Compared to underwater radio waves and acoustic communication technology, underwater optical communication technology has emerged as a technical means of underwater data and information transmission. Due to the complexity and volatility of the channel environment and the various factors that affect optical data transmission, there is no standard theoretical model for underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC). This work systematically evaluated and validated several optical attenuation models, leading to the development of an approach that significantly improves the accuracy of optical signal behavior prediction in underwater environments. The simulations using the Monte Carlo algorithm revealed critical insights into signal propagation, enabling more precise modeling of UOWC channels under varying conditions. We developed and validated a novel PTS-Clipping technique that effectively reduces PAPR by up to 15%, outperforming traditional methods and maintaining system efficiency. The novel PTS-Clipping approach achieved a reduction in OFDM signal PAPR from 11.861 dB to as low as 10.228 dB, demonstrating superior performance, particularly in high-order modulation schemes like 16-QAM, where signal integrity is critical. Theoretical analysis is combined with simulation experiments to promote a more robust and efficient UOWC system.
{"title":"Advancements in Underwater Optical Wireless Communication: Channel Modeling, PAPR Reduction, and Simulations With OFDM","authors":"Liwei Yang;Zeyang Bi;Xue Liang;Lihao Zhao;Jiade Zhang;Jingyi Peng","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3475448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3475448","url":null,"abstract":"Compared to underwater radio waves and acoustic communication technology, underwater optical communication technology has emerged as a technical means of underwater data and information transmission. Due to the complexity and volatility of the channel environment and the various factors that affect optical data transmission, there is no standard theoretical model for underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC). This work systematically evaluated and validated several optical attenuation models, leading to the development of an approach that significantly improves the accuracy of optical signal behavior prediction in underwater environments. The simulations using the Monte Carlo algorithm revealed critical insights into signal propagation, enabling more precise modeling of UOWC channels under varying conditions. We developed and validated a novel PTS-Clipping technique that effectively reduces PAPR by up to 15%, outperforming traditional methods and maintaining system efficiency. The novel PTS-Clipping approach achieved a reduction in OFDM signal PAPR from 11.861 dB to as low as 10.228 dB, demonstrating superior performance, particularly in high-order modulation schemes like 16-QAM, where signal integrity is critical. Theoretical analysis is combined with simulation experiments to promote a more robust and efficient UOWC system.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 5","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10713115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142438448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3477311
Zhiguo Yu;Donghe Tu;Wei Yan;Huan Guan;Lei Jiang;Xuejiao Sun;Zhiyong Li
Electro-optic modulators with large bandwidth and low voltage are crucial for the high-baud-rate digital communication and high-carrier-frequency analog links. Recently, thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) modulators with sub-1 V voltage and 140 GHz bandwidth have been emerged on the low permittivity substrates, such as quartz. However, on the high permittivity environment, such as silicon substrates, the bandwidth dramatically reduced to below 100 GHz even if the voltage was raised to around 3 V. We break the voltage–bandwidth trade-off limit in TFLN modulators on silicon substrates using low inductance thick metal traveling wave electrodes, which reduce RF phase index and microwave losses while preserving high EO modulation efficiency. We demonstrate a TFLN EO modulator on silicon substrate with 3 dB EO bandwidth $>$ 120 GHz and half-wave voltage $(V_pi) < $ 2 V. Bandwidth/ $V_pi$ reach 60, which is significantly larger than traditional TFLN modulators. The proposed thin-film lithium niobate modulators offers a practical solution for the hybrid integration of silicon and lithium niobate.
具有大带宽和低电压的电光调制器对于高波特率数字通信和高载波频率模拟链路至关重要。最近，在石英等低介电常数基底上出现了电压低于 1 V、带宽为 140 GHz 的铌酸锂薄膜（TFLN）调制器。我们利用低电感厚金属行波电极打破了硅基板上 TFLN 调制器的电压-带宽权衡限制，在保持高 EO 调制效率的同时降低了射频相位指数和微波损耗。我们在硅衬底上展示了一种 TFLN EO 调制器，其 3 dB EO 带宽为 $>$ 120 GHz，半波电压为 $(V_pi) < $ 2 V，带宽/$V_pi$达到 60，明显大于传统的 TFLN 调制器。所提出的铌酸锂薄膜调制器为硅和铌酸锂的混合集成提供了一种实用的解决方案。
{"title":"120 GHz Sub-2 V Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Modulators on Silicon Substrate Using Thick Capacitively Loaded Slow Wave Electrodes","authors":"Zhiguo Yu;Donghe Tu;Wei Yan;Huan Guan;Lei Jiang;Xuejiao Sun;Zhiyong Li","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3477311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3477311","url":null,"abstract":"Electro-optic modulators with large bandwidth and low voltage are crucial for the high-baud-rate digital communication and high-carrier-frequency analog links. Recently, thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) modulators with sub-1 V voltage and 140 GHz bandwidth have been emerged on the low permittivity substrates, such as quartz. However, on the high permittivity environment, such as silicon substrates, the bandwidth dramatically reduced to below 100 GHz even if the voltage was raised to around 3 V. We break the voltage–bandwidth trade-off limit in TFLN modulators on silicon substrates using low inductance thick metal traveling wave electrodes, which reduce RF phase index and microwave losses while preserving high EO modulation efficiency. We demonstrate a TFLN EO modulator on silicon substrate with 3 dB EO bandwidth \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$>$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 120 GHz and half-wave voltage \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$(V_pi) < $</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 2 V. Bandwidth/\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$V_pi$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 reach 60, which is significantly larger than traditional TFLN modulators. The proposed thin-film lithium niobate modulators offers a practical solution for the hybrid integration of silicon and lithium niobate.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 6","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10711217","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142450992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The point-by point 3D scanning strategy adopted in Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy (STED) is time-consuming. The 3D scanning can be replaced with a 2D scanning in the non-diffracting Bessel-Bessel STED (BB-STED). In order to extract the excited emitters’ axial information in BB-STED, we propose to encode axial information by using a detection optical path with single-helix PSF, and then predict the depths of the emitters with deep learning. Simulation demonstrated that, for dense emitters in a depth range of 4 µm, an axial precision of ∼35 nm can be achieved. Our method also works for experimental data, and an axial precision of ∼63 nm can be achieved.
{"title":"Localizing Axial Dense Emitters Based on Single-Helix Point Spread Function and Deep Learning","authors":"Yihong Ji;Danni Chen;Hanzhe Wu;Gan Xiang;Heng Li;Bin Yu;Junle Qu","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3476514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3476514","url":null,"abstract":"The point-by point 3D scanning strategy adopted in Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy (STED) is time-consuming. The 3D scanning can be replaced with a 2D scanning in the non-diffracting Bessel-Bessel STED (BB-STED). In order to extract the excited emitters’ axial information in BB-STED, we propose to encode axial information by using a detection optical path with single-helix PSF, and then predict the depths of the emitters with deep learning. Simulation demonstrated that, for dense emitters in a depth range of 4 µm, an axial precision of ∼35 nm can be achieved. Our method also works for experimental data, and an axial precision of ∼63 nm can be achieved.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 6","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10709644","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142555081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3476199
Jinjin Peng;Bo Qi;Yun Zhang;ZhenChuang Li;Yao Mao
The adaptive single-mode fiber (SMF) coupling technique is normally adopted since the coupling efficiency (CE) significantly determines the performance of the free-space optical communication (FSOC) systems. The stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm is the most commonly used control algorithm in adaptive SMF fiber coupling system. This paper proposes an improved SPGD algorithm named estimation-based stochastic parallel gradient descent (ESPGD) algorithm to accelerate the sytem convergence when applied to a practical adaptive SMF coupling system based on fast steering mirror (FSM). Applying the perturbed voltages, FSM dynamic response and then recording the performance metrics is the basic and most time-consuming process in actual adaptive SMF coupling system control. The ESPGD algorithm uses a different gradient estimation method based on adaptive parameter estimation method. The algorithm only needs to perform this process once in one iteration while the original SPGD algorithm needs to perform it twice to obtain the estimated gradient. This greatly reduce the time consumed by one iteration of the algorithm, thereby reducing the convergence time. The simulation and experimental results show that the ESPGD algorithm reduces the system convergence time by nearly half when correcting static angular errors and more than doubles the control bandwidth when correcting sinusoidal angular jitters.
{"title":"ESPGD Algorithm to Improve the Convergence Speed for Adaptive Single-Mode Fiber Coupling","authors":"Jinjin Peng;Bo Qi;Yun Zhang;ZhenChuang Li;Yao Mao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3476199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3476199","url":null,"abstract":"The adaptive single-mode fiber (SMF) coupling technique is normally adopted since the coupling efficiency (CE) significantly determines the performance of the free-space optical communication (FSOC) systems. The stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm is the most commonly used control algorithm in adaptive SMF fiber coupling system. This paper proposes an improved SPGD algorithm named estimation-based stochastic parallel gradient descent (ESPGD) algorithm to accelerate the sytem convergence when applied to a practical adaptive SMF coupling system based on fast steering mirror (FSM). Applying the perturbed voltages, FSM dynamic response and then recording the performance metrics is the basic and most time-consuming process in actual adaptive SMF coupling system control. The ESPGD algorithm uses a different gradient estimation method based on adaptive parameter estimation method. The algorithm only needs to perform this process once in one iteration while the original SPGD algorithm needs to perform it twice to obtain the estimated gradient. This greatly reduce the time consumed by one iteration of the algorithm, thereby reducing the convergence time. The simulation and experimental results show that the ESPGD algorithm reduces the system convergence time by nearly half when correcting static angular errors and more than doubles the control bandwidth when correcting sinusoidal angular jitters.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 6","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10707185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142517900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-03DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3474422
Yuhan Geng;Shengnan Wu;Sailing He
The integrated Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometers structure based on four core fiber (FCF) and a helical phase-modulation microdisk (HPMD) structure is proposed. The HPMD is designed to generate π/2 phase difference between adjacent fiber cores at the end face of the FCF. Four extrinsic FP cavities are formed by the HPMD and another reflected mirror perpendicular to the fiber. The quadrature phase demodulation theory is derived and the FP cavities length can be directly calculated by the reflected intensity of the FCF. The crosstalk effect between the four cores is analyzed. In addition, the simulation results also show that the structure has strong anti-interference ability to temperature fluctuations, the sensitivity of phase difference and temperature is only 0.009 °/K. The results of phase demodulation show that the demodulation effect is better when the thickness of the phase disk is 765 nm, and the mean relative error is 0.58%. The influence of machining error of FCF on demodulation results is also analyzed. The phase demodulation relative error is 0.65% when the alignment mismatch is reach 100 μm.
{"title":"Numerical Analysis of Integrated Fabry–Perot Interferometers Based on Four Core Fiber With a Helical Phase Microdisk","authors":"Yuhan Geng;Shengnan Wu;Sailing He","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3474422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3474422","url":null,"abstract":"The integrated Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometers structure based on four core fiber (FCF) and a helical phase-modulation microdisk (HPMD) structure is proposed. The HPMD is designed to generate π/2 phase difference between adjacent fiber cores at the end face of the FCF. Four extrinsic FP cavities are formed by the HPMD and another reflected mirror perpendicular to the fiber. The quadrature phase demodulation theory is derived and the FP cavities length can be directly calculated by the reflected intensity of the FCF. The crosstalk effect between the four cores is analyzed. In addition, the simulation results also show that the structure has strong anti-interference ability to temperature fluctuations, the sensitivity of phase difference and temperature is only 0.009 °/K. The results of phase demodulation show that the demodulation effect is better when the thickness of the phase disk is 765 nm, and the mean relative error is 0.58%. The influence of machining error of FCF on demodulation results is also analyzed. The phase demodulation relative error is 0.65% when the alignment mismatch is reach 100 μm.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 5","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10705055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-03DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3473309
Zitong Zhu;Zehua Gao;Ke Bi;Chuwen Lan
Terahertz electromagnetic waves are widely used in various fields, but their practical application often suffers from significant interfacial losses. In this paper, we present a terahertz antireflection film based on an all-dielectric metasurface consisting of a zirconia microsphere array assembled using a template-assisted method. Simulations and experiments show that the film has a broadband, outstanding transmission-enhancing effect. Because the antireflection film has the advantages of ultralow cost, high compatibility, flexibility, and easy industrialization, it may have potential applications in various fields.
{"title":"Large-Area, Broadband, and Flexible Terahertz Antireflection Thin Film Based on an All-Dielectric Metasurface","authors":"Zitong Zhu;Zehua Gao;Ke Bi;Chuwen Lan","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3473309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3473309","url":null,"abstract":"Terahertz electromagnetic waves are widely used in various fields, but their practical application often suffers from significant interfacial losses. In this paper, we present a terahertz antireflection film based on an all-dielectric metasurface consisting of a zirconia microsphere array assembled using a template-assisted method. Simulations and experiments show that the film has a broadband, outstanding transmission-enhancing effect. Because the antireflection film has the advantages of ultralow cost, high compatibility, flexibility, and easy industrialization, it may have potential applications in various fields.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 6","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10704956","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3472896
Samuel M. Hörmann;Gandolf Feigl;Jakob W. Hinum-Wagner;Alexander Bergmann
Integrated photonic sensors have gained significant attention for biosensing applications. An especially potent design is the polarimetric waveguide interferometer, which utilizes polarization diversity for effective self-referencing. However, its implementations are held back by the need for bulky free-space optics or unreliable waveguide junctions for polarization handling. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel concept for a compact photonic system that employs edge couplers to excite both polarizations from an optical fiber and an in-line polarizer to obtain the phase information in the fiber-based readout. Additionally, we improve the waveguide design methodology to minimize the limit of detection through balancing sensitivity with optical loss. To this end, we create a unified perturbative approach based on atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry data to model sensitivity, surface-roughness-induced scattering, absorption, and radiation. We then incorporate the coupling efficiency into a figure of merit for the combined system. Thus, we optimize the geometry of a strip waveguide on a CMOS-foundry-sourced silicon nitride platform for biosensing. Through exhaustive screening of the design space, we discover that polarization diversity simultaneously leverages high sensitivity and low overlap with sidewall roughness. Further, we present designs that eliminate the phase signal from two major noise sources: thermal and bulk refractive index fluctuations. Finally, we provide design recommendations and achieve a 5.2-fold improvement over a comparable bimodal waveguide interferometer. Thus, our aim is to design a robust, compact, sensitive, and cost-effective polarimetric waveguide interferometer through an efficient concept and an optimized design.
{"title":"Rigorous Design Optimization of a Fiber-Enabled Polarimetric Waveguide Interferometer for Biosensing","authors":"Samuel M. Hörmann;Gandolf Feigl;Jakob W. Hinum-Wagner;Alexander Bergmann","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3472896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3472896","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated photonic sensors have gained significant attention for biosensing applications. An especially potent design is the polarimetric waveguide interferometer, which utilizes polarization diversity for effective self-referencing. However, its implementations are held back by the need for bulky free-space optics or unreliable waveguide junctions for polarization handling. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel concept for a compact photonic system that employs edge couplers to excite both polarizations from an optical fiber and an in-line polarizer to obtain the phase information in the fiber-based readout. Additionally, we improve the waveguide design methodology to minimize the limit of detection through balancing sensitivity with optical loss. To this end, we create a unified perturbative approach based on atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry data to model sensitivity, surface-roughness-induced scattering, absorption, and radiation. We then incorporate the coupling efficiency into a figure of merit for the combined system. Thus, we optimize the geometry of a strip waveguide on a CMOS-foundry-sourced silicon nitride platform for biosensing. Through exhaustive screening of the design space, we discover that polarization diversity simultaneously leverages high sensitivity and low overlap with sidewall roughness. Further, we present designs that eliminate the phase signal from two major noise sources: thermal and bulk refractive index fluctuations. Finally, we provide design recommendations and achieve a 5.2-fold improvement over a comparable bimodal waveguide interferometer. Thus, our aim is to design a robust, compact, sensitive, and cost-effective polarimetric waveguide interferometer through an efficient concept and an optimized design.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 5","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10704058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3471070
Xianmin Zheng;Tailin Li;Ke Ding;Yihan Luo
Here we propose a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) tracking scheme using only one single-pixel single-photon channel. It is demonstrated that sending multiple beams with proper time delay enables multiplexing of multi-echoes of the hidden object in the single channel. Based on the multiplexed temporal histograms, we achieve a retrieval of the object's position with centimeter precision. The experiment of following the target's linear motion is also performed, proving that our technique can reliably track the moving object. This time multiplexing-based NLOS tracking scheme provides a simple way to reduce the numbers of the detecting channels, which may contribute to low-cost NLOS applications.
{"title":"Non-Line-of-Sight Target Tracking With a Single Time Multiplexed Channel","authors":"Xianmin Zheng;Tailin Li;Ke Ding;Yihan Luo","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3471070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3471070","url":null,"abstract":"Here we propose a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) tracking scheme using only one single-pixel single-photon channel. It is demonstrated that sending multiple beams with proper time delay enables multiplexing of multi-echoes of the hidden object in the single channel. Based on the multiplexed temporal histograms, we achieve a retrieval of the object's position with centimeter precision. The experiment of following the target's linear motion is also performed, proving that our technique can reliably track the moving object. This time multiplexing-based NLOS tracking scheme provides a simple way to reduce the numbers of the detecting channels, which may contribute to low-cost NLOS applications.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 6","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10700616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Currently, HgCdTe detectors are advancing towards very long wavelengths and room temperature operation. However, as operating temperatures and illumination intensity increase, the performance of these detectors deteriorates, evidenced by increased dark current, reduced responsivity and detectivity, and enhanced saturation effects. These limitations significantly hinder the application of detectors for strong illumination scenarios at room temperature. In this study, we utilize compositional gradients and array electrode designs to make better trade-offs among dark current, responsivity, and saturation characteristics of HgCdTe photovoltaic detectors under mid-wave and long-wave infrared conditions. We elucidate the underlying mechanisms from the perspectives of the responsive region and the non-photosensitive area, as well as carrier motion and recombination processes. The results indicate that increasing compositional gradients are beneficial for reducing dark current, while decreasing compositional gradients are advantageous for improving responsivity. Moreover, detectors with array electrodes design achieve a peak responsivity of 1.5 A/W under 200 W/cm 2 (∼1.8 mW) at room temperature, which is three times higher than the pre-optimized structure. Additionally, the peak detectivity increased by more than 20%. These research findings provide guidance for the design of future HgCdTe detectors operating under strong injection levels and at various temperatures.
{"title":"Performance Optimization of Hg1-xCdxTe Photovoltaic Detectors Under Strong Illumination Considering Temperature and Wavelength Dependencies","authors":"Jiahui Chen;Wangyong Chen;Linlin Cai;Pengling Yang;Dahui Wang;Manling Shen;Xiangyang Li;Hui Qiao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3470871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3470871","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, HgCdTe detectors are advancing towards very long wavelengths and room temperature operation. However, as operating temperatures and illumination intensity increase, the performance of these detectors deteriorates, evidenced by increased dark current, reduced responsivity and detectivity, and enhanced saturation effects. These limitations significantly hinder the application of detectors for strong illumination scenarios at room temperature. In this study, we utilize compositional gradients and array electrode designs to make better trade-offs among dark current, responsivity, and saturation characteristics of HgCdTe photovoltaic detectors under mid-wave and long-wave infrared conditions. We elucidate the underlying mechanisms from the perspectives of the responsive region and the non-photosensitive area, as well as carrier motion and recombination processes. The results indicate that increasing compositional gradients are beneficial for reducing dark current, while decreasing compositional gradients are advantageous for improving responsivity. Moreover, detectors with array electrodes design achieve a peak responsivity of 1.5 A/W under 200 W/cm\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000 (∼1.8 mW) at room temperature, which is three times higher than the pre-optimized structure. Additionally, the peak detectivity increased by more than 20%. These research findings provide guidance for the design of future HgCdTe detectors operating under strong injection levels and at various temperatures.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 5","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10700044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3469391
Andrej Harlakin;Jan Mietzner;Peter A. Hoeher
This paper presents a novel concept for joint light source identification and localization (JLIL) with subsequent interference suppression using a liquid crystal display (LCD)-based receiver. The JLIL concept is particularly suitable for multiple-input single-output visible-light-communication settings, where an LCD-based receiver must be able to identify a desired light source before suppressing interfering ones. Given a basic visible-light-communication setup, in a first step modifications required both on the transmitter and the receiver side are identified. Subsequently, the concept for LCD-based JLIL is introduced, and its performance is illustrated by means of simulation results. In this context, intersymbol interference effects are investigated and a known ambiguity problem is overcome. Finally, results of an experimental verification are reported as a proof of concept. It is shown that the derived simulation model accurately predicts measurement results. The latter confirm a virtually error-free light source identification and precise localization within system accuracy range. Furthermore, an improved peak detection is reported. Signal-to-noise ratio measurements suggest good performance for up to $3 ,mathrm{m}$ using the developed hardware demonstrator.
{"title":"Reconfigurable MISO-VLC via Joint Light Source Identification and Localization Using a Receiver With Spatial LCD Filter","authors":"Andrej Harlakin;Jan Mietzner;Peter A. Hoeher","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3469391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2024.3469391","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel concept for joint light source identification and localization (JLIL) with subsequent interference suppression using a liquid crystal display (LCD)-based receiver. The JLIL concept is particularly suitable for multiple-input single-output visible-light-communication settings, where an LCD-based receiver must be able to identify a desired light source before suppressing interfering ones. Given a basic visible-light-communication setup, in a first step modifications required both on the transmitter and the receiver side are identified. Subsequently, the concept for LCD-based JLIL is introduced, and its performance is illustrated by means of simulation results. In this context, intersymbol interference effects are investigated and a known ambiguity problem is overcome. Finally, results of an experimental verification are reported as a proof of concept. It is shown that the derived simulation model accurately predicts measurement results. The latter confirm a virtually error-free light source identification and precise localization within system accuracy range. Furthermore, an improved peak detection is reported. Signal-to-noise ratio measurements suggest good performance for up to \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$3 ,mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 using the developed hardware demonstrator.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"16 6","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10697281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142447266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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