Pub Date : 2022-11-07DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2022.2140028
B. Abbasnejad, A. Abbasnejad, Reza Derakhshani
Abstract To investigate groundwater quality in the north of Jazmourian (Roudbar plain), 30 samples were collected and analyzed for evaluating drinking and irrigation status and associated health risks. In addition to major anions and cations, the fluoride and nitrate content of samples were analyzed using standard procedures. Nitrate levels range between 6.6 and 131 mg/L and exceed the WHO permissible limit in more than 23% and 80% of samples for adults and children, respectively. Fluoride amounts ranged from 0.4 to 4.8 mg/L in samples. The F- level exceeded the WHO standard limit in 10% of samples. The EC level increases in fine-grained deltaic deposits toward the south. The concentrations of major ions (HCO3, Cl, SO4, Mg, Na, K) increase southwards, following the flow direction. There are, however, lateral (east-west) differences in water quality due to the influence of such factors as the rate of recharge and the type of bedrock. Wherever the redbeds comprise the bedrock and the recharge rate is weaker, the dissolved salts are higher in amount. The water quality index (IWQ) indicated that 13, 13, and 4 samples are in “good,” “poor,” and “very poor” quality classes, respectively. By using the irrigation water quality index (IWQI), eight samples were at “low restriction,” nine samples at “moderate restriction,” twelve samples at “high restriction,” and one sample at “severe restriction” classes. The acquired findings revealed that the mean oral hazard quotient of nitrate was 1.14, 1.0, and 0.84, and for fluoride, it was 0.82, 0.72, and 0.61 for children, females, and males, respectively. The total hazard index for cumulative NO3 - and F- toxicity exceeded the acceptable level in 76.67%, 66.67%, and 56.67% of samples for children, females, and males, respectively.
{"title":"Groundwater evaluation of northern Jazmourian (south Iran) for drinking, agriculture, and associated health risks of nitrate and fluoride contamination","authors":"B. Abbasnejad, A. Abbasnejad, Reza Derakhshani","doi":"10.1080/10807039.2022.2140028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2022.2140028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To investigate groundwater quality in the north of Jazmourian (Roudbar plain), 30 samples were collected and analyzed for evaluating drinking and irrigation status and associated health risks. In addition to major anions and cations, the fluoride and nitrate content of samples were analyzed using standard procedures. Nitrate levels range between 6.6 and 131 mg/L and exceed the WHO permissible limit in more than 23% and 80% of samples for adults and children, respectively. Fluoride amounts ranged from 0.4 to 4.8 mg/L in samples. The F- level exceeded the WHO standard limit in 10% of samples. The EC level increases in fine-grained deltaic deposits toward the south. The concentrations of major ions (HCO3, Cl, SO4, Mg, Na, K) increase southwards, following the flow direction. There are, however, lateral (east-west) differences in water quality due to the influence of such factors as the rate of recharge and the type of bedrock. Wherever the redbeds comprise the bedrock and the recharge rate is weaker, the dissolved salts are higher in amount. The water quality index (IWQ) indicated that 13, 13, and 4 samples are in “good,” “poor,” and “very poor” quality classes, respectively. By using the irrigation water quality index (IWQI), eight samples were at “low restriction,” nine samples at “moderate restriction,” twelve samples at “high restriction,” and one sample at “severe restriction” classes. The acquired findings revealed that the mean oral hazard quotient of nitrate was 1.14, 1.0, and 0.84, and for fluoride, it was 0.82, 0.72, and 0.61 for children, females, and males, respectively. The total hazard index for cumulative NO3 - and F- toxicity exceeded the acceptable level in 76.67%, 66.67%, and 56.67% of samples for children, females, and males, respectively.","PeriodicalId":13141,"journal":{"name":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"36 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85401985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-02DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2022.2140027
Xiaoli Shen, Yaqin Shen, Zhi-Qing Zhao, Xuesong Liu, Fanfan Wang, Hailei Su, Yuan Wei
Abstract Microplastics (MPs) are widely present in aquatic environments, causing harm to aquatic organisms and posing a threat to human health. MP risk assessment has therefore attracted increasing attention; yet few studies have been conducted on the water quality criteria (WQC) of MPs in the surface waters of China. Herein, data on the toxicity of MPs in aquatic species were reviewed, and the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method was employed to determine the WQC for the protection of aquatic organisms against MP pollution. Criteria included the maximum concentration (CMC) and the continuous concentration (CCC). In addition, the ecological risk posed by MPs in China’s main aquatic systems was assessed using a probabilistic method. The CMC and CCC were estimated at 59.42 μg/L (1.67 × 107 particles/M3) and 93.94 μg/L (2.90 × 105 particles/M3), respectively. The ecological risk levels of MP pollution across the seven aquatic systems in China were as follows: Yangtze, Pearl, Yellow, SongHua, LiaoHe, HaiHe, and HuaiHe Rivers. Although the average concentrations of seven rivers are all far lower than the CCC and CMC values obtained in this study, MP pollution might have harmful effects on aquatic organisms in some regions, necessitating tighter water quality management with regard to MPs in the future. HIGHLIGHTS Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curves were established using microplastic (MP) toxicity data. The criteria maximum concentration (CMC) and criteria continuous concentration (CCC) of MPs for protection of aquatic organisms were derived. A probabilistic method was used to assess the ecological risk of MPs in major Chinese river systems. MP pollution might harm aquatic organisms in certain regions.
{"title":"Study on water quality criteria and ecological risk assessment of microplastics in China’s surface waters","authors":"Xiaoli Shen, Yaqin Shen, Zhi-Qing Zhao, Xuesong Liu, Fanfan Wang, Hailei Su, Yuan Wei","doi":"10.1080/10807039.2022.2140027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2022.2140027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Microplastics (MPs) are widely present in aquatic environments, causing harm to aquatic organisms and posing a threat to human health. MP risk assessment has therefore attracted increasing attention; yet few studies have been conducted on the water quality criteria (WQC) of MPs in the surface waters of China. Herein, data on the toxicity of MPs in aquatic species were reviewed, and the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method was employed to determine the WQC for the protection of aquatic organisms against MP pollution. Criteria included the maximum concentration (CMC) and the continuous concentration (CCC). In addition, the ecological risk posed by MPs in China’s main aquatic systems was assessed using a probabilistic method. The CMC and CCC were estimated at 59.42 μg/L (1.67 × 107 particles/M3) and 93.94 μg/L (2.90 × 105 particles/M3), respectively. The ecological risk levels of MP pollution across the seven aquatic systems in China were as follows: Yangtze, Pearl, Yellow, SongHua, LiaoHe, HaiHe, and HuaiHe Rivers. Although the average concentrations of seven rivers are all far lower than the CCC and CMC values obtained in this study, MP pollution might have harmful effects on aquatic organisms in some regions, necessitating tighter water quality management with regard to MPs in the future. HIGHLIGHTS Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curves were established using microplastic (MP) toxicity data. The criteria maximum concentration (CMC) and criteria continuous concentration (CCC) of MPs for protection of aquatic organisms were derived. A probabilistic method was used to assess the ecological risk of MPs in major Chinese river systems. MP pollution might harm aquatic organisms in certain regions.","PeriodicalId":13141,"journal":{"name":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"19 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76417963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-02DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2022.2137780
Wenjuan Jiang, Jiangwei Liang
Abstract Water quality strongly impacts human health and plays an irreplaceable role in mining areas. This study adopted multiple assessment techniques to elucidate the hydro-chemical processes controlling the solutes in the water and to evaluate the quality of the water and its human health risks in an abandoned rare earth mine in Jiangxi province, China. The results showed that the water samples were unsuitable for drinking while the Water Quality Index (WQI) ranged from 757 to 5621 and might cause a potential salinity hazard for irrigation because the electrical conductivity (EC) was high at 4103.4 μS/cm. All water samples were of the Ca·Mg-SO4·Cl type, which was predominant in Ca2+ and Mg2+. The water quality is polluted by the following parameters: SO4 2−, NH4 +, NO3 −, NO2 −, F−, Al, Pb, Cd, and Ni. Health risk assessment results showed that 100% of the water samples have a high non-carcinogenic risk for both adults and children. The rock weathering and mineral dissolution enhanced by mining activities were the dominant processes controlling the solute geochemistry of water in the study area. This study is helpful to the decision-makers for the sustainable development and utilization of rare earth mining areas.
{"title":"Solute geochemistry and health risk of water quality for an abandoned rare earth mine in South Jiangxi Province, China","authors":"Wenjuan Jiang, Jiangwei Liang","doi":"10.1080/10807039.2022.2137780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2022.2137780","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Water quality strongly impacts human health and plays an irreplaceable role in mining areas. This study adopted multiple assessment techniques to elucidate the hydro-chemical processes controlling the solutes in the water and to evaluate the quality of the water and its human health risks in an abandoned rare earth mine in Jiangxi province, China. The results showed that the water samples were unsuitable for drinking while the Water Quality Index (WQI) ranged from 757 to 5621 and might cause a potential salinity hazard for irrigation because the electrical conductivity (EC) was high at 4103.4 μS/cm. All water samples were of the Ca·Mg-SO4·Cl type, which was predominant in Ca2+ and Mg2+. The water quality is polluted by the following parameters: SO4 2−, NH4 +, NO3 −, NO2 −, F−, Al, Pb, Cd, and Ni. Health risk assessment results showed that 100% of the water samples have a high non-carcinogenic risk for both adults and children. The rock weathering and mineral dissolution enhanced by mining activities were the dominant processes controlling the solute geochemistry of water in the study area. This study is helpful to the decision-makers for the sustainable development and utilization of rare earth mining areas.","PeriodicalId":13141,"journal":{"name":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"529 - 552"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90574568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-23DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2022.2134093
Nayere Kosari, Reza Haji Hosseini, M. Miri
Abstract Ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions are a major environmental problem in urban areas. We aimed to assess the concentration of PAHs-bound to particulate matter (PM), source apportionment and carcinogenic risk due to inhalation exposure to PAHs. We selected 30 sampling locations in Sabzevar, Iran (2021). PM bounds-PAHs samples were collected using a PM passive sampler. Monte Carlo simulation technique with sensitivity analysis was used to assess the carcinogenic risk of inhalation exposure to PAHs. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was used for source apportionment of ambient PAHs. The median (iterquartile range (IQR)) of total PAHs was 1056.2 (848.5) ppb. The median (IQR) ratio of total LMW/HMW PAHs was 1.9 (1.4), indicating petrogenic sources of PAHs. The 95th percentile of lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for children, adolescents, and adults in both genders was higher than the threshold level recommended by USEPA (i.e., 1 × 10−6). The PMF model indicated five possible PAH sources, including combustion of biomass, natural gas, combustion petroleum-based fuels, traffic sources of mixed gasoline and diesel combustion, and industrial activities. The spatial autocorrelation models indicated a clustered distribution pattern for all PAHs congeners except Anthracene. Our results suggested that point sources of ambient PAHs should be paid more attention to in urban areas. Moreover, inhalation exposure to ambient PAHs had a potential carcinogenic risk for the inhabitant of Sabzevar.
{"title":"Source apportionment and health risk of exposure to ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bound to particulate matter in Sabzevar, Iran","authors":"Nayere Kosari, Reza Haji Hosseini, M. Miri","doi":"10.1080/10807039.2022.2134093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2022.2134093","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions are a major environmental problem in urban areas. We aimed to assess the concentration of PAHs-bound to particulate matter (PM), source apportionment and carcinogenic risk due to inhalation exposure to PAHs. We selected 30 sampling locations in Sabzevar, Iran (2021). PM bounds-PAHs samples were collected using a PM passive sampler. Monte Carlo simulation technique with sensitivity analysis was used to assess the carcinogenic risk of inhalation exposure to PAHs. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was used for source apportionment of ambient PAHs. The median (iterquartile range (IQR)) of total PAHs was 1056.2 (848.5) ppb. The median (IQR) ratio of total LMW/HMW PAHs was 1.9 (1.4), indicating petrogenic sources of PAHs. The 95th percentile of lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for children, adolescents, and adults in both genders was higher than the threshold level recommended by USEPA (i.e., 1 × 10−6). The PMF model indicated five possible PAH sources, including combustion of biomass, natural gas, combustion petroleum-based fuels, traffic sources of mixed gasoline and diesel combustion, and industrial activities. The spatial autocorrelation models indicated a clustered distribution pattern for all PAHs congeners except Anthracene. Our results suggested that point sources of ambient PAHs should be paid more attention to in urban areas. Moreover, inhalation exposure to ambient PAHs had a potential carcinogenic risk for the inhabitant of Sabzevar.","PeriodicalId":13141,"journal":{"name":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"1195 - 1212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84467504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-23DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2022.2134092
C. Fang, Ruitao Lin, Kaixuan Xu, V. Achal
Abstract The presence of nitrate and heavy metals in wastewater are common but serious problem throughout the world. Thus, considering their toxicity, in the present study, denitrification-induced carbonate precipitation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was researched in the simultaneous removal of nitrate and cadmium. Prior to the experimentation, P. aeruginosa was immobilized in bio-composite material (BCM) comprised of varying concentration of bentonite and alginate. The BCM with formulation 3% (m/v) bentonite and 1% (m/v) alginate (BA3) was found to more sustained and controlled release of bacterial cells in the solution, thus was utilized for bioremediation studies. The BCM with formulation BA3 effectively removed nitrate and Cd2+ by 93 and 74% (m/m), when their initial concentrations were 100 and 5 mg/L, respectively, in 24 h. Further, the P. aeruginosa cells inside the BCM were able to produce nitrite reductase and nitrate reductase in the spiked solution. Based on experimental results, denitrification by BCM reduced nitrate, generated alkalinity, and formed bicarbonate ions that, when reacting with Cd2+ ions, formed cadmium carbonate. The research presented in this study is important to know the significance of bio-composite material with denitrifiers in actively producing key enzymes of denitrification leading to simultaneous removal of nitrate and heavy metal from water.
{"title":"Denitrification-induced carbonate precipitation by bio-composite material with Pseudomonas aeruginosa for simultaneous nitrate and cadmium remediation","authors":"C. Fang, Ruitao Lin, Kaixuan Xu, V. Achal","doi":"10.1080/10807039.2022.2134092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2022.2134092","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The presence of nitrate and heavy metals in wastewater are common but serious problem throughout the world. Thus, considering their toxicity, in the present study, denitrification-induced carbonate precipitation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was researched in the simultaneous removal of nitrate and cadmium. Prior to the experimentation, P. aeruginosa was immobilized in bio-composite material (BCM) comprised of varying concentration of bentonite and alginate. The BCM with formulation 3% (m/v) bentonite and 1% (m/v) alginate (BA3) was found to more sustained and controlled release of bacterial cells in the solution, thus was utilized for bioremediation studies. The BCM with formulation BA3 effectively removed nitrate and Cd2+ by 93 and 74% (m/m), when their initial concentrations were 100 and 5 mg/L, respectively, in 24 h. Further, the P. aeruginosa cells inside the BCM were able to produce nitrite reductase and nitrate reductase in the spiked solution. Based on experimental results, denitrification by BCM reduced nitrate, generated alkalinity, and formed bicarbonate ions that, when reacting with Cd2+ ions, formed cadmium carbonate. The research presented in this study is important to know the significance of bio-composite material with denitrifiers in actively producing key enzymes of denitrification leading to simultaneous removal of nitrate and heavy metal from water.","PeriodicalId":13141,"journal":{"name":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"494 - 506"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80737485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-23DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2022.2132467
Pavanaditya Badida, J. Jayaprakash
Abstract Urban air quality is influenced by both local and external sources of pollution. The outbreak of Coronavirus COVID-19 had led to implementation of stringent lockdowns at different levels of governance. National Level Lockdown (NLL) was imposed in 2020 and State Level Lockdown (SLL), in 2021 to curb the spread of disease. A direct consequence of lockdown is the dramatic improvement of air quality in various urban agglomerations. The present study investigated the effects of national and regional lockdown on PM2.5 levels at various urban morphological units in the Chennai Metropolitan Region, the fourth-largest urban conglomeration in India. Hourly measurements of PM2.5 over a 6-year period (2016–2021) at three monitoring sites in Chennai were segregated into Pre-lockdown Phase (PLP) (2016–2019), NLL, and SLL to analyze reductions in PM2.5 levels. Local PM2.5 sources were investigated using Conditional Bivariate Probability Function (CBPF) whereas transported PM2.5 was evaluated using Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) and Cluster Analysis. The results showed that PM2.5 in Chennai Metropolitan Region reduced by 33.45% during NLL and 48.95% during SLL when compared to PLP. Mann Kendall Test showed a statistically significant (p < .001) decreasing PM2.5 trend at Manali Monitoring Site, Alandur Monitoring Site, and Velachery Monitoring Site. CBPF showed variations in local contributions for all sites during the selected time frames. CWT and Cluster analysis showed reductions in transported PM2.5 during NLL and SLL when compared to PLP. Health Risk Assessment using Integrated Exposure Response (IER) model function showed a decreasing trend of excess mortality for various health endpoints over 6-year period. Steep reductions in excess mortality cases were observed during NLL and SLL. The results show that lockdown implemented at the state level proved to be more effective than the national level in reducing PM2.5 levels over Chennai metropolitan Region.
{"title":"Variations in local, transported, and exposure risks of PM2.5 pollution: Insights from long-term monitoring data in mega coastal city","authors":"Pavanaditya Badida, J. Jayaprakash","doi":"10.1080/10807039.2022.2132467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2022.2132467","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Urban air quality is influenced by both local and external sources of pollution. The outbreak of Coronavirus COVID-19 had led to implementation of stringent lockdowns at different levels of governance. National Level Lockdown (NLL) was imposed in 2020 and State Level Lockdown (SLL), in 2021 to curb the spread of disease. A direct consequence of lockdown is the dramatic improvement of air quality in various urban agglomerations. The present study investigated the effects of national and regional lockdown on PM2.5 levels at various urban morphological units in the Chennai Metropolitan Region, the fourth-largest urban conglomeration in India. Hourly measurements of PM2.5 over a 6-year period (2016–2021) at three monitoring sites in Chennai were segregated into Pre-lockdown Phase (PLP) (2016–2019), NLL, and SLL to analyze reductions in PM2.5 levels. Local PM2.5 sources were investigated using Conditional Bivariate Probability Function (CBPF) whereas transported PM2.5 was evaluated using Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) and Cluster Analysis. The results showed that PM2.5 in Chennai Metropolitan Region reduced by 33.45% during NLL and 48.95% during SLL when compared to PLP. Mann Kendall Test showed a statistically significant (p < .001) decreasing PM2.5 trend at Manali Monitoring Site, Alandur Monitoring Site, and Velachery Monitoring Site. CBPF showed variations in local contributions for all sites during the selected time frames. CWT and Cluster analysis showed reductions in transported PM2.5 during NLL and SLL when compared to PLP. Health Risk Assessment using Integrated Exposure Response (IER) model function showed a decreasing trend of excess mortality for various health endpoints over 6-year period. Steep reductions in excess mortality cases were observed during NLL and SLL. The results show that lockdown implemented at the state level proved to be more effective than the national level in reducing PM2.5 levels over Chennai metropolitan Region.","PeriodicalId":13141,"journal":{"name":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"1146 - 1174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72905582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2022.2136137
Y. Sailaukhanuly, C. Nurzhanov, A. Nurzhanova, L. Carlsen
Abstract Kazakhstan is facing environmental problems with the large amounts of residual prohibited obsolete pesticides. More than 1500 tons of banned, obsolete pesticides and mixtures of unknown composition have been disclosed distributed throughout Kazakhstan in store houses that are abandoned, in partially or completely demolished states. However, these locations still contain significant amounts of these banned substances that have been (and presumably still are) widely used. The present study focusses on potential problems associated with former pesticide storehouses in the Almaty oblast (region) that due to significant agricultural activities is of particular concern. DDTs and HCHs are found in samples from storehouses in 9 districts of the Almaty oblast. Variations in concentrations are associated with different degradation pathways that have been studied applying ternary plots. The highest concentrations of p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD, and p,p′-DDE in soil samples exceed the Kazakh maximum allowable concentration (MAC) by factors of 65, 19, and 21, respectively, whereas for the HCHs isomers, α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH in soil samples the Kazakh MAC value was exceeded by factors of 12, 45, and 4.4, respectively. Analyses of the cancer risk showed that for both DDTs and HCHs the risk mainly occurs from ingestion of soil, whereas inhalation and dermal contact exposure contributes to a minor extent only. The implication to the local population is discussed.
{"title":"Evaluation of the potential cancer risk of obsolete organochlorine pesticides in abandoned storehouses throughout the Almaty oblast, Kazakhstan","authors":"Y. Sailaukhanuly, C. Nurzhanov, A. Nurzhanova, L. Carlsen","doi":"10.1080/10807039.2022.2136137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2022.2136137","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Kazakhstan is facing environmental problems with the large amounts of residual prohibited obsolete pesticides. More than 1500 tons of banned, obsolete pesticides and mixtures of unknown composition have been disclosed distributed throughout Kazakhstan in store houses that are abandoned, in partially or completely demolished states. However, these locations still contain significant amounts of these banned substances that have been (and presumably still are) widely used. The present study focusses on potential problems associated with former pesticide storehouses in the Almaty oblast (region) that due to significant agricultural activities is of particular concern. DDTs and HCHs are found in samples from storehouses in 9 districts of the Almaty oblast. Variations in concentrations are associated with different degradation pathways that have been studied applying ternary plots. The highest concentrations of p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD, and p,p′-DDE in soil samples exceed the Kazakh maximum allowable concentration (MAC) by factors of 65, 19, and 21, respectively, whereas for the HCHs isomers, α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH in soil samples the Kazakh MAC value was exceeded by factors of 12, 45, and 4.4, respectively. Analyses of the cancer risk showed that for both DDTs and HCHs the risk mainly occurs from ingestion of soil, whereas inhalation and dermal contact exposure contributes to a minor extent only. The implication to the local population is discussed.","PeriodicalId":13141,"journal":{"name":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"1213 - 1227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74040063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2022.2132468
H. Moon, Yooeun Chae, S. Bae, Yong-Jae Kim, Chang-Beom Park, June-Woo Park, Sooyeon Kim, Jong-Su Seo
Abstract Recently, national regulatory agencies have announced plans to move away from animal testing through the adoption of new approach methods (NAMs) including in silico and in vitro approaches. In this study, we suggest a new approach of environmental risk assessment method for water quality criteria of bisphenol A (BPA) in the surface water of 11 rivers in Asia using an alternative toxicity method based on the in vitro-based cytotoxicity and genetic toxicity. The hazardous concentrations for 5% (HC5) were obtained from the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curves based on the traditional acute toxicities (TAT), traditional chronic toxicities (TCT), and alterative acute toxicities (AAT) data. The HC5 values for the TAT, TCT, and AAT data were 2019.3 µg/L, 0.92 µg/L, and 0.68 µg/L, respectively. The TAT-based predicted no-effect concentration (PNECTAT), TCT-based PNEC (PNECTCT), and AAT-based PNEC (PNECAAT) values were derived as 1009.65 µg/L, 0.46 µg/L, and 0.34 µg/L, respectively. The TAT-based risk quotient (RQTAT) value of BPA was negligible (<0.1). The AAT-based RQ value (RQAAT) of BPA in Liuxi river (RQAAT = 21.94) of China showed the highest potential ecological risk of the 11 sampled rivers of Asia. In Korea, the highest potential risk assessment (RQAAT = 2.93) was recorded in Gyeonggi-do as the largest administrative region. The results may suggest that the application of AAT in the ecological risk assessment for surface water can replace the previously applied TCT approach.
{"title":"Assessment of potential ecological risk of bisphenol A in surface waters via evaluation of alternative non-animal approaches","authors":"H. Moon, Yooeun Chae, S. Bae, Yong-Jae Kim, Chang-Beom Park, June-Woo Park, Sooyeon Kim, Jong-Su Seo","doi":"10.1080/10807039.2022.2132468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2022.2132468","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recently, national regulatory agencies have announced plans to move away from animal testing through the adoption of new approach methods (NAMs) including in silico and in vitro approaches. In this study, we suggest a new approach of environmental risk assessment method for water quality criteria of bisphenol A (BPA) in the surface water of 11 rivers in Asia using an alternative toxicity method based on the in vitro-based cytotoxicity and genetic toxicity. The hazardous concentrations for 5% (HC5) were obtained from the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curves based on the traditional acute toxicities (TAT), traditional chronic toxicities (TCT), and alterative acute toxicities (AAT) data. The HC5 values for the TAT, TCT, and AAT data were 2019.3 µg/L, 0.92 µg/L, and 0.68 µg/L, respectively. The TAT-based predicted no-effect concentration (PNECTAT), TCT-based PNEC (PNECTCT), and AAT-based PNEC (PNECAAT) values were derived as 1009.65 µg/L, 0.46 µg/L, and 0.34 µg/L, respectively. The TAT-based risk quotient (RQTAT) value of BPA was negligible (<0.1). The AAT-based RQ value (RQAAT) of BPA in Liuxi river (RQAAT = 21.94) of China showed the highest potential ecological risk of the 11 sampled rivers of Asia. In Korea, the highest potential risk assessment (RQAAT = 2.93) was recorded in Gyeonggi-do as the largest administrative region. The results may suggest that the application of AAT in the ecological risk assessment for surface water can replace the previously applied TCT approach.","PeriodicalId":13141,"journal":{"name":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal","volume":"57 1","pages":"1175 - 1194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77647920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-13DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2022.2132378
L. Tannenbaum
Abstract While the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s ecological risk assessment process was devised with the best of intentions, including fashioning it to be isomorphic with the human health risk assessment process, longtime existing biological information demonstrating ecological receptors to be irrelevant for evaluation, was evidently overlooked. Owing to the spatial dynamics of density and home range, birds and mammals as the only terrestrial species routinely evaluated, occur in numbers far too small to legitimize their inclusion in assessments. These receptors would also not be expected to sufficiently contact contaminated media, principally soil, to trigger the development of concerning toxicological effects. The ecotoxicological manifestation of brief lifespans constitutes yet another reality not considered in applied ecological risk assessment. The decades-old nature of sites obviates any need for assessment; were toxicological effects to be elicited, they would have necessarily already arisen, yet they have consistently failed to appear. The analysis presented argues that in the haste to develop an ecological assessment process, the interplay of contaminated sites being relatively small, and species of seeming interest traveling over relatively vast spaces, has been ignored. The data assembled and reviewed demonstrate Superfund-type sites to house insufficient ecological resources to warrant a risk assessment process altogether.
{"title":"Absent ecology in the terrestrial ecological risk assessment process and an absent need for assessment","authors":"L. Tannenbaum","doi":"10.1080/10807039.2022.2132378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2022.2132378","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s ecological risk assessment process was devised with the best of intentions, including fashioning it to be isomorphic with the human health risk assessment process, longtime existing biological information demonstrating ecological receptors to be irrelevant for evaluation, was evidently overlooked. Owing to the spatial dynamics of density and home range, birds and mammals as the only terrestrial species routinely evaluated, occur in numbers far too small to legitimize their inclusion in assessments. These receptors would also not be expected to sufficiently contact contaminated media, principally soil, to trigger the development of concerning toxicological effects. The ecotoxicological manifestation of brief lifespans constitutes yet another reality not considered in applied ecological risk assessment. The decades-old nature of sites obviates any need for assessment; were toxicological effects to be elicited, they would have necessarily already arisen, yet they have consistently failed to appear. The analysis presented argues that in the haste to develop an ecological assessment process, the interplay of contaminated sites being relatively small, and species of seeming interest traveling over relatively vast spaces, has been ignored. The data assembled and reviewed demonstrate Superfund-type sites to house insufficient ecological resources to warrant a risk assessment process altogether.","PeriodicalId":13141,"journal":{"name":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"1083 - 1104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87158847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-13DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2022.2132466
Yu-jiang Wang, Q. Sun, Shuhan Yang, Ruirui Pei, Gu Xiao, Bei Liu
Abstract Since the discovery of novel coronavirus pneumonia (Covid-19) in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, it has spread to other Chinese provinces and continents in just one month, becoming a "public health emergency of international concern." The undesired behaviors of the public and patients during the Covid-19 epidemic cannot be ignored, but few scholars have studied them. In this study, we firstly adopted a qualitative analysis method based on a theoretical paradigm to to summarize the human factors in the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, and defined the concept of "human factors of the epidemic." Then, we analyzed the distribution characteristics of "human factors of epidemic" at each stage by using statistical analysis, and constructed a human factors model of epidemic evolution. Finally, a multi-subject risk assessment model was constructed using a fuzzy Bayesian network analysis method to quantify the human factors risk in the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. The results of the study are as follows. (1) The human factors of the COVID-19 epidemic mainly focused on five aspects, including cognitive bias, defective design, management bias, environmental defects, and intentional violations. (2) There were differences in the human factors at different stages of the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. In the outbreak stage, human factors of the COVID-19 epidemic showed complex trends, with factors such as lack of knowledge and low awareness still prevailing on the one hand, and factors such as lack of capacity, overtly agree but covertly oppose, dereliction of duty, concealment and misreporting, lack of resources, protection defects, design defects, escape/fleeing, and public gathering on the other hand also being more prominent. (3) The risk of the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic due to undesired human factors in the subjects involved was high (p = 0.641) under conventional intervention scenarios. Risk factors such as low awareness, poor decision making, lack of resources, lack of awareness, system deficiencies, public agglomeration, inadequate protection, misreporting, and dereliction of duty had relatively large sensitivity factors and were key human factors for the spread of the epidemic in Wuhan. Finally, targeted recommendations are proposed based on the evolutionary pattern and risk level of the human factors of the COVID-19 epidemic.
{"title":"Human factors analysis and risk assessment during the spread of the Covid-19 epidemic: A case study of the 2019 Wuhan outbreak in China","authors":"Yu-jiang Wang, Q. Sun, Shuhan Yang, Ruirui Pei, Gu Xiao, Bei Liu","doi":"10.1080/10807039.2022.2132466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2022.2132466","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since the discovery of novel coronavirus pneumonia (Covid-19) in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, it has spread to other Chinese provinces and continents in just one month, becoming a \"public health emergency of international concern.\" The undesired behaviors of the public and patients during the Covid-19 epidemic cannot be ignored, but few scholars have studied them. In this study, we firstly adopted a qualitative analysis method based on a theoretical paradigm to to summarize the human factors in the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, and defined the concept of \"human factors of the epidemic.\" Then, we analyzed the distribution characteristics of \"human factors of epidemic\" at each stage by using statistical analysis, and constructed a human factors model of epidemic evolution. Finally, a multi-subject risk assessment model was constructed using a fuzzy Bayesian network analysis method to quantify the human factors risk in the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. The results of the study are as follows. (1) The human factors of the COVID-19 epidemic mainly focused on five aspects, including cognitive bias, defective design, management bias, environmental defects, and intentional violations. (2) There were differences in the human factors at different stages of the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. In the outbreak stage, human factors of the COVID-19 epidemic showed complex trends, with factors such as lack of knowledge and low awareness still prevailing on the one hand, and factors such as lack of capacity, overtly agree but covertly oppose, dereliction of duty, concealment and misreporting, lack of resources, protection defects, design defects, escape/fleeing, and public gathering on the other hand also being more prominent. (3) The risk of the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic due to undesired human factors in the subjects involved was high (p = 0.641) under conventional intervention scenarios. Risk factors such as low awareness, poor decision making, lack of resources, lack of awareness, system deficiencies, public agglomeration, inadequate protection, misreporting, and dereliction of duty had relatively large sensitivity factors and were key human factors for the spread of the epidemic in Wuhan. Finally, targeted recommendations are proposed based on the evolutionary pattern and risk level of the human factors of the COVID-19 epidemic.","PeriodicalId":13141,"journal":{"name":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"1124 - 1145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80815903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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