Oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) operating from 2.6 to 295 K are investigated to establish reliable thermal design guidelines for cryogenic photonic interconnects. Lasing-wavelength shifts due to self-heating are converted to an effective cavity temperature through calibrated spectral thermometry. The 3D finite-element VCSEL model of semiconductor and oxide nanoscale layers is developed to solve the nonlinear heat-conduction equation with thermal conductivities dependent on temperature, material composition, and doping. The combined 3D modeling-and-measurement framework provides a predictive tool for engineering next-generation cryogenic VCSELs with reduced self-heating and improved reliability in high-speed superconducting computing links.
{"title":"Laser Cavity-Temperature and 3D Nonlinear Thermal Model of VCSEL From 2.6 to 130 K","authors":"Haonan Wu;Wenning Fu;Yulin He;Zetai Liu;Milton Feng","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3612272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3612272","url":null,"abstract":"Oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) operating from 2.6 to 295 K are investigated to establish reliable thermal design guidelines for cryogenic photonic interconnects. Lasing-wavelength shifts due to self-heating are converted to an effective cavity temperature through calibrated spectral thermometry. The 3D finite-element VCSEL model of semiconductor and oxide nanoscale layers is developed to solve the nonlinear heat-conduction equation with thermal conductivities dependent on temperature, material composition, and doping. The combined 3D modeling-and-measurement framework provides a predictive tool for engineering next-generation cryogenic VCSELs with reduced self-heating and improved reliability in high-speed superconducting computing links.","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 6","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11173636","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145449338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-17DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2025.3611237
Yaolin Fei;Wei Shi;Yao Ma;Liujing Xu;Wensong Li
In this study, the performance of a continuous-wave (CW) deep-red Ho${}^{mathbf {3+}}$ /Tb${}^{mathbf {3+}}$ co-doped fluoride fiber laser was numerically investigated. The laser operated at approximately 750 nm and was cladding pumped by a blue diode. The laser slope efficiency is studied and discussed in relation to the effects of fiber length, output mirror reflectivity, and pump wavelength. The results indicate that Tb${}^{mathbf {3+}}$ ions can assist the Ho${}^{mathbf {3+}}$ :${}^{mathbf {5}}$ F${}_{mathbf {4}}$ +${}^{mathbf {5}}$ S${}_{mathbf {2}} to ^{mathbf {5}}$ I${}_{mathbf {7}}$ transition in overcoming the population inversion bottleneck, resulting in a significant increase in efficiency and power scalability. At a launched pump power of 60 W, the calculated CW output power of 30.86 W was associated with a slope efficiency of 52%. Such a result encourages the development of a deep-red laser that is constructed from a fluoride fiber co-doped with Ho${}^{mathbf {3+}}$ and Tb${}^{mathbf {3+}}$ .
{"title":"Numerical Design on Blue Diode Pumping of Deep-Red Lasers in Ho3+/Tb3+ Co-Doped Fluoride Fibers","authors":"Yaolin Fei;Wei Shi;Yao Ma;Liujing Xu;Wensong Li","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3611237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3611237","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the performance of a continuous-wave (CW) deep-red Ho<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{mathbf {3+}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/Tb<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{mathbf {3+}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>co-doped fluoride fiber laser was numerically investigated. The laser operated at approximately 750 nm and was cladding pumped by a blue diode. The laser slope efficiency is studied and discussed in relation to the effects of fiber length, output mirror reflectivity, and pump wavelength. The results indicate that Tb<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{mathbf {3+}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>ions can assist the Ho<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{mathbf {3+}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>:<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{mathbf {5}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>F<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{mathbf {4}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>+<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{mathbf {5}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>S<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{mathbf {2}} to ^{mathbf {5}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>I<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{mathbf {7}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>transition in overcoming the population inversion bottleneck, resulting in a significant increase in efficiency and power scalability. At a launched pump power of 60 W, the calculated CW output power of 30.86 W was associated with a slope efficiency of 52%. Such a result encourages the development of a deep-red laser that is constructed from a fluoride fiber co-doped with Ho<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{mathbf {3+}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>and Tb<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{mathbf {3+}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 6","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145449319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2025.3608638
Robert J. Deri;Jiang Li;S. K. Patra;William E. Fenwick;David L. Pope;Matthew C. Boisselle;David M. Dutra;Logan Martin;Laina V. Gilmore
A method is proposed for determination of the pulse-to-pulse variation in junction temperature and emission wavelength of a semiconductor laser diode during a train of pulses. This approach, based on impulse response functions, enables predictions for pulse trains with arbitrary pulse-to-pulse variations in output power, pulse width, and pulse delay using a limited set of experimental characterization data. The use of this approach is illustrated by application to a particular device structure.
{"title":"Impulse Response Functions for Characterizing Pulse-to-Pulse Junction Temperature Behavior in Laser Diode Pulse Trains","authors":"Robert J. Deri;Jiang Li;S. K. Patra;William E. Fenwick;David L. Pope;Matthew C. Boisselle;David M. Dutra;Logan Martin;Laina V. Gilmore","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3608638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3608638","url":null,"abstract":"A method is proposed for determination of the pulse-to-pulse variation in junction temperature and emission wavelength of a semiconductor laser diode during a train of pulses. This approach, based on impulse response functions, enables predictions for pulse trains with arbitrary pulse-to-pulse variations in output power, pulse width, and pulse delay using a limited set of experimental characterization data. The use of this approach is illustrated by application to a particular device structure.","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 5","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2025.3608648
Nor Najwa Ismail;Rizal Ramli;Norazriena Yusoff;Siti Nabila Aidit
In this study, a nickel-phosphorus trisulfide (NiPS3) saturable absorber (SA) with a ~20.9% modulation depth was used for mode-locking in an erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) operating in near-zero and anomalous dispersion regimes. The SA was formed by depositing a layer of NiPS${}_{mathbf {3}}$ material onto an arc-shaped fiber. The pulses generated were initially observed in the stretched pulse regime. Then, an 84 m long single-mode fiber (SMF) was added to the cavity to operate in the anomalous dispersion regime. The center wavelength of the pulses was observed at 1566.6 nm and 1561.6 nm for the stretched and anomalous dispersion regimes, respectively, with measured 3-dB bandwidths of 3.2 nm and 1.4 nm. The corresponding repetition rates were 6.6 MHz and 1.8 MHz, while the pulse widths with Gaussian and sech${}^{mathbf {2}}$ profiles were 1.53 ps and 2.25 ps. Stable mode-locking operation was obtained with a signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of ~66 dB and ~49 dB for the pulses at the stretched and soliton regimes. The findings of this work can contribute towards the optimization of mode-locked fiber laser cavity designs for the C-band wavelength region.
{"title":"Generation of Stretched and Soliton Pulses From Passively Mode-Locked EDFL Utilizing Nickel-Phosphorus Trisulfide (NiPS3)-Based Saturable Absorber","authors":"Nor Najwa Ismail;Rizal Ramli;Norazriena Yusoff;Siti Nabila Aidit","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3608648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3608648","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a nickel-phosphorus trisulfide (NiPS3) saturable absorber (SA) with a ~20.9% modulation depth was used for mode-locking in an erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) operating in near-zero and anomalous dispersion regimes. The SA was formed by depositing a layer of NiPS<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}_{mathbf {3}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> material onto an arc-shaped fiber. The pulses generated were initially observed in the stretched pulse regime. Then, an 84 m long single-mode fiber (SMF) was added to the cavity to operate in the anomalous dispersion regime. The center wavelength of the pulses was observed at 1566.6 nm and 1561.6 nm for the stretched and anomalous dispersion regimes, respectively, with measured 3-dB bandwidths of 3.2 nm and 1.4 nm. The corresponding repetition rates were 6.6 MHz and 1.8 MHz, while the pulse widths with Gaussian and sech<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{mathbf {2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> profiles were 1.53 ps and 2.25 ps. Stable mode-locking operation was obtained with a signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of ~66 dB and ~49 dB for the pulses at the stretched and soliton regimes. The findings of this work can contribute towards the optimization of mode-locked fiber laser cavity designs for the C-band wavelength region.","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 5","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-29DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2025.3598411
{"title":"Quasi-Phase-Matched Second Harmonic Generation: Tuning and Tolerances","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3598411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3598411","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 4","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-29DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2025.3597889
{"title":"Sensitive Measurement of Optical Nonlinearities Using a Single Beam","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3597889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3597889","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 4","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-28DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2025.3601936
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JQE.2025.3601936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2025.3601936","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13200,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics","volume":"61 4","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11143985","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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