Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3644351
Huitong Jiang;Weijing Kong;Junsen Wang;Xuanxin Chang;Yu Lu;Xiaochang Ni
Bloch Surface Waves have emerged as a promising alternative to Surface Plasmon Resonance for high-sensitivity sensing applications, owing to their low optical losses, sharp resonance dips, and tunable polarization properties. This paper explores a high-performance Bloch surface wave sensor based on an optimized one-dimensional photonic crystal structure for ultra-sensitive refractive index detection. The sensor architecture consists of a periodic stack of TiO2 and SiO2 layers with a TiO2 cap layer, designed using the transfer matrix method to operate in aqueous environments. Through numerical simulations and theoretical analyses, we systematically engineer the photonic bandgap structure to achieve enhanced field localization and low transmission loss. A Kretschmann-Raether prism coupling setup with precision angular control is employed to experimentally validate the device’s exceptional performance. The narrow resonance feature (FWHM = 0.036°) and high quality factor (Q > 1480) confirm excellent sensing capabilities, demonstrating high sensing sensitivity and an intensity-based detection resolution of 4.51 × 10−7 RIU. This work establishes BSW sensors as a next-generation platform for label-free biochemical sensing with low detection limit in the near-infrared regime.
{"title":"High Performance Bloch Surface Wave Sensing: Optimized Photonic Bandgap Structure for Low Detection Limit","authors":"Huitong Jiang;Weijing Kong;Junsen Wang;Xuanxin Chang;Yu Lu;Xiaochang Ni","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3644351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3644351","url":null,"abstract":"Bloch Surface Waves have emerged as a promising alternative to Surface Plasmon Resonance for high-sensitivity sensing applications, owing to their low optical losses, sharp resonance dips, and tunable polarization properties. This paper explores a high-performance Bloch surface wave sensor based on an optimized one-dimensional photonic crystal structure for ultra-sensitive refractive index detection. The sensor architecture consists of a periodic stack of TiO<sub>2</sub> and SiO<sub>2</sub> layers with a TiO<sub>2</sub> cap layer, designed using the transfer matrix method to operate in aqueous environments. Through numerical simulations and theoretical analyses, we systematically engineer the photonic bandgap structure to achieve enhanced field localization and low transmission loss. A Kretschmann-Raether prism coupling setup with precision angular control is employed to experimentally validate the device’s exceptional performance. The narrow resonance feature (FWHM = 0.036°) and high quality factor (Q > 1480) confirm excellent sensing capabilities, demonstrating high sensing sensitivity and an intensity-based detection resolution of 4.51 × 10<sup>−7</sup> RIU. This work establishes BSW sensors as a next-generation platform for label-free biochemical sensing with low detection limit in the near-infrared regime.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11300772","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3644369
Jonghyun Kim;Dohyun Shin;Jinwook Burm
Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) LiDAR systems require the precise generation of linear chirp signals for high-resolution distance measurements. While previous studies have primarily focused on the intrinsic frequency nonlinearity of laser diode, this work considers the broader impact of the entire transmit (TX) chain on ranging accuracy. The nonlinearity of the TX system is newly classified into a static component and a residual component, each requiring independent optimization strategies. To address this, we introduce a double-resampling approach that combines pre-distortion with a post-processing algorithm. Both stages employ similar Hilbert transform-based structures, minimizing algorithmic complexity while enabling high-precision operation even with low-cost or aged TX hardware, which demonstrates strong commercial potential. Experimental results under free-space conditions show a standard deviation (STD) of 0.18 mm and an error rate (Accuracy) of 0.17% at 1 m, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 6.28 mm, indicating the distance resolution.
{"title":"Double Resampling Architecture for Distance Measurement in FMCW LiDAR With Degraded Transmitter Systems","authors":"Jonghyun Kim;Dohyun Shin;Jinwook Burm","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3644369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3644369","url":null,"abstract":"Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) LiDAR systems require the precise generation of linear chirp signals for high-resolution distance measurements. While previous studies have primarily focused on the intrinsic frequency nonlinearity of laser diode, this work considers the broader impact of the entire transmit (TX) chain on ranging accuracy. The nonlinearity of the TX system is newly classified into a static component and a residual component, each requiring independent optimization strategies. To address this, we introduce a double-resampling approach that combines pre-distortion with a post-processing algorithm. Both stages employ similar Hilbert transform-based structures, minimizing algorithmic complexity while enabling high-precision operation even with low-cost or aged TX hardware, which demonstrates strong commercial potential. Experimental results under free-space conditions show a standard deviation (STD) of 0.18 mm and an error rate (Accuracy) of 0.17% at 1 m, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 6.28 mm, indicating the distance resolution.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11300780","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soliton fiber laser is widely regarded as the paradigm for ultrafast fiber lasers due to its simple and flexible configuration. Meanwhile, to overcome its limitation in pulse energy and bandwidth, dispersion-management and spectral filtering effects are routinely used to mitigate nonlinearity-induced instabilities through temporal and spectral stretching in the cavity. In this work, we demonstrate that, by simply introducing a large lumped attenuation in a soliton fiber laser, significant temporal and spectral stretching can be achieved despite the dominant anomalous dispersion of the fiber cavity, allowing for a stretched-pulse-like operation without using dispersion-compensation fibers and bandpass filters. In experiment, we achieved prominent pulse energy and bandwidth scaling by applying a lumped 13-dB attenuation before the gain section, which leads to 8-nm pulse bandwidth. Numerical simulations were performed to reveal the dramatic oscillation of the pulse chirp in the cavity in the all-anomalous fiber sections. This work revealed the critical role of lump attenuation in mode-locked cavity in manipulating the intra-cavity dynamics of soliton laser, and may serve as a simple and useful degree of freedom for optimization of mode-locked fiber lasers.
{"title":"Spectral-Temporal Stretching and Bandwidth Scaling in Soliton Fiber Lasers Induced by Large Lumped Attenuation","authors":"Siqi Fan;Xintong Zhang;Qi Huang;Xiaogang Tang;Xiaocong Wang;Benhai Wang;Haochen Lin;Jinxin Zhan;Xin Jiang;Wenbin He;Meng Pang","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3643502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3643502","url":null,"abstract":"Soliton fiber laser is widely regarded as the paradigm for ultrafast fiber lasers due to its simple and flexible configuration. Meanwhile, to overcome its limitation in pulse energy and bandwidth, dispersion-management and spectral filtering effects are routinely used to mitigate nonlinearity-induced instabilities through temporal and spectral stretching in the cavity. In this work, we demonstrate that, by simply introducing a large lumped attenuation in a soliton fiber laser, significant temporal and spectral stretching can be achieved despite the dominant anomalous dispersion of the fiber cavity, allowing for a stretched-pulse-like operation without using dispersion-compensation fibers and bandpass filters. In experiment, we achieved prominent pulse energy and bandwidth scaling by applying a lumped 13-dB attenuation before the gain section, which leads to 8-nm pulse bandwidth. Numerical simulations were performed to reveal the dramatic oscillation of the pulse chirp in the cavity in the all-anomalous fiber sections. This work revealed the critical role of lump attenuation in mode-locked cavity in manipulating the intra-cavity dynamics of soliton laser, and may serve as a simple and useful degree of freedom for optimization of mode-locked fiber lasers.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11298501","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coarse-to-fine partitioning (CFP) algorithm is proposed for angle-of-arrival (AoA) estimation with a controllable liquid crystal display (LCD) in front of a photodetector (PD). By electrically switching each pixel of the LCD in transparent or opaque, the position of the aperture through which the incident light passes is controlled to estimate the AoA of the incident light to the PD. The size of the aperture needs to be a certain size to maintain the accuracy of the AoA estimation, which consists of a region of several pixels. In the conventional algorithm, with a fixed size of the aperture equal to the size of resolution unit, the entire surface of the LCD was exhaustively searched horizontally and vertically. In our CFP algorithm, the entire surface is partitioned into two or three equal-area regions, and the intensities observed at the PD when pixels consisting of each of such regions are alternately switched to transparent mode are compared. Among them, the region with the highest intensity observed is chosen as the next candidate region through which the incident light passes. This process is iteratively applied, partitioning the candidate region from coarse to fine, until the region reaches the resolution size. For the LCD consisting of 2560 × 1440 pixels with the resolution unit size of 10 × 10 pixels, to estimate the AoA, our CFP algorithm requires 30 searches while the conventional algorithm requires 400 searches. Experimental results show that although intensity measurements are repeated fifteen times for each search to stabilize the intensity measurement values in both of the conventional algorithm and our CFP algorithm, our algorithm estimates it with the error less than one degree. Furthermore, by adding another PD into the system, from the AoA estimation for the two PDs with our CFP algorithm, the distance estimation to the light source from 200 mm to 900 mm is experimentally shown with a relative error of 4.5$%$.
{"title":"Coarse-to-Fine Partitioning Algorithm for Angle-of-Arrival Estimation in Visible Light Positioning Using Liquid Crystal Display","authors":"Ryunosuke Fukuda;Koji Kamakura;Masayuki Kinoshita;Takaya Yamazato","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3643362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3643362","url":null,"abstract":"Coarse-to-fine partitioning (CFP) algorithm is proposed for angle-of-arrival (AoA) estimation with a controllable liquid crystal display (LCD) in front of a photodetector (PD). By electrically switching each pixel of the LCD in transparent or opaque, the position of the aperture through which the incident light passes is controlled to estimate the AoA of the incident light to the PD. The size of the aperture needs to be a certain size to maintain the accuracy of the AoA estimation, which consists of a region of several pixels. In the conventional algorithm, with a fixed size of the aperture equal to the size of resolution unit, the entire surface of the LCD was exhaustively searched horizontally and vertically. In our CFP algorithm, the entire surface is partitioned into two or three equal-area regions, and the intensities observed at the PD when pixels consisting of each of such regions are alternately switched to transparent mode are compared. Among them, the region with the highest intensity observed is chosen as the next candidate region through which the incident light passes. This process is iteratively applied, partitioning the candidate region from coarse to fine, until the region reaches the resolution size. For the LCD consisting of 2560 × 1440 pixels with the resolution unit size of 10 × 10 pixels, to estimate the AoA, our CFP algorithm requires 30 searches while the conventional algorithm requires 400 searches. Experimental results show that although intensity measurements are repeated fifteen times for each search to stabilize the intensity measurement values in both of the conventional algorithm and our CFP algorithm, our algorithm estimates it with the error less than one degree. Furthermore, by adding another PD into the system, from the AoA estimation for the two PDs with our CFP algorithm, the distance estimation to the light source from 200 mm to 900 mm is experimentally shown with a relative error of 4.5<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula>.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11298384","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3642726
David Esteban Farfán-Guillén;André Eugênio Lazzaretti;Alexandre de Almeida Prado Pohl
Visible light communication (VLC) systems face performance limitations due to optical channel nonlinearities and pilot overhead, which constrain signal quality and spectral efficiency. This paper presents an integrated dual-stage framework combining Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) nonlinearity compensation with wavelet-based channel estimation enhancement. The proposed approach utilizes ELM processing in the time domain to mitigate optical channel distortions, followed by wavelet enhancement that exploits energy compaction properties to enhance frequency-domain channel estimates with minimal pilot overhead. Experimental validation using a 2 × 1 MISO testbed over 2-meter indoor links with 16-QAM and 64-QAM OFDM demonstrates enhanced performance, achieving BER below 10$mathrm{^{-3}}$ under varying LED-luminaire operating conditions while conventional methods fail to meet this threshold. A comparative analysis confirms that the proposed method outperforms deep neural networks and polynomial compensation techniques, while energy compaction analysis validates the channel energy concentration in wavelet coefficients. The framework demonstrates feasibility for short-range indoor VLC applications, achieving enhanced signal quality and reduced pilot overhead, thereby improving spectral efficiency.
{"title":"Integrated ELM-Wavelet Approach for Nonlinearity Compensation and Channel Estimation in Visible Light Communication","authors":"David Esteban Farfán-Guillén;André Eugênio Lazzaretti;Alexandre de Almeida Prado Pohl","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3642726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3642726","url":null,"abstract":"Visible light communication (VLC) systems face performance limitations due to optical channel nonlinearities and pilot overhead, which constrain signal quality and spectral efficiency. This paper presents an integrated dual-stage framework combining Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) nonlinearity compensation with wavelet-based channel estimation enhancement. The proposed approach utilizes ELM processing in the time domain to mitigate optical channel distortions, followed by wavelet enhancement that exploits energy compaction properties to enhance frequency-domain channel estimates with minimal pilot overhead. Experimental validation using a 2 × 1 MISO testbed over 2-meter indoor links with 16-QAM and 64-QAM OFDM demonstrates enhanced performance, achieving BER below 10<inline-formula><tex-math>$mathrm{^{-3}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> under varying LED-luminaire operating conditions while conventional methods fail to meet this threshold. A comparative analysis confirms that the proposed method outperforms deep neural networks and polynomial compensation techniques, while energy compaction analysis validates the channel energy concentration in wavelet coefficients. The framework demonstrates feasibility for short-range indoor VLC applications, achieving enhanced signal quality and reduced pilot overhead, thereby improving spectral efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11293422","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Privacy amplification is a critical component in quantum key distribution (QKD) to eliminate eavesdropper information and distill unconditionally secure keys. While conventional Toeplitz hash privacy amplification algorithms face challenges in computational complexity and hardware resource demands, existing one-dimensional cellular automata (1D CAs) algorithm lacks sufficient parallelism and exhibits limited diffusion under finite-size constraints. To overcome these limitations, a privacy amplification algorithm using two-dimensional cellular automata (2D CAs) for QKD is presented in this paper. The proposed algorithm decreases the computation complexity and increases the processing speed. Unlike conventional Toeplitz hash algorithms, the proposed algorithm utilizes the inherent parallelism of 2D CAs to enable simultaneous multi-bit confusion through cyclic row shifts and XOR operations. Furthermore, we prove that the 2D CAs-based algorithm is a universal hash family and satisfies the principle of privacy amplification. The randomness of the proposed algorithm was evaluated through the NIST test suite and an avalanche test, both of which indicated great performance. Finally, we implement the proposed algorithm in field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The experimental results on a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA demonstrate that our scheme achieves high throughput and significantly reduces hardware resource consumption.
{"title":"High-Speed Privacy Amplification Algorithm Based on Two-Dimensional Cellular Automata in Quantum Key Distribution","authors":"Encheng Tian;Han Hai;Xue-Qin Jiang;Enjian Bai;Genlong Chen;Peng Huang;Guihua Zeng","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3638669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3638669","url":null,"abstract":"Privacy amplification is a critical component in quantum key distribution (QKD) to eliminate eavesdropper information and distill unconditionally secure keys. While conventional Toeplitz hash privacy amplification algorithms face challenges in computational complexity and hardware resource demands, existing one-dimensional cellular automata (1D CAs) algorithm lacks sufficient parallelism and exhibits limited diffusion under finite-size constraints. To overcome these limitations, a privacy amplification algorithm using two-dimensional cellular automata (2D CAs) for QKD is presented in this paper. The proposed algorithm decreases the computation complexity and increases the processing speed. Unlike conventional Toeplitz hash algorithms, the proposed algorithm utilizes the inherent parallelism of 2D CAs to enable simultaneous multi-bit confusion through cyclic row shifts and XOR operations. Furthermore, we prove that the 2D CAs-based algorithm is a universal hash family and satisfies the principle of privacy amplification. The randomness of the proposed algorithm was evaluated through the NIST test suite and an avalanche test, both of which indicated great performance. Finally, we implement the proposed algorithm in field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The experimental results on a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA demonstrate that our scheme achieves high throughput and significantly reduces hardware resource consumption.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11283042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3640972
Fe Fan Li;Jiun-Zhu Lai;Shuo-Yen Tseng
Adiabatic waveguides are a class of waveguides which vary slowly in their device geometry such that the adiabaticity condition is satisfied. Defining the adiabaticity metric in optical waveguides has been a subject of many studies. An adiabaticity parameter that measures the slowness of evolution can be defined by the analogy between quantum mechanics and guided wave optics. From local coupled-mode theory, an adiabaticity parameter for the evolution of the power of a local mode can be obtained. A coupling coefficient between local modes can then be acquired and used for device optimization. In this work, we examine the different adiabaticity parameters and show how they can be used to engineer the adiabaticity in waveguide devices. It can be shown that for a 3-dB adiabatic coupler waveguide structure, the power obtained from the theoretical expression can accurately describe the mode power, as demonstrated via simulation. Based on the adiabaticity parameter, the adiabaticity of waveguide devices can be engineered using single or multiple control parameters, leading to compact and robust devices.
{"title":"A Systematic Study of the Adiabaticity Parameter in Optical Waveguides","authors":"Fe Fan Li;Jiun-Zhu Lai;Shuo-Yen Tseng","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3640972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3640972","url":null,"abstract":"Adiabatic waveguides are a class of waveguides which vary slowly in their device geometry such that the adiabaticity condition is satisfied. Defining the adiabaticity metric in optical waveguides has been a subject of many studies. An adiabaticity parameter that measures the slowness of evolution can be defined by the analogy between quantum mechanics and guided wave optics. From local coupled-mode theory, an adiabaticity parameter for the evolution of the power of a local mode can be obtained. A coupling coefficient between local modes can then be acquired and used for device optimization. In this work, we examine the different adiabaticity parameters and show how they can be used to engineer the adiabaticity in waveguide devices. It can be shown that for a 3-dB adiabatic coupler waveguide structure, the power obtained from the theoretical expression can accurately describe the mode power, as demonstrated via simulation. Based on the adiabaticity parameter, the adiabaticity of waveguide devices can be engineered using single or multiple control parameters, leading to compact and robust devices.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11278675","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3640005
Karol Dąbrowski;Łukasz Kubiszyn;Bartłomiej Seredyński;Waldemar Gawron;Piotr Martyniuk
This paper presents a performance comparison of commonly used mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detectors and interband cascade infrared photodetectors (ICIPs) based on the InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice (T2SL – “new wave material”) from mid- to very long-wave infrared (MWIR-LWIR-VLWIR), fabricated at VIGO Photonics S.A. All results show the detectors operating at high temperatures using immersion lens technology. For devices optimized for the MWIR, the detectivity of MCT is still higher than ICIP, especially when cooled, however, in the LWIR and VLWIR, the ICIP often exhibits performance comparable or higher than the MCT at room temperature. Moreover, the paper shows the capability of the cascade design to increase the operating bandwidth in the MWIR-VLWIR and greater possibility of the energy band engineering.
{"title":"III-V Multistage Detectors as an Alternative to MCT at Room and Thermoelectric Cooling Temperature (200 K)","authors":"Karol Dąbrowski;Łukasz Kubiszyn;Bartłomiej Seredyński;Waldemar Gawron;Piotr Martyniuk","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3640005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3640005","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a performance comparison of commonly used mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detectors and interband cascade infrared photodetectors (ICIPs) based on the InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice (T2SL – “<italic>new wave material</i>”) from mid- to very long-wave infrared (MWIR-LWIR-VLWIR), fabricated at VIGO Photonics S.A. All results show the detectors operating at high temperatures using immersion lens technology. For devices optimized for the MWIR, the detectivity of MCT is still higher than ICIP, especially when cooled, however, in the LWIR and VLWIR, the ICIP often exhibits performance comparable or higher than the MCT at room temperature. Moreover, the paper shows the capability of the cascade design to increase the operating bandwidth in the MWIR-VLWIR and greater possibility of the energy band engineering.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11278028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3639442
Dan Yang;Zhenzhen Ma;Hong Liu;Jiaqi Liu;Bin Xu
In this paper, a bend-resistant photonic crystal fiber inverse design using a deep neural network (DNN) with feature analysis is proposed for higher efficiency. First, a DNN model is trained to design structures of the bend-resistant PCF according to the given optical performance. Then, Shapley additive interpretation (SHAP), a kind of XAI algorithm is employed to optimize the pre-trained DNN model with feature analysis. The features with higher SHAP values are selected from the original input data to reduce the input data dimension of the pre-trained DNN. When the input data dimension is reduced from 33 to 11, the number of model parameters is decreased by 87.9%. The design accuracy of the optimized DNN is 94.4%, and the total design time of the optimized model is only 0.024 seconds. The results show that the proposed method reduces the computational load and improves the efficiency of photonic crystal fiber design. The designed bend-resistant photonic crystal fibers have excellent performance and are easy to be manufactured. This can also offer an alternative method for the design of various optical devices.
{"title":"Inverse Design of Bend-Resistant Photonic Crystal Fibers Based on DNN With Feature Analysis","authors":"Dan Yang;Zhenzhen Ma;Hong Liu;Jiaqi Liu;Bin Xu","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3639442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3639442","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a bend-resistant photonic crystal fiber inverse design using a deep neural network (DNN) with feature analysis is proposed for higher efficiency. First, a DNN model is trained to design structures of the bend-resistant PCF according to the given optical performance. Then, Shapley additive interpretation (SHAP), a kind of XAI algorithm is employed to optimize the pre-trained DNN model with feature analysis. The features with higher SHAP values are selected from the original input data to reduce the input data dimension of the pre-trained DNN. When the input data dimension is reduced from 33 to 11, the number of model parameters is decreased by 87.9%. The design accuracy of the optimized DNN is 94.4%, and the total design time of the optimized model is only 0.024 seconds. The results show that the proposed method reduces the computational load and improves the efficiency of photonic crystal fiber design. The designed bend-resistant photonic crystal fibers have excellent performance and are easy to be manufactured. This can also offer an alternative method for the design of various optical devices.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11271800","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3638782
Junnan Wang;Qihui He;Xiasi Sun;Lei Hou
With the rapid advancement of terahertz (THz) technology, there is an urgent demand for highly sensitive, broadband THz detectors that can operate at room temperature to support the evolving applications. Due to the high sensitivity of Rydberg atoms to external electric fields, detectors based on Rydberg quantum coherence offer great potential for high-performance THz detection. This paper proposed a ambient temperature electrometry approach for THz detection using probe laser spectroscopy of Rb Rydberg atoms and carry out a comprehensive study of a four-level system involving electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes (AT) splitting in Rb cascades. By solving the Lindblad master equation, the influences of the THz electric field, probe laser, and coupling laser on the populations of the ground and Rydberg states were analyzed. Furthermore, the effects of temperature and vapor cell dimensions on the Rb atomic density are examined, revealing their critical impact on detection sensitivity. The results predict that the proposed quantum coherence based THz detection method can achieve a sensitivity as low as 10$^{-9}$ V/m/Hz$^{1/2}$ at ambient temperature. This paper provides a solid theoretical foundation for the implementation and optimization of Rydberg-atom-based quantum coherence techniques for high-sensitivity, ambient temperature THz wave detection.
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