potentially leads to irreversible damage. In this study, a multi-physical quench behavior predictive model based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network for HTS NI coils is proposed. Quench data is obtained from an electromagnetic-thermal coupled numerical model with different quench initial locations. By leveraging multi-physical signals as input, the model can predict the dynamic quench behaviors over a future period of time, including temperature, azimuthal current, radial current density and magnetic field. Additionally, the model is capable of predicting quench behaviors at different spatial locations within the coil, achieving a prediction speed of 0.002 seconds and a prediction error below 0.2%. This method demonstrates promise for early quench detection using multi-physical signals and for enabling a timely protection system response.
{"title":"A Quench Behavior Predictive Model for High Temperature Superconducting Magnet Based on Deep-Learning Neural Network","authors":"Pai Peng;Yutong Fu;Weihang Peng;Yawei Wang","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3543793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3543793","url":null,"abstract":"No-insulation (NI) high temperature superconduct-ing (HTS) coils show higher stability than traditionally insulated HTS coils. However, quench remains one of the most crucial issues affecting the safe operation of NI magnets. The quench behaviors in NI coils exhibit inherent complexity since turn-to-turn current redistribution. Low normal zone propagation speed of HTS materials makes it difficult to detect the local hotspot in the early stage of quench, which potentially leads to irreversible damage. In this study, a multi-physical quench behavior predictive model based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network for HTS NI coils is proposed. Quench data is obtained from an electromagnetic-thermal coupled numerical model with different quench initial locations. By leveraging multi-physical signals as input, the model can predict the dynamic quench behaviors over a future period of time, including temperature, azimuthal current, radial current density and magnetic field. Additionally, the model is capable of predicting quench behaviors at different spatial locations within the coil, achieving a prediction speed of 0.002 seconds and a prediction error below 0.2%. This method demonstrates promise for early quench detection using multi-physical signals and for enabling a timely protection system response.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-20DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3544512
Francesco Lucchini
The complex electromagnetic behavior of conductor on round core (CORC), compounded by the high aspect ratio of superconducting tapes and the microscale thickness of REBCO layers, necessitates robust 3-D numerical tools. This article compares 3-D finite-element methods (FEMs) and integral equation methods (IEMs) for analyzing magnetization losses in superconducting tapes of CORC cables. Specifically, state-of-the-art FEM formulations, including the $H$, $H-varphi _{m}$, and $T-A$ methods, are benchmarked against a surface-based IEM approach. The numerical implementation strategies, computational efficiency, and performance of these methods are examined, emphasizing their strengths and limitations in addressing critical phenomena such as ac losses.
{"title":"Evaluating Magnetization Losses in 3-D CORC Tapes With Integral and Finite-Element Methods","authors":"Francesco Lucchini","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3544512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3544512","url":null,"abstract":"The complex electromagnetic behavior of conductor on round core (CORC), compounded by the high aspect ratio of superconducting tapes and the microscale thickness of REBCO layers, necessitates robust 3-D numerical tools. This article compares 3-D finite-element methods (FEMs) and integral equation methods (IEMs) for analyzing magnetization losses in superconducting tapes of CORC cables. Specifically, state-of-the-art FEM formulations, including the <inline-formula><tex-math>$H$</tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><tex-math>$H-varphi _{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><tex-math>$T-A$</tex-math></inline-formula> methods, are benchmarked against a surface-based IEM approach. The numerical implementation strategies, computational efficiency, and performance of these methods are examined, emphasizing their strengths and limitations in addressing critical phenomena such as ac losses.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 3","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRISs) that utilize Nb-Ti superconducting coils for 28 GHz frequencies have been operating effectively for over twenty years. However, transitioning to higher frequencies demands stronger magnetic fields, and the conventional racetrack-and-solenoid ECRIS structures have reached their maximum capability with Nb-Ti. To address this, a Mixed Axial and Radial field System Demonstrator (MARS-D) is being developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). This system features an innovative Closed-Loop Coil (CLC) design that optimizes the use of the conductor fields, enabling the application of Nb-Ti in the next-generation 45 GHz ECRISs. The fabrication of the hexagonal CLC is particularly challenging due to its complex winding path and shape, the stiffness of the Nb-Ti superconducting wire, and the small bending radius. To address these challenges, a series of unique fixtures and tools, as well as a pre-over-bending method, were developed for winding the CLC. To validate the winding fixtures, tools, procedures, and materials used in the coil assembly, a 4-layer practice CLC was wound, epoxy-impregnated, and then cold-tested using liquid nitrogen. The full-size MARS-D CLC is in the process of winding. This paper presents the structure of the MARS-D CLC, the winding fixtures and tools, the winding procedures, the quality control, the impregnation, the test results, and the potential future improvements.
{"title":"Fabrication of a Nb-Ti Superconducting Closed-Loop Coil for the Next-Generation 45 GHz ECR Ion Source MARS-D","authors":"Lianrong Xu;Janilee Benitez;Jaime Cruz Duran;Paolo Ferracin;Mariusz Juchno;Larry Phair;Damon Todd;Li Wang;Daniel Xie;Ye Yang","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3542743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3542743","url":null,"abstract":"Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRISs) that utilize Nb-Ti superconducting coils for 28 GHz frequencies have been operating effectively for over twenty years. However, transitioning to higher frequencies demands stronger magnetic fields, and the conventional racetrack-and-solenoid ECRIS structures have reached their maximum capability with Nb-Ti. To address this, a Mixed Axial and Radial field System Demonstrator (MARS-D) is being developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). This system features an innovative Closed-Loop Coil (CLC) design that optimizes the use of the conductor fields, enabling the application of Nb-Ti in the next-generation 45 GHz ECRISs. The fabrication of the hexagonal CLC is particularly challenging due to its complex winding path and shape, the stiffness of the Nb-Ti superconducting wire, and the small bending radius. To address these challenges, a series of unique fixtures and tools, as well as a pre-over-bending method, were developed for winding the CLC. To validate the winding fixtures, tools, procedures, and materials used in the coil assembly, a 4-layer practice CLC was wound, epoxy-impregnated, and then cold-tested using liquid nitrogen. The full-size MARS-D CLC is in the process of winding. This paper presents the structure of the MARS-D CLC, the winding fixtures and tools, the winding procedures, the quality control, the impregnation, the test results, and the potential future improvements.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new testing facility employing a 15 T transverse field to evaluate the full-service-field characteristics of superconducting materials is now under development in China. A primary objective involves producing a large bore 15 T dipole magnet to serve as the source of the transverse magnetic field load. In this study, we designed and constructed a compact high-temperature superconducting (HTS) dipole magnet insert, comprising six block-type double pancake (DP) coils wound with REBCO tapes. The insert features a user bore of 34 mm and an outer diameter of 110 mm, expected to generate a 5 T field at 4.2 K with an operating current of 278 A, within a 10 T low-temperature superconducting (LTS) background dipole magnet. According to numerical simulations, the sextupole coefficient $b_{mathrm{3}}$ is less than $5times 10^{-3}$ and the operating point $I_{text{op}}/I_{mathrm{c}}$ is below 0.6 considering the screening current. Circumferential reinforcement structures were externally integrated to the REBCO coil assembly to mitigate electromagnetic stress under high background fields. The magnet was successfully charged to 43 A, achieving a central field of 0.71 T at 77 K, validating the winding process and joint techniques. The no-insulation characteristics were analyzed based on the test data. This work is important for advancing practical high-field HTS dipole magnets with high stability and field uniformity.
{"title":"Design and Preliminary Test at 77 K of a 5 T / 34 mm REBCO Dipole Magnet Insert for a 15 T Full-Service-Field Testing Facility","authors":"Ziyang Xu;Peng Song;Mingzhi Guan;Yulong Liu;Canjie Xin;Mianjun Xiao;Liangjun Shao;Timing Qu","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3543334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3543334","url":null,"abstract":"A new testing facility employing a 15 T transverse field to evaluate the full-service-field characteristics of superconducting materials is now under development in China. A primary objective involves producing a large bore 15 T dipole magnet to serve as the source of the transverse magnetic field load. In this study, we designed and constructed a compact high-temperature superconducting (HTS) dipole magnet insert, comprising six block-type double pancake (DP) coils wound with REBCO tapes. The insert features a user bore of 34 mm and an outer diameter of 110 mm, expected to generate a 5 T field at 4.2 K with an operating current of 278 A, within a 10 T low-temperature superconducting (LTS) background dipole magnet. According to numerical simulations, the sextupole coefficient <inline-formula><tex-math>$b_{mathrm{3}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> is less than <inline-formula><tex-math>$5times 10^{-3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and the operating point <inline-formula><tex-math>$I_{text{op}}/I_{mathrm{c}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> is below 0.6 considering the screening current. Circumferential reinforcement structures were externally integrated to the REBCO coil assembly to mitigate electromagnetic stress under high background fields. The magnet was successfully charged to 43 A, achieving a central field of 0.71 T at 77 K, validating the winding process and joint techniques. The no-insulation characteristics were analyzed based on the test data. This work is important for advancing practical high-field HTS dipole magnets with high stability and field uniformity.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-18DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3543148
Y. Tsuchiya;K. Mizuno;Y. Kohama;S. Awaji
In this study, we developed a measurement method for the temperature and magnetic field dependences of the critical currents in full-width REBCO tapes using a 5 kA pulsed current. The confined space in high magnetic field environments and limited cooling power under variable temperature conditions give rise to challenges, particularly due to heat generation in the current leads under DC large currents. While microbridge processing is commonly used to limit current, it is less reliable due to the inhomogeneity of the REBCO tapes, making it necessary to measure the characteristics of full-width REBCO tapes. Therefore, we have addressed these challenges by using pulsed currents. By configuring supercapacitors and current regulators, a stable 5 kA pulsed power supply was developed. Using this power supply, the temperature and field dependences of the critical currents in REBCO tapes with full-widths were measured, including at 4.2 K under self-field condition. The suppression of mechanical vibrations reduced noise levels to several µV/cm, even under a magnetic field of 25 T. This approach provides a reliable method for evaluation of the performance of full-width REBCO tapes in high-field and variable-temperature environments.
{"title":"Critical Current Evaluation of REBCO Tapes Across Entire Temperatures and Magnetic Fields up to 25 T Using a 5 kA Pulsed Current Supply","authors":"Y. Tsuchiya;K. Mizuno;Y. Kohama;S. Awaji","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3543148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3543148","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we developed a measurement method for the temperature and magnetic field dependences of the critical currents in full-width REBCO tapes using a 5 kA pulsed current. The confined space in high magnetic field environments and limited cooling power under variable temperature conditions give rise to challenges, particularly due to heat generation in the current leads under DC large currents. While microbridge processing is commonly used to limit current, it is less reliable due to the inhomogeneity of the REBCO tapes, making it necessary to measure the characteristics of full-width REBCO tapes. Therefore, we have addressed these challenges by using pulsed currents. By configuring supercapacitors and current regulators, a stable 5 kA pulsed power supply was developed. Using this power supply, the temperature and field dependences of the critical currents in REBCO tapes with full-widths were measured, including at 4.2 K under self-field condition. The suppression of mechanical vibrations reduced noise levels to several µV/cm, even under a magnetic field of 25 T. This approach provides a reliable method for evaluation of the performance of full-width REBCO tapes in high-field and variable-temperature environments.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-18DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3543325
Samuele Mariotto;Simone Busatto;Ciro Calzolaio;Lucio Rossi;Stephane Sanfilippo;Stefano Sorti
In recent years, particle accelerator facilities have become more aware of the sustainability of their scientific research activity investing in new energy-efficient technologies and energy management of their infrastructure. To address this issue, focusing on medium- to high-energy range proton and heavy ion beamlines, a growing interest in using superconducting magnets instead of energy-demanding resistive configurations has been observed. The proposed study, conducted by the research team from the University of Milan and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Milano, Laboratorio di Acceleratori e Superconduttività Applicata (LASA) lab, focuses on the development of steady-state magnet designs based on high-temperature superconductor (HTS) ReBCO (rare earth copper oxide) tapes. The paper presents a comparative analysis of energy consumption reduction in superferric dipole case studies for the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) accelerator complex, focusing on replacing conventional resistive coils with HTS windings optimized at 50 K in a window frame or h-type iron yoke. The outcomes of the proposed designs are compared against the existing resistive magnet performances, showing a strong advantage of this innovative approach for large-scale research facilities in terms of energy consumption and cost-effectiveness.
{"title":"Study of HTS Energy-Saving Superconducting Magnet Options for the PSI Particle Beam Lines","authors":"Samuele Mariotto;Simone Busatto;Ciro Calzolaio;Lucio Rossi;Stephane Sanfilippo;Stefano Sorti","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3543325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3543325","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, particle accelerator facilities have become more aware of the sustainability of their scientific research activity investing in new energy-efficient technologies and energy management of their infrastructure. To address this issue, focusing on medium- to high-energy range proton and heavy ion beamlines, a growing interest in using superconducting magnets instead of energy-demanding resistive configurations has been observed. The proposed study, conducted by the research team from the University of Milan and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Milano, Laboratorio di Acceleratori e Superconduttività Applicata (LASA) lab, focuses on the development of steady-state magnet designs based on high-temperature superconductor (HTS) ReBCO (rare earth copper oxide) tapes. The paper presents a comparative analysis of energy consumption reduction in superferric dipole case studies for the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) accelerator complex, focusing on replacing conventional resistive coils with HTS windings optimized at 50 K in a window frame or h-type iron yoke. The outcomes of the proposed designs are compared against the existing resistive magnet performances, showing a strong advantage of this innovative approach for large-scale research facilities in terms of energy consumption and cost-effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DC power transmission technologies have achieved significant advancements, gaining widespread adoption within modern electrical systems. The use of superconducting cables in Magnesium Diboride (MgB2) cooled by liquid hydrogen (LH2) could drastically increase the performance of DC grids, enabling higher power transport capacity and extending transmission distance, while reducing energy loss and land occupation. Today, the transport of DC electrical energy is enabled through modular muti-level converters (MMCs) capable of effectively controlling currents, voltages and power flow. Designing an optimal DC power system, along with appropriate superconducting cable design and protection apparatus, needs accurate, yet simplified, models of the converters. This study presents simplified models that apply during the fault, able to adapt to any pre-fault scenario without a need to implement complex control systems. The developed model can be easily integrated, along with a model of a superconducting MgB2 cable, in EMT power system simulators for analysing their mutual interaction during faults and for optimizing the cable design and its protection system.
{"title":"Modular Multi-Level Converter Model for the Analysis, the Design and the Optimization of DC Power Systems Involving Superconducting Power Cables Cooled by Liquid Hydrogen","authors":"E. Guerra;M. Simonazzi;F. Mimmi;A. Morandi;M. Bocchi;A. Musso;G. Angeli;L. Martini;A. Bertinato;P. Steckler;C. Creusot","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3542742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3542742","url":null,"abstract":"DC power transmission technologies have achieved significant advancements, gaining widespread adoption within modern electrical systems. The use of superconducting cables in Magnesium Diboride (MgB<sub>2</sub>) cooled by liquid hydrogen (LH2) could drastically increase the performance of DC grids, enabling higher power transport capacity and extending transmission distance, while reducing energy loss and land occupation. Today, the transport of DC electrical energy is enabled through modular muti-level converters (MMCs) capable of effectively controlling currents, voltages and power flow. Designing an optimal DC power system, along with appropriate superconducting cable design and protection apparatus, needs accurate, yet simplified, models of the converters. This study presents simplified models that apply during the fault, able to adapt to any pre-fault scenario without a need to implement complex control systems. The developed model can be easily integrated, along with a model of a superconducting MgB<sub>2</sub> cable, in EMT power system simulators for analysing their mutual interaction during faults and for optimizing the cable design and its protection system.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10891523","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-17DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3542346
Hangtian Lei;Brian K. Johnson
Power system transmission line protective relays are supervised by a number of elements to ensure the security and selectivity of protection decisions. Supervising elements are important for fault direction determination and they are typically designed based on the properties of sequence currents and voltages. Superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) could potentially affect the profiles of sequence currents and voltages, which could have further influence on the performance of supervising elements. This article is one of the first works that investigate the impact of resistive SFCLs on supervising elements in power system transmission line protection. A resistive SFCL and an electric power system are modeled in an electromagnetic transients simulation program. Single-line-to-ground faults are simulated on the transmission line. The acquired fault voltages and currents are processed by a transmission line impedance-based protective relay model to investigate the responses of supervising elements. The results are analyzed and discussed.
{"title":"Impact of Resistive SFCLs on Supervising Elements in Transmission Line Protection","authors":"Hangtian Lei;Brian K. Johnson","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3542346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3542346","url":null,"abstract":"Power system transmission line protective relays are supervised by a number of elements to ensure the security and selectivity of protection decisions. Supervising elements are important for fault direction determination and they are typically designed based on the properties of sequence currents and voltages. Superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) could potentially affect the profiles of sequence currents and voltages, which could have further influence on the performance of supervising elements. This article is one of the first works that investigate the impact of resistive SFCLs on supervising elements in power system transmission line protection. A resistive SFCL and an electric power system are modeled in an electromagnetic transients simulation program. Single-line-to-ground faults are simulated on the transmission line. The acquired fault voltages and currents are processed by a transmission line impedance-based protective relay model to investigate the responses of supervising elements. The results are analyzed and discussed.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-17DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3540791
Tiina Salmi;Andrea Bersani;Luca Bottura;Barbara Caiffi;Stefania Farinon;Samuele Mariotto;Daniel Novelli
Future particle accelerators require high-field dipole and quadrupole magnets to guide the particles inside the collider ring. Magnets based on High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS) allow operation with higher magnetic field and higher operation temperature compared with the Low-Temperature Superconductor (LTS) based options. One of the issues presently limiting the HTS technology seems to be their protection in case of an unwanted resistive transition, i.e., a quench. New magnet technologies based on non-insulated or partially insulated (metal-insulated) winding technologies ease the problem compared with traditionally insulated magnets. In these magnets, the current can by-bass the quenched segment and the peak temperature remains lower. However, in high current density and high energy density operation, also the insulation-free options will have limitations, and the quench temperatures should be analyzed. In this contribution we present a method for analytical estimation of the protection limits in insulated, non-insulated and metal-insulated magnets. The equations can be used in early stages of magnet design to assess the feasibility and performance requirements of the eventual protection systems. The work stems from the International Muon Collider Collaboration and the results shown here review the protection limits in the dipoles and quadrupoles considered in its collider ring design. We discuss how parameters such as the coil size, metal insulation thickness and the amount of stabilizer copper in the tape impact the protectability of the magnet. This analysis considers only an adiabatic estimation of the peak temperature. Other potentially critical aspects such as voltages and mechanical stresses must be considered with more detailed models as the magnet designs mature.
{"title":"Analytical Estimation of Quench Protection Limits in Insulated, Non-Insulated, and Metal-Insulated ReBCO Accelerator Dipoles and Quadrupoles","authors":"Tiina Salmi;Andrea Bersani;Luca Bottura;Barbara Caiffi;Stefania Farinon;Samuele Mariotto;Daniel Novelli","doi":"10.1109/TASC.2025.3540791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2025.3540791","url":null,"abstract":"Future particle accelerators require high-field dipole and quadrupole magnets to guide the particles inside the collider ring. Magnets based on High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS) allow operation with higher magnetic field and higher operation temperature compared with the Low-Temperature Superconductor (LTS) based options. One of the issues presently limiting the HTS technology seems to be their protection in case of an unwanted resistive transition, i.e., a quench. New magnet technologies based on non-insulated or partially insulated (metal-insulated) winding technologies ease the problem compared with traditionally insulated magnets. In these magnets, the current can by-bass the quenched segment and the peak temperature remains lower. However, in high current density and high energy density operation, also the insulation-free options will have limitations, and the quench temperatures should be analyzed. In this contribution we present a method for analytical estimation of the protection limits in insulated, non-insulated and metal-insulated magnets. The equations can be used in early stages of magnet design to assess the feasibility and performance requirements of the eventual protection systems. The work stems from the International Muon Collider Collaboration and the results shown here review the protection limits in the dipoles and quadrupoles considered in its collider ring design. We discuss how parameters such as the coil size, metal insulation thickness and the amount of stabilizer copper in the tape impact the protectability of the magnet. This analysis considers only an adiabatic estimation of the peak temperature. Other potentially critical aspects such as voltages and mechanical stresses must be considered with more detailed models as the magnet designs mature.","PeriodicalId":13104,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","volume":"35 5","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10891257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-17DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2025.3542342
A. Desikan;B. J. H. de Bruyn;D. C. J. Krop;E. A. Lomonova
This article presents and applies an electromagnetic-thermal model to design a double-sided coreless, conduction-cooled high temperature-superconductor (HTS) linear motor for a high-dynamic motion application, and assesses the thermal stability of the superconducting coils for continuous long term operation. The analysed motor topology contains stationary DC operated superconducting coils and conventional three-phase AC commutated mover-coils. The stator is a vacuum chamber which houses a cryogenic assembly containing the superconducting coils. The framework utilizes three computationally efficient models: a two-dimensional finite-element-method (2D FEM) model to evaluate the feasibility of superconducting coils under static conditions, a semi-analytical model to compute the motor thrust and eddy-current losses in electrically conductive structures of the cryostat during dynamic motion, and a 2D FEM full-scale model of the linear motor for overall loss calculation in the stator. The motor design, optimized for minimum volume, and an operating temperature of 20 K, produces a peak magnetic flux density of 5.43 T in the air gap in static conditions which results in a force density of 4700 kN/m3. Results show that steady-state temperature in the superconducting coils does not exceed 25 K. As such, the dynamic losses do not result in quenching of superconducting coils. This paper shows that a reliable operation of superconducting coils during high-dynamic motion condition is feasible.
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