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Estimating regional climate change uncertainty in Japan at the end of the 21st century with mixture distribution 基于混合分布的21世纪末日本区域气候变化不确定性估算
IF 1.1 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.3178/HRL.11.65
S. Wakamatsu, K. Oshio, K. Ishihara, H. Murai, T. Nakashima, Tsuyoshi Inoue
To facilitate accurate assessments of the regional impacts of global warming, and make informed decisions about appropriate measures to mitigate them, detailed global warming projections with uncertainties are needed. The Ministry of Environment of Japan and the Japan Meteorological Agency performed 21 different multiscenario and multiensemble experiments in Japan using the regional climate model MRI-NHRCM with a horizontal resolution of 20 km. To estimate the total range of uncertainty due to natural fluctuations and the variety of experimental runs by a single climate model with multi-physics and multi-SST ensembles under each greenhouse gas emission scenario, a unique statistical method that combined a mixture distribution and bootstrap resampling was adopted. Based on three models that adopted the Yoshimura scheme as a cumulus convection parameterization, annual mean temperatures in Japan were projected to rise significantly by 1.1 ± 0.4°C, 2.0 ± 0.4°C, 2.6 ± 0.6°C, and 4.4 ± 0.6°C under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, at the end of the 21st century relative to the end of the 20th century (ensemble means ± standard deviations). In contrast, changes in future annual precipitation over Japan were projected to be statistically insignificant.
为了促进对全球变暖的区域影响的准确评估,并就减轻这些影响的适当措施作出明智的决定,需要详细的不确定的全球变暖预估。日本环境省和日本气象厅利用水平分辨率为20公里的区域气候模式MRI-NHRCM在日本进行了21次不同的多情景和多集合试验。为了估算每种温室气体排放情景下单一气候模式多物理场、多海表温度组合的自然波动和试验运行变化的总不确定性范围,采用了混合分布和自举重采样相结合的独特统计方法。基于采用吉村方案作为云对流参数化的3个模式,预测在RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP6.0和RCP8.5情景下,21世纪末日本年平均气温相对于20世纪末分别显著上升1.1±0.4°C、2.0±0.4°C、2.6±0.6°C和4.4±0.6°C(总体平均值±标准差)。相比之下,日本未来年降水量的变化预估在统计上是微不足道的。
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引用次数: 4
Current issues in and an emerging method for flood frequency analysis under changing climate 气候变化条件下洪水频率分析的现状及新方法
IF 1.1 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.3178/HRL.11.1
M. Kavvas, K. Ishida, T. Trinh, A. Ercan, Y. Darama, K. Carr
: In this study several issues with the standard flood fre quency analysis are discussed in the context of a changing hydro-climate in the 21st century. Among these issues the loss of statistical equilibrium in the hydro-climate of a stud ied region during the 21st century has serious implications on the standard frequency analysis that is discussed in some detail. An alternative method to flood frequency analysis within the framework of a changing climate based on ensem ble of future climate projections is reported and demon strated by a numerical application to a target watershed.
本文讨论了21世纪水文气候变化背景下标准洪水频率分析的几个问题。在这些问题中,21世纪被研究地区水文气候统计平衡的丧失对标准频率分析产生了严重影响,并对此进行了详细讨论。本文报道了一种基于未来气候预测表的气候变化框架内洪水频率分析的替代方法,并通过对目标流域的数值应用进行了演示。
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引用次数: 9
Effects of sediment replenishment on riverbed material size distribution and attached algal biomass in the downstream reaches of a dam 泥沙补给对大坝下游河床物质粒径分布及附着藻生物量的影响
IF 1.1 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.3178/HRL.11.114
Yukio Miyagawa, T. Sumi, Y. Takemon, Sohei Kobayashi
Sediment replenishment is an effective method for resupplying depleted sediment and detaching overgrown algae in the downstream reaches of a dam. In this study, we used empirical data to examine the effects of sediment replenishment on bed material size and algal biomass in the downstream reaches of the Futase Dam, Chichibu City, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Assuming that algae detach from bed materials when they are moved by water flow, we calculated the tractive force on the riverbed (τ) and allotted a threshold bed material size in motion (Dcri) for each given τ. The resulting bed material in the downstream reaches of the dam in any year was typically finer than that in the previous year when flooding in the rainy season transported a large volume of sediment. Algal biomass was lower when monthly Dcri exceeded 2 mm, versus when it was less than 2 mm. These results suggest that replenishment of fine bed materials accelerates algal detachment and restricts the accumulation of algal biomass by reducing bed stability.
泥沙补给是大坝下游补沙、脱藻的有效手段。本研究以日本埼玉县秩父市Futase大坝下游为研究对象,研究了泥沙补给对河床大小和藻类生物量的影响。假设藻类在被水流移动时与河床物质分离,我们计算了河床上的牵引力(τ),并为每个给定τ分配了一个阈值运动河床物质尺寸(Dcri)。在任何一年,大坝下游产生的河床物质通常都比前一年更细,而前一年雨季的洪水会携带大量的沉积物。月Dcri大于2 mm时,藻类生物量低于月Dcri小于2 mm时。这些结果表明,细床物质的补充加速了藻类的分离,并通过降低床的稳定性来限制藻类生物量的积累。
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引用次数: 4
Future projection of flood inundation considering land-use changes and land subsidence in Jakarta, Indonesia 考虑到印尼雅加达土地利用变化和地面沉降,洪水淹没的未来预测
IF 1.1 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.3178/HRL.11.99
I. R. Moe, S. Kure, N. F. Januriyadi, M. Farid, K. Udo, S. Kazama, S. Koshimura
Jakarta is facing several issues related to flooding, including land subsidence in the coastal area and rapid land-use/ cover changes in the upstream area. In this study, we analyzed the effects of future changes in land use and land subsidence using a rainfall-runoff and flood inundation model. The future land-use scenarios were projected based on the SLEUTH model, and land subsidence was projected based on an extrapolation of the current state in Jakarta. Based on this analysis, land-use changes and land subsidence contributed to an increase in flood inundation volume of 36.8% from 2013 to 2050. Moreover, the effects of land-use changes on flood inundation in Jakarta were much greater than those of land subsidence. The government’s current target to stop land subsidence by 2020 would cause a 7.7% decrease in the flood inundation volume by 2050. Furthermore, controlling and regulating land-use/cover changes by 2020 would cause a 10.9% decrease in the flood inundation volume by 2050. From these results, we conclude that a flood mitigation plan should be made not only for land subsidence, but also for land-use changes.
雅加达正面临与洪水有关的若干问题,包括沿海地区的地面沉降和上游地区土地利用/覆盖的迅速变化。在这项研究中,我们使用降雨径流和洪水淹没模型分析了未来土地利用变化和地面沉降的影响。根据SLEUTH模型预测了未来的土地利用情景,并根据雅加达当前状态的外推法预测了地面沉降。基于此分析,2013 - 2050年,土地利用变化和地面沉降对洪水淹没量的贡献增加了36.8%。此外,土地利用变化对雅加达洪水淹没的影响远大于地面沉降。政府目前的目标是到2020年停止地面沉降,到2050年,洪水淹没量将减少7.7%。此外,到2020年控制和调节土地利用/覆盖变化,到2050年洪水淹没量将减少10.9%。研究结果表明,不仅要考虑地表沉降的影响,还要考虑土地利用变化的影响。
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引用次数: 38
Analysis of a brownfield management conflict in Canada 加拿大棕地管理冲突分析
IF 1.1 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.3178/HRL.11.141
S. Philpot, Peter A. Johnson, K. Hipel
A strategic analysis of an ongoing brownfield management conflict in Elmira, Ontario, Canada is conducted using the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution. This investigation of the situation as it existed in late 2016 constitutes an expansion of an earlier analysis of the dispute which focused on cleansing the groundwater aquifer, polluted by a chemical company in Elmira, to a controversy over the management of the pollution impacts on an adjacent creek. Besides the chemical plant, the other decision-makers involved in the 2016 dispute are the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change of the Province of Ontario, local government, and a citizens’ advisory group. The connections of the 2016 conflict to the earlier study which took place in 1991 are discussed and the evolution of the previous situation to the current one is explored in depth, along with strategic insights.
本文使用冲突解决图模型对加拿大安大略省埃尔米拉市正在进行的棕地管理冲突进行了战略分析。对2016年底的情况进行的调查,构成了对该争议的早期分析的扩展,该争议的重点是清理埃尔米拉一家化学公司污染的地下水含水层,以及对污染对邻近小溪影响的管理争议。除了这家化工厂,参与2016年争端的其他决策者还有安大略省环境和气候变化部、当地政府和一个公民咨询小组。本文讨论了2016年冲突与1991年发生的早期研究的联系,并深入探讨了以前的情况到当前情况的演变,以及战略见解。
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引用次数: 10
Comparing root water uptake profile estimations from an isotope-calibrated mechanistic model and a mixing model 比较同位素校正机制模型和混合模型估算的根系吸水剖面
IF 1.1 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.3178/HRL.11.161
T. Yamanaka, T. Kimura, Xinchao Sun, H. Kato, Y. Onda
The root water uptake profile (RWUP) reflects a plant’s survival strategy and controls evapotranspiration and carbon fluxes. Despite its importance, there is still no reliable method for reconstructing this profile. In this study, we applied and compared two possible approaches to a case study in a conifer plantation: an isotope-calibrated mechanistic model and a mixing model with a bell-shaped approximation. Our results show that, after calibrating the hydrologically-active root density profile, the mechanistic model gave a good estimation of the xylem water isotope delta (δx); even though the measured root density was greater in shallower soils, water uptake occurred throughout the entire soil profile, with more uptake in deeper soils. The RWUPs estimated by the mixing model were different from those estimated by the mechanistic model and were unrealistic. However, when we constrained the minimum thickness of the water uptake zone, there was good agreement between the RWUPs from the two approaches. We can therefore conclude that the mechanistic model calibrated with isotopes gave better results, and that sole use of the mixing model is not recommended unless appropriate constraints are applied.
根系水分吸收剖面(RWUP)反映了植物的生存策略,并控制着植物的蒸散和碳通量。尽管它很重要,但仍然没有可靠的方法来重建这个剖面。在这项研究中,我们应用并比较了两种可能的方法来研究针叶林的案例:同位素校准的机制模型和钟形近似的混合模型。结果表明:在对水文活性根密度剖面进行校正后,该机制模型能较好地估计木质部水分同位素δ (δx);尽管测量的根密度在较浅的土壤中较大,但整个土壤剖面都发生了吸水性,深层土壤的吸水性更大。混合模型估计的rwup与机械模型估计的rwup存在差异,不现实。然而,当我们限制吸水带的最小厚度时,两种方法的rwup之间有很好的一致性。因此,我们可以得出结论,用同位素校准的机制模型给出了更好的结果,除非施加适当的约束,否则不建议单独使用混合模型。
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引用次数: 2
Field estimation of interception in a broadleaf forest under multi-layered structure conditions 多层结构条件下阔叶林截留量的野外估算
IF 1.1 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.3178/HRL.11.181
Yutaka Abe, T. Gomi, N. Nakamura, Noriko Kagawa
: We performed a field experiment on throughfall, stemflow, and bamboo culm flow to estimate interception in a deciduous broadleaf forest with different stand structures by separately removing the overstory and understory vegetation. The study area is occupied by oak ( Quercus serrata ) and chestnut ( Castanea crenata ) with an understory of chino bamboo ( Pleioblastus chino ). We established three plots for vegetation control, including an overstory plot (removal of understory), a bamboo plot (removal of over-story), and a control plot (both overstory and understory remained). Throughfall amounts relative to precipitation were 61% in the control plot, 54% in the overstory plot, and 31% in the bamboo plot. Average stemflow in control and overstory plots was 3% of precipitation. The significant difference in throughfall for the bamboo plot may have been caused by the high density of understory vegetation. A large portion of intercepted water is transferred to the ground as bamboo culm flow in the understory beneath the canopy in the control plot and in the bamboo plot. Our experiment highlighted the significance of understory vegetation in altering hydrological processes from canopy to understory vegetation.
在不同林分结构的落叶阔叶林中,通过分别去除林下植被,通过通量、茎流和竹秆流的田间试验来估算截留量。研究区域被橡树(Quercus serrata)和栗子(Castanea crenata)占据,下层植被为中国竹(Pleioblastus chino)。我们建立了3个植被控制样地,包括一个覆盖层样地(去除林下植被)、一个竹林样地(去除覆盖层)和一个对照样地(保留覆盖层和林下植被)。相对于降水的穿透量在对照样地为61%,在上层样地为54%,在竹林样地为31%。对照和地上层样地平均茎流量为降水量的3%。竹林样地穿透量差异显著可能与林下植被密度高有关。在对照区和竹林区,截留的大部分水以竹秆流的形式在林下被转移到地面。我们的实验强调了林下植被在改变从冠层到林下植被的水文过程中的重要性。
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引用次数: 4
Virtually experiencing future climate changes in Central America with MRI-AGCM: climate analogues study 用MRI-AGCM模拟中美洲未来气候变化:气候类似物研究
IF 1.1 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.3178/HRL.11.106
Reinhardt Pinzón, K. Hibino, I. Takayabu, T. Nakaegawa
: Twenty-four simulations were carried using the Meteorological Research Institute-Atmospheric General Circulation Model (MRI-AGCM) to predict the late 21st century climate under scenario A1B of the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. Future climate analogues were identified for Central American capital cities using a recently developed nonparametric method. We used MRI-AGCM3.2H with a horizontal resolution of approximately 60 km, three convection schemes, four sea surface temperature distributions, and two initial conditions. Thus, the total ensemble size was 24, with a simulation period of 25 years. Most of the future analogues are at lower latitudes than their target cities, or near biological diversity and endemism hotspots like coral reefs and mangrove forests. Projected seasonal variations in surface air temperature and rainfall in Panama City were similar to the present-day climate of Soc Trang, located at the mouth of the Mekong River in Vietnam. The nonparametric method introduced in this study for identifying climate analogues can be utilized for impact assess-ments under a changing climate.
利用气象研究所大气环流模式(MRI-AGCM)进行了24次模拟,预测了《排放情景特别报告》情景A1B下21世纪后期的气候。使用最近开发的非参数方法确定了中美洲首都城市的未来气候类似物。我们使用水平分辨率约为60 km的MRI-AGCM3.2H, 3种对流方案,4种海面温度分布和2种初始条件。因此,总群落大小为24,模拟周期为25年。大多数未来的类似物都位于比目标城市更低的纬度,或者靠近生物多样性和地方性热点,如珊瑚礁和红树林。预测的巴拿马城地表气温和降雨量的季节变化与位于越南湄公河河口的Soc Trang现在的气候相似。本研究中引入的识别气候类似物的非参数方法可用于气候变化下的影响评估。
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引用次数: 11
Comparative study on climate change impact on precipitation and floods in Asian river basins 气候变化对亚洲流域降水和洪水影响的比较研究
IF 1.1 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.3178/HRL.11.24
Y. Iwami, A. Hasegawa, Mamoru Miyamoto, S. Kudo, Y. Yamazaki, T. Ushiyama, T. Koike
As many water related disasters occur frequently around the world, proper assessment of future climate change impact on floods and droughts is essential. In this study, we focused on basin-scale climate change impact assessment as necessary information for studying adaptation measures on the basis of integrated water resources management. We used Meteorological Research Institute-Atmospheric General Circulation Model (MRI-AGCM) 3.2S (20 km grid super high resolution model) and a series of simulation methods for climate change analysis. We conducted a comparative study on changes in precipitation, flood discharge and inundation in the future during the wet and dry seasons for five target river basins in the Asian monsoon area. We found that regional precipitation outputs from the high resolution model in this study were in good agreement in the point of tendency of their changes in wet and dry monsoon seasons with the regional precipitation analysis in the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of Working Group 1 (WG1) of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2013). This study illustrated that the proposed methodology can make more detailed descriptions of climate change possible. The study also found the importance of basin-scale runoff and inundation analysis with downscaling especially for basins where floods occur for a short period, suggesting potential differences between flood change and precipitation change from General Circulation Model (GCM) outputs such as maximum 5-day precipitation index in a basin. As a result, this paper confirms the importance of basin-scale discharge and inundation analysis for climate change considering basin characteristics from the viewpoint of river management.
由于许多与水有关的灾害在世界各地频繁发生,正确评估未来气候变化对洪涝和干旱的影响至关重要。在本研究中,我们重点研究了流域尺度的气候变化影响评估,作为研究基于水资源综合管理的适应措施的必要信息。利用气象研究所-大气环流模式(MRI-AGCM) 3.2S (20 km栅格超高分辨率模式)和一系列模拟方法进行气候变化分析。以亚洲季风区5个目标流域为研究对象,对未来干湿季节降水、洪流量和淹没变化进行了对比研究。我们发现,本研究中高分辨率模式的区域降水输出在干湿季风季节变化趋势点上与国际气候变化专门委员会(IPCC, 2013)第一工作组(WG1)第五次评估报告(AR5)中的区域降水分析一致。这项研究表明,所提出的方法可以使更详细的描述气候变化成为可能。该研究还发现了流域尺度径流和淹没分析的重要性,特别是对于洪水发生时间较短的流域,这表明一般环流模式(GCM)输出(如流域最大5天降水指数)的洪水变化与降水变化之间存在潜在差异。因此,本文从河流管理的角度考虑流域特征,确认了流域尺度流量和淹没分析对气候变化的重要性。
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引用次数: 13
Water budget and rainfall to runoff processes in a seasonal tropical watershed in northern Thailand 泰国北部季节性热带流域的水收支和降雨径流过程
IF 1.1 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.3178/HRL.11.149
K. Shiraki, N. Tanaka, Tantasirin Chatchai, Masakazu Suzuki
The water budget and discharge processes in a seasonal tropical watershed were analyzed. The watershed has very stable base stream flows even in the late dry season and very quick direct runoff during rains. A tentative runoff error correction method applying an existing lumped runoff model was proposed in this paper and showed good agreement with the correct runoff error. After correcting runoff data, the annual average rainfall and runoff during the 11 years of 1998–2008 were calculated respectively as 1870.4 mm and 1229.2 mm. The average annual water loss was 641.2 mm. Distribution measurements of topsoil depth taken using a knocking cone penetration meter showed that this watershed has a deep topsoil layer (5.3 m average). Groundwater tables are apparent only in the lower area of the watershed. A saturated swamp area is a permanent feature near the weir. Results suggest that the stable base flow in this watershed was generated by return flow of soilwater infiltration into the thick topsoil and fractured bedrock.
分析了热带季节性流域的水收支和排放过程。该流域即使在旱季后期也有非常稳定的基流流量,在下雨时也有非常快的直接径流。本文提出了一种基于集总径流模型的径流误差修正方法,该方法与正确的径流误差吻合较好。对径流资料进行校正后,计算出1998-2008年11 a的年平均降雨量为1870.4 mm,年平均径流量为1229.2 mm。年平均失水641.2 mm。表土深度分布测量采用敲锥穿透仪表明,该流域表土层深(平均5.3米)。地下水位只在流域的较低区域是明显的。饱和沼泽区是堰附近的永久特征。结果表明,该流域稳定的基流是由土壤水入渗到厚表土和断裂基岩的回流产生的。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Hydrological Research Letters
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