Pub Date : 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3650041
Pengfei Shen;Kunlun Liu;Tian Lan;Meihua Xiang;Zhiyong Wang
In X-cut thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN), the electro-optic response is fundamentally governed by the alignment between the applied radio-frequency (RF) electric field and the crystallographic axes. The etch-defined waveguide sidewall angle is established not as a fabrication artifact, but as an active, materials-level microstructural degree of freedom for intrinsic electro-optic enhancement. By precisely engineering sidewall angle to 74.7° using a robust inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching process while keeping all planar electrode and waveguide dimensions fixed, geometric field engineering is demonstrated, which reorients the RF electric field toward the crystallographic Z-axis. This activates the dominant r33 coefficient, yielding an RF propagation loss (αRF) of 1.65 dB/cm at 50 GHz under fixed electrode geometry, an optical loss of 0.28 dB/cm, and a dynamic energy efficiency of 0.82 pJ/bit for 200G PAM4, demonstrating significant improvement over prior art without electrode modification. This work shifts the design paradigm in crystalline photonics from “electrode-centric” to “morphology-aware,” providing a general, fabrication-compatible route to co-optimize optical, RF, and crystallographic responses through deliberate morphological control.
{"title":"Sidewall Angle as a Microstructural Degree of Freedom for Intrinsic Electro-Optic Enhancement in X-Cut Thin-Film Lithium Niobate","authors":"Pengfei Shen;Kunlun Liu;Tian Lan;Meihua Xiang;Zhiyong Wang","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3650041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3650041","url":null,"abstract":"In X-cut thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN), the electro-optic response is fundamentally governed by the alignment between the applied radio-frequency (RF) electric field and the crystallographic axes. The etch-defined waveguide sidewall angle is established not as a fabrication artifact, but as an active, materials-level microstructural degree of freedom for intrinsic electro-optic enhancement. By precisely engineering sidewall angle to 74.7° using a robust inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching process while keeping all planar electrode and waveguide dimensions fixed, geometric field engineering is demonstrated, which reorients the RF electric field toward the crystallographic Z-axis. This activates the dominant <italic>r</i><sub>33</sub> coefficient, yielding an RF propagation loss (<italic>α</i><sub>RF</sub>) of 1.65 dB/cm at 50 GHz under fixed electrode geometry, an optical loss of 0.28 dB/cm, and a dynamic energy efficiency of 0.82 pJ/bit for 200G PAM4, demonstrating significant improvement over prior art without electrode modification. This work shifts the design paradigm in crystalline photonics from “electrode-centric” to “morphology-aware,” providing a general, fabrication-compatible route to co-optimize optical, RF, and crystallographic responses through deliberate morphological control.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 2","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11322799","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146223670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-31DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3649903
Xiangxin Shao;Shijie Wu;Yuanting Yang;Ming Liu;Minglai Han;Qi Zhang;Hanbing Wang
This paper reports a photonic approach to generate triangular, square, and sawtooth waveforms based on optoelectronic modulation structures integrated with Particle Swarm Optimization-Convolutional Neural Network (PSO-CNN) algorithm. Distinct from the traditional algebraic method relies on solving the mathematical equations, this approach can solve the best parameters of the analytical equations. The integration of PSO enhances the performance of CNN by automatic hyperparameter tuning. The performances of PSO-CNN to predict parameters of triangular, square, and sawtooth waveforms are evaluated against CNN based on four metrics of root means square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), percent bias (PBias), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), that (RMSE = 0.0321, R2 = 0.961, PBias = −0.52%, NSE = 0.959) performs best. Based on the predictions, a proof-of-concept experiment is conducted to generate high fidelity waveforms with repetition rates of 1 GHz, 2 GHz, and 3 GHz.
{"title":"Photonic Generation of Microwave Waveforms Based on Cascaded Modulator Using PSO-CNN Algorithm","authors":"Xiangxin Shao;Shijie Wu;Yuanting Yang;Ming Liu;Minglai Han;Qi Zhang;Hanbing Wang","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3649903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3649903","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports a photonic approach to generate triangular, square, and sawtooth waveforms based on optoelectronic modulation structures integrated with Particle Swarm Optimization-Convolutional Neural Network (PSO-CNN) algorithm. Distinct from the traditional algebraic method relies on solving the mathematical equations, this approach can solve the best parameters of the analytical equations. The integration of PSO enhances the performance of CNN by automatic hyperparameter tuning. The performances of PSO-CNN to predict parameters of triangular, square, and sawtooth waveforms are evaluated against CNN based on four metrics of root means square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>), percent bias (PBias), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), that (RMSE = 0.0321, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.961, PBias = −0.52%, NSE = 0.959) performs best. Based on the predictions, a proof-of-concept experiment is conducted to generate high fidelity waveforms with repetition rates of 1 GHz, 2 GHz, and 3 GHz.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11320309","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3648206
Mengmeng Wang;Haoting Liu;Shaohua Yang;Gang Li;Lu Liu;Qing Li
The Intensified Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (ICMOS) camera has important applications in the field of nuclear radiation source detection. The study of the optical performance of Fiber Optic Taper (FOT), as a core component of the ICMOS camera, holds significant importance role in the optical path design of ICMOS. First, a three-dimensional physical model is constructed based on the manufacturing parameters of FOT. The photon transmission model is used to simulate the propagation behavior of rays in the optical system. Second, the collimated and diffuse light sources are both considered to obtain transmittance data of FOT models with different physical parameters and the models are also built to analyze the effects of taper ratio, length, and refractive index difference on transmittance. Finally, the relationship between the waist curve and distribution of photon loss is constructed. The simulation results indicate that the photon loss during internal transmission of FOT with a linear waist is 69.49% greater than that with a curved waist. The photon loss distribution is related to the slope of waist tangent, and the sudden change in tangent slope at boundary of base and taper regions can lead to an increase in photon loss.
{"title":"Optical Path Simulation of Fiber Optic Taper and Modeling of Its Transmittance Mechanism","authors":"Mengmeng Wang;Haoting Liu;Shaohua Yang;Gang Li;Lu Liu;Qing Li","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3648206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3648206","url":null,"abstract":"The Intensified Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (ICMOS) camera has important applications in the field of nuclear radiation source detection. The study of the optical performance of Fiber Optic Taper (FOT), as a core component of the ICMOS camera, holds significant importance role in the optical path design of ICMOS. First, a three-dimensional physical model is constructed based on the manufacturing parameters of FOT. The photon transmission model is used to simulate the propagation behavior of rays in the optical system. Second, the collimated and diffuse light sources are both considered to obtain transmittance data of FOT models with different physical parameters and the models are also built to analyze the effects of taper ratio, length, and refractive index difference on transmittance. Finally, the relationship between the waist curve and distribution of photon loss is constructed. The simulation results indicate that the photon loss during internal transmission of FOT with a linear waist is 69.49% greater than that with a curved waist. The photon loss distribution is related to the slope of waist tangent, and the sudden change in tangent slope at boundary of base and taper regions can lead to an increase in photon loss.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11315861","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs) offer fixed lighting patterns with limited canopy coverage, creating a mismatch with dragon fruit’s dynamic photosynthetic and phenological needs. To mitigate the inherent limitations of conventional unidirectional irradiance distributions, a bi-directional emission LED system incorporating adjustable focusing mechanisms is engineered. Monte Carlo ray-tracing and numerical integration are employed to quantitatively analyze the influence of plant architectural complexity, LED positioning strategies, and angular emission profiles on canopy light distribution. Concurrently, three optimization algorithms—Simulated Annealing (SA), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)—are comparatively evaluated for their efficacy in maximizing radiation efficiency (RE) and utilization efficiency (UE). The proposed method (1) achieves targeted photon delivery while minimizing light spillage between canopies, resulting in 39.39% and 206.67% higher UE compared with the other two schemes under the same static fixture at a height of 1.7 m and an emission angle of 50°, and (2) achieves high prediction accuracy, with RE and UE determination coefficients (R2) of 96% and 97%, respectively.
{"title":"Enhancing Light Utilization Efficiency of Dragon Fruit Canopies Using Bi-Directional Adjustable-Focusing LED Lighting System","authors":"Qiannan Jiang;Qiaoyang Zhang;Haiyun Chen;Jiacheng Ruan;Wensong Wang;Tama Fouzder;Ji Wang;Hua Xiao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3647536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3647536","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs) offer fixed lighting patterns with limited canopy coverage, creating a mismatch with dragon fruit’s dynamic photosynthetic and phenological needs. To mitigate the inherent limitations of conventional unidirectional irradiance distributions, a bi-directional emission LED system incorporating adjustable focusing mechanisms is engineered. Monte Carlo ray-tracing and numerical integration are employed to quantitatively analyze the influence of plant architectural complexity, LED positioning strategies, and angular emission profiles on canopy light distribution. Concurrently, three optimization algorithms—Simulated Annealing (SA), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)—are comparatively evaluated for their efficacy in maximizing radiation efficiency (RE) and utilization efficiency (UE). The proposed method (1) achieves targeted photon delivery while minimizing light spillage between canopies, resulting in 39.39% and 206.67% higher UE compared with the other two schemes under the same static fixture at a height of 1.7 m and an emission angle of 50°, and (2) achieves high prediction accuracy, with RE and UE determination coefficients (R<sup>2</sup>) of 96% and 97%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11314704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A photonics-assisted approach to multi-band dual linear frequency modulated (LFM) waveform generation with center frequency tunability and reconfigurable bandwidth is proposed and demonstrated using an on-chip silicon-based dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator (DD-MZM). In this scheme, an intermediate-frequency (IF) LFM signal drives the upper arm of the DD-MZM while the lower arm is driven by a radio-frequency (RF) carrier signal to obtain a modulated optical signal. The beating of the LFM sideband with the higher-order sidebands of the RF carrier at the photodetector results in broadband dual-LFM waveform generation in multiple frequency bands. The center frequency and bandwidth can be flexibly adjusted by precise control of the RF carrier and baseband LFM signal. Dual-LFM waveforms are generated over a pulse duration of 2 $mu$s with center frequency tunability up to 12 GHz and a maximum spectral bandwidth of 8 GHz, which corresponds to a time-bandwidth product (TBWP) of $bm {1.6 times 10^{4}}$. The multi-format waveform generation ability of this scheme is also explored by realizing a cross-type LFM waveform. Furthermore, the pulse compression capability of the system is investigated to qualify the performance for target detection. The proposed scheme generates dual- and cross-LFM signals with tunable center frequency and bandwidth reconfigurability in C- and X-bands, and emerges as a potential solution in realizing on-chip multi-function radars.
{"title":"Silicon Photonics Enabled Tunable Multi-Format Multi-Band Linear Frequency Modulated Waveform Generation","authors":"Viresh Bhan;Vadivukkarasi Jeyaselvan;Shankar Kumar Selvaraja","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3647136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3647136","url":null,"abstract":"A photonics-assisted approach to multi-band dual linear frequency modulated (LFM) waveform generation with center frequency tunability and reconfigurable bandwidth is proposed and demonstrated using an on-chip silicon-based dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator (DD-MZM). In this scheme, an intermediate-frequency (IF) LFM signal drives the upper arm of the DD-MZM while the lower arm is driven by a radio-frequency (RF) carrier signal to obtain a modulated optical signal. The beating of the LFM sideband with the higher-order sidebands of the RF carrier at the photodetector results in broadband dual-LFM waveform generation in multiple frequency bands. The center frequency and bandwidth can be flexibly adjusted by precise control of the RF carrier and baseband LFM signal. Dual-LFM waveforms are generated over a pulse duration of 2 <italic><inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula></i>s with center frequency tunability up to 12 GHz and a maximum spectral bandwidth of 8 GHz, which corresponds to a time-bandwidth product (TBWP) of <inline-formula><tex-math>$bm {1.6 times 10^{4}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>. The multi-format waveform generation ability of this scheme is also explored by realizing a cross-type LFM waveform. Furthermore, the pulse compression capability of the system is investigated to qualify the performance for target detection. The proposed scheme generates dual- and cross-LFM signals with tunable center frequency and bandwidth reconfigurability in C- and X-bands, and emerges as a potential solution in realizing on-chip multi-function radars.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11313076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3647059
Qi Zhang;Dian-Wu Yue;Si-Nian Jin;Xian-Ying Xu;Meng Wang
Ocean exploration is leading to growing attention on the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT). Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) is a promising technology for massive data transmission of IoUT due to its high speed, low delay, and wide applications. However, the underwater optical link can be interrupted by the obstacles of marine life, seamounts, and some underwater equipment. Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology is an effective method to improve the reliability of UWOC. In fact, a single RIS has limited service coverage and performance enhancement to the UWOC system. Therefore, in this paper, we present the multi-RIS-assisted UWOC system and provide two schemes, i.e., the full receiving scheme and the selective receiving scheme. In addition, the cascaded turbulence channels from source to destination through RIS and the pointing errors caused by beam jitter and RIS jitter are considered. The probability density function (PDF) and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the end-to-end instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are derived in terms of multivariate Fox-H function with the moment-generating function (MGF) method and the inverse Laplace transform. Based on these SNR statistical analyses, we give the closed-form expressions of the outage probability and the average bit error rate (BER). Furthermore, we provide asymptotic analyses of the outage probability and the average BER to obtain more insights into the coding gain and the diversity order. Finally, Monte-Carlo simulation results are used to verify our derived results. The results show that the performance of the proposed multi-RIS-assisted UWOC systems is significantly better than that of the existing single-RIS-assisted UWOC system, and the selective receiving scheme performs better than the full receiving scheme.
{"title":"Performance Analysis of Multi-RIS-Assisted UWOC Systems: Full Receiving Scheme and Selective Receiving Scheme","authors":"Qi Zhang;Dian-Wu Yue;Si-Nian Jin;Xian-Ying Xu;Meng Wang","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3647059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3647059","url":null,"abstract":"Ocean exploration is leading to growing attention on the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT). Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) is a promising technology for massive data transmission of IoUT due to its high speed, low delay, and wide applications. However, the underwater optical link can be interrupted by the obstacles of marine life, seamounts, and some underwater equipment. Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology is an effective method to improve the reliability of UWOC. In fact, a single RIS has limited service coverage and performance enhancement to the UWOC system. Therefore, in this paper, we present the multi-RIS-assisted UWOC system and provide two schemes, i.e., the full receiving scheme and the selective receiving scheme. In addition, the cascaded turbulence channels from source to destination through RIS and the pointing errors caused by beam jitter and RIS jitter are considered. The probability density function (PDF) and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the end-to-end instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are derived in terms of multivariate Fox-H function with the moment-generating function (MGF) method and the inverse Laplace transform. Based on these SNR statistical analyses, we give the closed-form expressions of the outage probability and the average bit error rate (BER). Furthermore, we provide asymptotic analyses of the outage probability and the average BER to obtain more insights into the coding gain and the diversity order. Finally, Monte-Carlo simulation results are used to verify our derived results. The results show that the performance of the proposed multi-RIS-assisted UWOC systems is significantly better than that of the existing single-RIS-assisted UWOC system, and the selective receiving scheme performs better than the full receiving scheme.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11313086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conventional endoscopic systems provide two-dimensional images of three-dimensional structures. Real depth information is lost in these systems. Therefore, depth perception relies uniquely on monocular cues, such as occlusions, shadows or motion parallax. Three-dimensional endoscopy has been proposed to mitigate these adverse effects. Nevertheless, as it is usually based on aperture sub-sampling, the provided images suffer from a strong reduction in resolution, vulnerability to off-axis aberrations, and very low light efficiency. To face the challenge, we report here a 3D-imaging endoscopy system based on the implementation of an optical add-on that incorporates an electrically tunable lens. We demonstrate that, when attached to a standard commercial endoscope, the proposed system allows the capture of stacks of 2D images focused at different depths, with the same resolution as that provided by the endoscope alone. To demonstrate that the system is capable of capturing stacks of images with distinguishable depths, we calculated the depth map of a 3D simulated biological scenario with a standard free image-processing software. All these capabilities can be of great utility in surgery practice that require the 3D reconstruction of the surgical field.
{"title":"3D-Imaging Endoscopy Through Electronic Focusing","authors":"Ines Nohales;Angel Tolosa;Genaro Saavedra;Manuel Martinez-Corral;Nicolo Incardona","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3646731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3646731","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional endoscopic systems provide two-dimensional images of three-dimensional structures. Real depth information is lost in these systems. Therefore, depth perception relies uniquely on monocular cues, such as occlusions, shadows or motion parallax. Three-dimensional endoscopy has been proposed to mitigate these adverse effects. Nevertheless, as it is usually based on aperture sub-sampling, the provided images suffer from a strong reduction in resolution, vulnerability to off-axis aberrations, and very low light efficiency. To face the challenge, we report here a 3D-imaging endoscopy system based on the implementation of an optical add-on that incorporates an electrically tunable lens. We demonstrate that, when attached to a standard commercial endoscope, the proposed system allows the capture of stacks of 2D images focused at different depths, with the same resolution as that provided by the endoscope alone. To demonstrate that the system is capable of capturing stacks of images with distinguishable depths, we calculated the depth map of a 3D simulated biological scenario with a standard free image-processing software. All these capabilities can be of great utility in surgery practice that require the 3D reconstruction of the surgical field.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11309710","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3647160
Avi Karsenty;Jeremy Belhassen;Binyamin Kusnetz
Interest in the ever-expanding field of nanoscopy techniques has greatly increased in recent years. Specifically, in-depth characterization through optical techniques capable of nano-resolution enables a deep understanding of nanostructures and their near field domain. Due to the need to detect evanescent waves and other complicated physical phenomena, the physics of these techniques are quite involved. The scanning tips used in experiments can be either apertured or apertureless, depending on the physical principle used for the measurements. Numerical analysis of proposed experimental setups can provide significant advantages to researchers, as well as complementary results to measurements. After the setup has been defined, parameters (optical, electrical, thermal, structural and dimensional) can be virtually varied and provide a preliminary forecast of the expected experimental results. It is then necessary to make assumptions about real world conditions (experimental setup) to allow the simulations to be conducted efficiently. The research reviews significant photonics/bio-photonics case studies in which physical concerns and considerations simplified the analysis and demonstrated excellent results. Moreover, this numerical practical guide can help contribute to simulations on observed phenomena/signals via the selected optical techniques, especially for chemical engineers and biological scientists looking for forecasts of sensing in dynamic and fluidic environments.
{"title":"Practical Guide of Key Physical Considerations in Numerical Analysis for Nanophotonic Experiments","authors":"Avi Karsenty;Jeremy Belhassen;Binyamin Kusnetz","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3647160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3647160","url":null,"abstract":"Interest in the ever-expanding field of nanoscopy techniques has greatly increased in recent years. Specifically, in-depth characterization through optical techniques capable of nano-resolution enables a deep understanding of nanostructures and their near field domain. Due to the need to detect evanescent waves and other complicated physical phenomena, the physics of these techniques are quite involved. The scanning tips used in experiments can be either apertured or apertureless, depending on the physical principle used for the measurements. Numerical analysis of proposed experimental setups can provide significant advantages to researchers, as well as complementary results to measurements. After the setup has been defined, parameters (optical, electrical, thermal, structural and dimensional) can be virtually varied and provide a preliminary forecast of the expected experimental results. It is then necessary to make assumptions about real world conditions (experimental setup) to allow the simulations to be conducted efficiently. The research reviews significant photonics/bio-photonics case studies in which physical concerns and considerations simplified the analysis and demonstrated excellent results. Moreover, this numerical practical guide can help contribute to simulations on observed phenomena/signals via the selected optical techniques, especially for chemical engineers and biological scientists looking for forecasts of sensing in dynamic and fluidic environments.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11311466","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3645783
Kai Qiao;Yu Chang;Zefang Xu;Fei Yin;Chang Su;Liyu Liu;Tianye Liu;Chunliang Liu;Jinshou Tian;Xing Wang
Using a 1550 nm array-based single-photon LiDAR system, we demonstrated depth profiling of both static and dynamic targets up to a distance of 10 kilometers. The system comprises a 1550 nm pulsed laser source, a bistatic optical transceiver system, and a 64 × 64 InGaAs/InP Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) array camera, with an angular resolution of 20 μrad. By employing a recovery optimization algorithm guided by multi-scale time resolution, we utilized unsupervised learning methods to achieve three-dimensional (3-D) image segmentation. Subsequently, we accomplished pixel-level algorithm matching, facilitating efficient long-range 3-D imaging reconstruction with significantly reduced binary frame data. Notably, after offline processing of real point cloud data collected by our system, we obtained depth images of various targets within a 4 to 10 km range. Furthermore, we successfully captured dynamic 3-D video of targets at a frame rate exceeding 50 fps. The video was reconstructed using offline processing with an average of fewer than 2 photons returned per pixel. These depth results highlight the potential of the proposed system and reconstructed method for depth profiling, feature extraction, and target recognition of distant static and dynamic targets.
{"title":"Multi-Temporal Resolution-Guided 3-D Imaging for Array-Based Single-Photon LiDAR","authors":"Kai Qiao;Yu Chang;Zefang Xu;Fei Yin;Chang Su;Liyu Liu;Tianye Liu;Chunliang Liu;Jinshou Tian;Xing Wang","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3645783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3645783","url":null,"abstract":"Using a 1550 nm array-based single-photon LiDAR system, we demonstrated depth profiling of both static and dynamic targets up to a distance of 10 kilometers. The system comprises a 1550 nm pulsed laser source, a bistatic optical transceiver system, and a 64 × 64 InGaAs/InP Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) array camera, with an angular resolution of 20 μrad. By employing a recovery optimization algorithm guided by multi-scale time resolution, we utilized unsupervised learning methods to achieve three-dimensional (3-D) image segmentation. Subsequently, we accomplished pixel-level algorithm matching, facilitating efficient long-range 3-D imaging reconstruction with significantly reduced binary frame data. Notably, after offline processing of real point cloud data collected by our system, we obtained depth images of various targets within a 4 to 10 km range. Furthermore, we successfully captured dynamic 3-D video of targets at a frame rate exceeding 50 fps. The video was reconstructed using offline processing with an average of fewer than 2 photons returned per pixel. These depth results highlight the potential of the proposed system and reconstructed method for depth profiling, feature extraction, and target recognition of distant static and dynamic targets.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11303763","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Continued loss reduction in hollow-core anti-resonant fibers remains an essential challenge. This work presents an ultra-low loss hollow-core anti-resonant fiber design featuring a triple-nested cladding architecture with elliptical nested elements and six auxiliary compensation tubes located between the external circular tubes. Through fiber structure optimization using the finite element method, a broad transmission bandwidth from 1380–1700 nm and a confinement loss of less than 4.63 × 10−5 dB/km is achieved. At the 1550 nm operating wavelength, the structure exhibits a minimum confinement loss of 3.29 × 10−6 dB/km, which is two orders of magnitude lower than that of double-layer circular nested structures, and surface scattering loss of approximately 1.1 × 10−2 dB/km. At a 6 cm bending radius, the bending loss is below 5.8 × 10−3 dB/km. The low-loss performance of this fiber structure has potential applications including long-haul optical fiber communications, fiber gas lasers, and distributed sensing systems.
{"title":"Ultralow Loss Hollow-Core Anti-Resonant Fiber With Elliptical Nested Elements","authors":"Pufan Zhong;Jian Tang;Zhe Zhang;Min Zhou;Min Lu;Yan He;Shuyu Xi;Yongmei Wang;Hanglin Lu;Junhui Hu","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3645570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3645570","url":null,"abstract":"Continued loss reduction in hollow-core anti-resonant fibers remains an essential challenge. This work presents an ultra-low loss hollow-core anti-resonant fiber design featuring a triple-nested cladding architecture with elliptical nested elements and six auxiliary compensation tubes located between the external circular tubes. Through fiber structure optimization using the finite element method, a broad transmission bandwidth from 1380–1700 nm and a confinement loss of less than 4.63 × 10<sup>−5</sup> dB/km is achieved. At the 1550 nm operating wavelength, the structure exhibits a minimum confinement loss of 3.29 × 10<sup>−6</sup> dB/km, which is two orders of magnitude lower than that of double-layer circular nested structures, and surface scattering loss of approximately 1.1 × 10<sup>−2</sup> dB/km. At a 6 cm bending radius, the bending loss is below 5.8 × 10<sup>−3</sup> dB/km. The low-loss performance of this fiber structure has potential applications including long-haul optical fiber communications, fiber gas lasers, and distributed sensing systems.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11303121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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