Privacy amplification is a critical component in quantum key distribution (QKD) to eliminate eavesdropper information and distill unconditionally secure keys. While conventional Toeplitz hash privacy amplification algorithms face challenges in computational complexity and hardware resource demands, existing one-dimensional cellular automata (1D CAs) algorithm lacks sufficient parallelism and exhibits limited diffusion under finite-size constraints. To overcome these limitations, a privacy amplification algorithm using two-dimensional cellular automata (2D CAs) for QKD is presented in this paper. The proposed algorithm decreases the computation complexity and increases the processing speed. Unlike conventional Toeplitz hash algorithms, the proposed algorithm utilizes the inherent parallelism of 2D CAs to enable simultaneous multi-bit confusion through cyclic row shifts and XOR operations. Furthermore, we prove that the 2D CAs-based algorithm is a universal hash family and satisfies the principle of privacy amplification. The randomness of the proposed algorithm was evaluated through the NIST test suite and an avalanche test, both of which indicated great performance. Finally, we implement the proposed algorithm in field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The experimental results on a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA demonstrate that our scheme achieves high throughput and significantly reduces hardware resource consumption.
{"title":"High-Speed Privacy Amplification Algorithm Based on Two-Dimensional Cellular Automata in Quantum Key Distribution","authors":"Encheng Tian;Han Hai;Xue-Qin Jiang;Enjian Bai;Genlong Chen;Peng Huang;Guihua Zeng","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3638669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3638669","url":null,"abstract":"Privacy amplification is a critical component in quantum key distribution (QKD) to eliminate eavesdropper information and distill unconditionally secure keys. While conventional Toeplitz hash privacy amplification algorithms face challenges in computational complexity and hardware resource demands, existing one-dimensional cellular automata (1D CAs) algorithm lacks sufficient parallelism and exhibits limited diffusion under finite-size constraints. To overcome these limitations, a privacy amplification algorithm using two-dimensional cellular automata (2D CAs) for QKD is presented in this paper. The proposed algorithm decreases the computation complexity and increases the processing speed. Unlike conventional Toeplitz hash algorithms, the proposed algorithm utilizes the inherent parallelism of 2D CAs to enable simultaneous multi-bit confusion through cyclic row shifts and XOR operations. Furthermore, we prove that the 2D CAs-based algorithm is a universal hash family and satisfies the principle of privacy amplification. The randomness of the proposed algorithm was evaluated through the NIST test suite and an avalanche test, both of which indicated great performance. Finally, we implement the proposed algorithm in field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The experimental results on a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA demonstrate that our scheme achieves high throughput and significantly reduces hardware resource consumption.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11283042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3640972
Fe Fan Li;Jiun-Zhu Lai;Shuo-Yen Tseng
Adiabatic waveguides are a class of waveguides which vary slowly in their device geometry such that the adiabaticity condition is satisfied. Defining the adiabaticity metric in optical waveguides has been a subject of many studies. An adiabaticity parameter that measures the slowness of evolution can be defined by the analogy between quantum mechanics and guided wave optics. From local coupled-mode theory, an adiabaticity parameter for the evolution of the power of a local mode can be obtained. A coupling coefficient between local modes can then be acquired and used for device optimization. In this work, we examine the different adiabaticity parameters and show how they can be used to engineer the adiabaticity in waveguide devices. It can be shown that for a 3-dB adiabatic coupler waveguide structure, the power obtained from the theoretical expression can accurately describe the mode power, as demonstrated via simulation. Based on the adiabaticity parameter, the adiabaticity of waveguide devices can be engineered using single or multiple control parameters, leading to compact and robust devices.
{"title":"A Systematic Study of the Adiabaticity Parameter in Optical Waveguides","authors":"Fe Fan Li;Jiun-Zhu Lai;Shuo-Yen Tseng","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3640972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3640972","url":null,"abstract":"Adiabatic waveguides are a class of waveguides which vary slowly in their device geometry such that the adiabaticity condition is satisfied. Defining the adiabaticity metric in optical waveguides has been a subject of many studies. An adiabaticity parameter that measures the slowness of evolution can be defined by the analogy between quantum mechanics and guided wave optics. From local coupled-mode theory, an adiabaticity parameter for the evolution of the power of a local mode can be obtained. A coupling coefficient between local modes can then be acquired and used for device optimization. In this work, we examine the different adiabaticity parameters and show how they can be used to engineer the adiabaticity in waveguide devices. It can be shown that for a 3-dB adiabatic coupler waveguide structure, the power obtained from the theoretical expression can accurately describe the mode power, as demonstrated via simulation. Based on the adiabaticity parameter, the adiabaticity of waveguide devices can be engineered using single or multiple control parameters, leading to compact and robust devices.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11278675","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3640005
Karol Dąbrowski;Łukasz Kubiszyn;Bartłomiej Seredyński;Waldemar Gawron;Piotr Martyniuk
This paper presents a performance comparison of commonly used mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detectors and interband cascade infrared photodetectors (ICIPs) based on the InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice (T2SL – “new wave material”) from mid- to very long-wave infrared (MWIR-LWIR-VLWIR), fabricated at VIGO Photonics S.A. All results show the detectors operating at high temperatures using immersion lens technology. For devices optimized for the MWIR, the detectivity of MCT is still higher than ICIP, especially when cooled, however, in the LWIR and VLWIR, the ICIP often exhibits performance comparable or higher than the MCT at room temperature. Moreover, the paper shows the capability of the cascade design to increase the operating bandwidth in the MWIR-VLWIR and greater possibility of the energy band engineering.
{"title":"III-V Multistage Detectors as an Alternative to MCT at Room and Thermoelectric Cooling Temperature (200 K)","authors":"Karol Dąbrowski;Łukasz Kubiszyn;Bartłomiej Seredyński;Waldemar Gawron;Piotr Martyniuk","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3640005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3640005","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a performance comparison of commonly used mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detectors and interband cascade infrared photodetectors (ICIPs) based on the InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice (T2SL – “<italic>new wave material</i>”) from mid- to very long-wave infrared (MWIR-LWIR-VLWIR), fabricated at VIGO Photonics S.A. All results show the detectors operating at high temperatures using immersion lens technology. For devices optimized for the MWIR, the detectivity of MCT is still higher than ICIP, especially when cooled, however, in the LWIR and VLWIR, the ICIP often exhibits performance comparable or higher than the MCT at room temperature. Moreover, the paper shows the capability of the cascade design to increase the operating bandwidth in the MWIR-VLWIR and greater possibility of the energy band engineering.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11278028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3639442
Dan Yang;Zhenzhen Ma;Hong Liu;Jiaqi Liu;Bin Xu
In this paper, a bend-resistant photonic crystal fiber inverse design using a deep neural network (DNN) with feature analysis is proposed for higher efficiency. First, a DNN model is trained to design structures of the bend-resistant PCF according to the given optical performance. Then, Shapley additive interpretation (SHAP), a kind of XAI algorithm is employed to optimize the pre-trained DNN model with feature analysis. The features with higher SHAP values are selected from the original input data to reduce the input data dimension of the pre-trained DNN. When the input data dimension is reduced from 33 to 11, the number of model parameters is decreased by 87.9%. The design accuracy of the optimized DNN is 94.4%, and the total design time of the optimized model is only 0.024 seconds. The results show that the proposed method reduces the computational load and improves the efficiency of photonic crystal fiber design. The designed bend-resistant photonic crystal fibers have excellent performance and are easy to be manufactured. This can also offer an alternative method for the design of various optical devices.
{"title":"Inverse Design of Bend-Resistant Photonic Crystal Fibers Based on DNN With Feature Analysis","authors":"Dan Yang;Zhenzhen Ma;Hong Liu;Jiaqi Liu;Bin Xu","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3639442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3639442","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a bend-resistant photonic crystal fiber inverse design using a deep neural network (DNN) with feature analysis is proposed for higher efficiency. First, a DNN model is trained to design structures of the bend-resistant PCF according to the given optical performance. Then, Shapley additive interpretation (SHAP), a kind of XAI algorithm is employed to optimize the pre-trained DNN model with feature analysis. The features with higher SHAP values are selected from the original input data to reduce the input data dimension of the pre-trained DNN. When the input data dimension is reduced from 33 to 11, the number of model parameters is decreased by 87.9%. The design accuracy of the optimized DNN is 94.4%, and the total design time of the optimized model is only 0.024 seconds. The results show that the proposed method reduces the computational load and improves the efficiency of photonic crystal fiber design. The designed bend-resistant photonic crystal fibers have excellent performance and are easy to be manufactured. This can also offer an alternative method for the design of various optical devices.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11271800","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3638782
Junnan Wang;Qihui He;Xiasi Sun;Lei Hou
With the rapid advancement of terahertz (THz) technology, there is an urgent demand for highly sensitive, broadband THz detectors that can operate at room temperature to support the evolving applications. Due to the high sensitivity of Rydberg atoms to external electric fields, detectors based on Rydberg quantum coherence offer great potential for high-performance THz detection. This paper proposed a ambient temperature electrometry approach for THz detection using probe laser spectroscopy of Rb Rydberg atoms and carry out a comprehensive study of a four-level system involving electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes (AT) splitting in Rb cascades. By solving the Lindblad master equation, the influences of the THz electric field, probe laser, and coupling laser on the populations of the ground and Rydberg states were analyzed. Furthermore, the effects of temperature and vapor cell dimensions on the Rb atomic density are examined, revealing their critical impact on detection sensitivity. The results predict that the proposed quantum coherence based THz detection method can achieve a sensitivity as low as 10$^{-9}$ V/m/Hz$^{1/2}$ at ambient temperature. This paper provides a solid theoretical foundation for the implementation and optimization of Rydberg-atom-based quantum coherence techniques for high-sensitivity, ambient temperature THz wave detection.
{"title":"High Sensitive Quantum Coherent THz Electrometry With Four-Level Rydberg Atoms","authors":"Junnan Wang;Qihui He;Xiasi Sun;Lei Hou","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3638782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3638782","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid advancement of terahertz (THz) technology, there is an urgent demand for highly sensitive, broadband THz detectors that can operate at room temperature to support the evolving applications. Due to the high sensitivity of Rydberg atoms to external electric fields, detectors based on Rydberg quantum coherence offer great potential for high-performance THz detection. This paper proposed a ambient temperature electrometry approach for THz detection using probe laser spectroscopy of Rb Rydberg atoms and carry out a comprehensive study of a four-level system involving electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes (AT) splitting in Rb cascades. By solving the Lindblad master equation, the influences of the THz electric field, probe laser, and coupling laser on the populations of the ground and Rydberg states were analyzed. Furthermore, the effects of temperature and vapor cell dimensions on the Rb atomic density are examined, revealing their critical impact on detection sensitivity. The results predict that the proposed quantum coherence based THz detection method can achieve a sensitivity as low as 10<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{-9}$</tex-math></inline-formula> V/m/Hz<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{1/2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> at ambient temperature. This paper provides a solid theoretical foundation for the implementation and optimization of Rydberg-atom-based quantum coherence techniques for high-sensitivity, ambient temperature THz wave detection.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11271520","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An optical phased array (OPA) is a device capable of forming and scanning arbitrary optical beams without any mechanical moving parts. We are developing an OPA using organic electro-optic (EO) polymers that exhibit ultrahigh speed and low power consumption. The deflection angle of an OPA depends on the pitch of the waveguide’s output section; thus, a narrower pitch is required to increase the deflection angle. Here, we propose an organic–inorganic dual-layer OPA that uses EO polymer waveguides as phase shifters and silicon nitride (SiN) waveguides as the output section. Because SiN has a higher refractive index than the EO polymer, it provides strong optical confinement, enabling a narrower waveguide pitch. This study describes a transition section designed to transfer light between the EO polymer waveguide and SiN waveguides. Numerical calculations show that a transition section with tapered SiN waveguides achieves a coupling loss of 0.76 dB, while experimental measurements indicate a coupling loss of 1.67 dB. Optical experiments on devices fabricated via a layering process demonstrated a beam divergence angle of 1.917$^{circ}$ and a maximum deflection angle of 36.64$^{circ}$ from optical beams emitted by a SiN grating array with a 2.5 $mu$m pitch at the emission section.
{"title":"Optical Phased Array With Dual-Layer Electro-Optic Polymer and Silicon Nitride Waveguides","authors":"Yuji Miyamoto;Masato Miura;Junichi Shibasaki;Masakazu Nanba;Kenji Machida;Rieko Ueda;Takahiro Kaji;Toshiki Yamada;Akira Otomo;Yoshikuni Hirano","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3639001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3639001","url":null,"abstract":"An optical phased array (OPA) is a device capable of forming and scanning arbitrary optical beams without any mechanical moving parts. We are developing an OPA using organic electro-optic (EO) polymers that exhibit ultrahigh speed and low power consumption. The deflection angle of an OPA depends on the pitch of the waveguide’s output section; thus, a narrower pitch is required to increase the deflection angle. Here, we propose an organic–inorganic dual-layer OPA that uses EO polymer waveguides as phase shifters and silicon nitride (SiN) waveguides as the output section. Because SiN has a higher refractive index than the EO polymer, it provides strong optical confinement, enabling a narrower waveguide pitch. This study describes a transition section designed to transfer light between the EO polymer waveguide and SiN waveguides. Numerical calculations show that a transition section with tapered SiN waveguides achieves a coupling loss of 0.76 dB, while experimental measurements indicate a coupling loss of 1.67 dB. Optical experiments on devices fabricated via a layering process demonstrated a beam divergence angle of <bold>1.917<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{circ}$</tex-math></inline-formula></b> and a maximum deflection angle of <bold>36.64<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{circ}$</tex-math></inline-formula></b> from optical beams emitted by a SiN grating array with a <bold>2.5 <inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>m</b> pitch at the emission section.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11271590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3636909
Bo Gao;Jia-Ning Guo;Jian Zhang;Yan-Yu Zhang;Dun Li
Visible light communication (VLC) integrates illumination and communication, offering significant potential for 6G mobile communications. In 6G communications, reliability and low latency are critical. To meet these demands, finite blocklength codewords are employed for data transmission. For indoor VLC scenarios, multiple light-emitting diodes (LEDs) serve as transmitters, with each transmitter operating under distinct optical power constraints tailored to user requirements. In this paper, a multidimensional constellation design based on geometric shaping is proposed for multi-input single-output (MISO) VLC with per-LED optical power constraints. This design employs truncated cubic shaping to design the equivalent transmitted signal and decomposes it into transmitted signals using a partition-based greedy decomposition. The proposed scheme designs signals in the finite blocklength regime while adhering to per-LED optical power constraints. Simulation results for indoor MISO VLC systems demonstrate the advantages of the proposed scheme over benchmark schemes and quantify the performance gains as well as the gap to the Shannon limit.
{"title":"Multidimensional Constellation Design Based on Geometric Shaping for MISO VLC With Per-LED Optical Power Constraints","authors":"Bo Gao;Jia-Ning Guo;Jian Zhang;Yan-Yu Zhang;Dun Li","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3636909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3636909","url":null,"abstract":"Visible light communication (VLC) integrates illumination and communication, offering significant potential for 6G mobile communications. In 6G communications, reliability and low latency are critical. To meet these demands, finite blocklength codewords are employed for data transmission. For indoor VLC scenarios, multiple light-emitting diodes (LEDs) serve as transmitters, with each transmitter operating under distinct optical power constraints tailored to user requirements. In this paper, a multidimensional constellation design based on geometric shaping is proposed for multi-input single-output (MISO) VLC with per-LED optical power constraints. This design employs truncated cubic shaping to design the equivalent transmitted signal and decomposes it into transmitted signals using a partition-based greedy decomposition. The proposed scheme designs signals in the finite blocklength regime while adhering to per-LED optical power constraints. Simulation results for indoor MISO VLC systems demonstrate the advantages of the proposed scheme over benchmark schemes and quantify the performance gains as well as the gap to the Shannon limit.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 6","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11267212","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An isolation apparatus for far-infrared wavelengths was developed and integrated into a CO2 nanosecond laser system for performance evaluation. The apparatus uses a dual acousto-optic modulator (AOM) configuration combined with an image-relaying delay line to achieve high isolation of back-reflected light. This design is based on the Bragg diffraction mechanism of the AOMs to achieve a high isolation for back-reflected radiation along the primary optical path. The delay line’s extended propagation distance and image-relaying properties effectively compensate for the slow switching speeds of the AOMs. Experimental investigation within the CO2 nanosecond laser system demonstrates an isolation of 31.82 dB for back-reflected light, with output beam quality factors of MX2 = 1.070 and MY2 = 1.017, an overall transmittance of 35.73%, and a power-handling capability exceeding 130.60 W.
{"title":"An Isolation Apparatus for CO2 Nanosecond Laser Systems","authors":"Zhaowang Ma;Yiming Cai;Yicheng Zhou;Zejun Li;Junping Guo;Lingyu Liu;Xudong Jin;Yang Bu;Xing Ding;Qing Ye;Peng Zhang;Haiwen Cai","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3636570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3636570","url":null,"abstract":"An isolation apparatus for far-infrared wavelengths was developed and integrated into a CO<sub>2</sub> nanosecond laser system for performance evaluation. The apparatus uses a dual acousto-optic modulator (AOM) configuration combined with an image-relaying delay line to achieve high isolation of back-reflected light. This design is based on the Bragg diffraction mechanism of the AOMs to achieve a high isolation for back-reflected radiation along the primary optical path. The delay line’s extended propagation distance and image-relaying properties effectively compensate for the slow switching speeds of the AOMs. Experimental investigation within the CO<sub>2</sub> nanosecond laser system demonstrates an isolation of 31.82 dB for back-reflected light, with output beam quality factors of M<sub>X</sub><sup>2</sup> = 1.070 and M<sub>Y</sub><sup>2</sup> = 1.017, an overall transmittance of 35.73%, and a power-handling capability exceeding 130.60 W.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11267047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3636561
Jia Feng;Yang Liu;Cheng Li;Kui Shi;Zhujie Liang;Hao Wang
Reconstructing high-quality image at low measurement rates remains a primary objective for single-pixel imaging (SPI). Deep learning-based compression reconstruction algorithm can improve the quality and reconstruction speed of the reconstructed image. Generative adversarial network (GAN) and diffusion model (DM), which have excellent performance in the field of image generation have achieved excellent research results in the field of single-pixel imaging reconstruction. GAN-based models often suffer from the mode collapse problem, and the diffusion model relies on multi-step iteration to obtain a fine and smooth forward diffusion process, but its lengthy sampling process limits the reconstruction efficiency. Therefore, we propose a single-pixel imaging reconstruction algorithm EDGN that combines the advantages of the two generation models. The generative adversarial network uses the measurement and noise to generate the initial image, the denoising diffusion probability model is used to optimize the image refinement, and the high-quality reconstructed image is obtained by joint training. Besides, an adaptive regularization coefficient limited range adjustment method (ARCLA) is designed to achieve fast convergence of coefficients. Simulations and experiments confirm that our proposed enhanced dual generative network method can significantly improve the quality of image reconstruction at low measurement rates.
{"title":"Single Pixel Imaging Based on Enhanced Dual Generative Networks","authors":"Jia Feng;Yang Liu;Cheng Li;Kui Shi;Zhujie Liang;Hao Wang","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3636561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3636561","url":null,"abstract":"Reconstructing high-quality image at low measurement rates remains a primary objective for single-pixel imaging (SPI). Deep learning-based compression reconstruction algorithm can improve the quality and reconstruction speed of the reconstructed image. Generative adversarial network (GAN) and diffusion model (DM), which have excellent performance in the field of image generation have achieved excellent research results in the field of single-pixel imaging reconstruction. GAN-based models often suffer from the mode collapse problem, and the diffusion model relies on multi-step iteration to obtain a fine and smooth forward diffusion process, but its lengthy sampling process limits the reconstruction efficiency. Therefore, we propose a single-pixel imaging reconstruction algorithm EDGN that combines the advantages of the two generation models. The generative adversarial network uses the measurement and noise to generate the initial image, the denoising diffusion probability model is used to optimize the image refinement, and the high-quality reconstructed image is obtained by joint training. Besides, an adaptive regularization coefficient limited range adjustment method (ARCLA) is designed to achieve fast convergence of coefficients. Simulations and experiments confirm that our proposed enhanced dual generative network method can significantly improve the quality of image reconstruction at low measurement rates.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 6","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11267056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose a novel filter scheme to enhance the sensing accuracy of phase-sensitive optical frequency domain reflectometer (Φ-OFDR) while maintaining high spatial resolution via cascading Hampel filter and median filter. The working principle is theoretically analyzed and optimal filtering parameters are analyzed with the practical experimental configuration. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a temperature accuracy of 0.49 °C, indicating a 28 dB enhancement compared with the raw data while maintaining 4.6 mm spatial resolution. Compared to other conventional filtering methods applied in Φ-OFDR, the proposed hybrid Hampel-Median filter yields about 2∼4 times improvement in sensing accuracy and increases SNR by more than 5 dB with consistent spatial resolution condition. On the other hand, the proposed filtering method enhances the spatial resolution about 2∼6 times with the same sensing accuracy. The experimental results reveal that the novel filtering approach enables high sensing accuracy and spatial resolution for the distributed temperature or strain sensing scenarios of Φ-OFDR, without any hardware modifications.
{"title":"Sensing Accuracy Enhancement of Phase-Sensitive Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry Using Hybrid Hampel-Median Filter","authors":"Yiheng Cheng;Qinlin Zeng;Fei Liu;Fei Cui;Zhi Wang;Dan Li;Benzhang Wang;Xian Zhou","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3635712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3635712","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a novel filter scheme to enhance the sensing accuracy of phase-sensitive optical frequency domain reflectometer (Φ-OFDR) while maintaining high spatial resolution via cascading Hampel filter and median filter. The working principle is theoretically analyzed and optimal filtering parameters are analyzed with the practical experimental configuration. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a temperature accuracy of 0.49 °C, indicating a 28 dB enhancement compared with the raw data while maintaining 4.6 mm spatial resolution. Compared to other conventional filtering methods applied in Φ-OFDR, the proposed hybrid Hampel-Median filter yields about 2∼4 times improvement in sensing accuracy and increases SNR by more than 5 dB with consistent spatial resolution condition. On the other hand, the proposed filtering method enhances the spatial resolution about 2∼6 times with the same sensing accuracy. The experimental results reveal that the novel filtering approach enables high sensing accuracy and spatial resolution for the distributed temperature or strain sensing scenarios of Φ-OFDR, without any hardware modifications.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 6","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11264304","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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