Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.003
{"title":"Comment on: “Preoperative risk score (PreopScore) to predict overall survival after resection for hepatocellular carcinoma”","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13229,"journal":{"name":"Hpb","volume":"26 8","pages":"Page 1086"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141054287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.007
{"title":"Building the next generation of HPB surgeons: E-AHPBA Early Career Group, Online Academy, Mentorship Program, and Fellowships","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13229,"journal":{"name":"Hpb","volume":"26 8","pages":"Pages 969-970"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141037649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.004
Background
Appropriate risk stratification for the difficulty of liver transplantation (LT) is essential to guide the selection and acceptance of grafts and avoid morbidity and mortality.
Methods
Based on 987 LTs collected from 5 centers, perioperative outcomes were analyzed across the 3 difficulty levels. Each LT was retrospectively scored from 0 to 10. Scores of 0–2, 3–5 and 6–10 were then translated into respective difficulty levels: low, moderate and high. Complications were reported according to the comprehensive complication index (CCI).
Results
The difficulty level of LT in 524 (53%), 323 (32%), and 140 (14%) patients was classified as low, moderate and high, respectively. The values of major intraoperative outcomes, such as cold ischemia time (p = 0.04) and operative time (p < 0.0001) increased gradually with statistically significant values among difficulty levels. There was a corresponding increase in CCI (p = 0.04), severe complication rates (p = 0.05) and length of ICU (p = 0.01) and hospital (p = 0.004) stays across the different difficulty levels.
Conclusion
The LT difficulty classification has been validated.
{"title":"European validation of the classification for the anticipated difficulty of liver transplantation","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Appropriate risk stratification<span> for the difficulty of liver transplantation (LT) is essential to guide the selection and acceptance of grafts and avoid morbidity and mortality.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Based on 987 LTs collected from 5 centers, perioperative outcomes were analyzed across the 3 difficulty levels. Each LT was retrospectively scored from 0 to 10. Scores of 0–2, 3–5 and 6–10 were then translated into respective difficulty levels: low, moderate and high. Complications were reported according to the comprehensive complication index (CCI).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The difficulty level of LT in 524 (53%), 323 (32%), and 140 (14%) patients was classified as low, moderate and high, respectively. The values of major intraoperative outcomes, such as cold ischemia<span> time (p = 0.04) and operative time (p < 0.0001) increased gradually with statistically significant values among difficulty levels. There was a corresponding increase in CCI (p = 0.04), severe complication rates (p = 0.05) and length of ICU (p = 0.01) and hospital (p = 0.004) stays across the different difficulty levels.</span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The LT difficulty classification has been validated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13229,"journal":{"name":"Hpb","volume":"26 8","pages":"Pages 1033-1039"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141051504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.002
{"title":"Vein-guided anatomical resection of liver segment III along the left hepatic vein: a feasible procedure?","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13229,"journal":{"name":"Hpb","volume":"26 8","pages":"Pages 1079-1081"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141055957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.010
Background
Textbook oncologic outcome (TOO) serves as a composite, oncologic metric for surgical quality of care. We sought to evaluate variations in TOO among patients undergoing laparoscopic, robotic, and open surgery for intrahepatic (iCCA) and perihilar (pCCA) cholangiocarcinoma.
Methods
Patients who underwent liver resection for iCCA and pCCA between 2010 and 2018 were identified from the National Cancer Database. Entropy balancing was performed for covariate balancing and multivariable regression was used to evaluate the association between surgical approach and TOO.
Results
Among 5434 patients who underwent hepatic resection between 2010 and 2018, 3888 (71.6%) had iCCA, and 1546 (28.4%) had pCCA. TOO was achieved in 11.7% (n = 454), and 18.8% (n = 291) of patients with iCCA and pCCA, respectively. There was a difference in achievement of TOO relative to operative approach among patients with iCCA (robotic: 6.2% vs. laparoscopic: 8.1% vs. open: 12.5%; p = 0.002). After entropy balancing, patients with iCCA undergoing laparoscopic surgery had 32% reduced odds of achieving TOO (Ref: open surgery; laparoscopic, OR 0.68, 95%CI 0.49–0.93; p = 0.016; robotic, OR 0.69, 95%CI 0.34–1.39; p = 0.298).
Conclusions
Usage of composite oncologic measures such as TOO may allow for a holistic assessment of different approaches to hepatic resection among patients with CCA.
{"title":"Textbook oncologic outcomes among patients undergoing laparoscopic, robotic and open surgery for intrahepatic and perihilar cholangiocarcinoma","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Textbook oncologic outcome (TOO) serves as a composite, oncologic metric for surgical quality of care. We sought to evaluate variations in TOO among patients undergoing laparoscopic, robotic, and open surgery for intrahepatic (iCCA) and perihilar (pCCA) cholangiocarcinoma.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Patients who underwent liver resection for iCCA and pCCA between 2010 and 2018 were identified from the National Cancer Database. Entropy balancing was performed for covariate balancing and multivariable regression was used to evaluate the association between surgical approach and TOO.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Among 5434 patients who underwent hepatic resection between 2010 and 2018, 3888 (71.6%) had iCCA, and 1546 (28.4%) had pCCA. TOO was achieved in 11.7% (n = 454), and 18.8% (n = 291) of patients with iCCA and pCCA, respectively. There was a difference in achievement of TOO relative to operative approach among patients with iCCA (robotic: 6.2% vs. laparoscopic: 8.1% vs. open: 12.5%; p = 0.002). After entropy balancing, patients with iCCA undergoing laparoscopic surgery had 32% reduced odds of achieving TOO (Ref: open surgery; laparoscopic, OR 0.68, 95%CI 0.49–0.93; p = 0.016; robotic, OR 0.69, 95%CI 0.34–1.39; p = 0.298).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Usage of composite oncologic measures such as TOO may allow for a holistic assessment of different approaches to hepatic resection among patients with CCA.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13229,"journal":{"name":"Hpb","volume":"26 8","pages":"Pages 1051-1061"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141135588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/S1365-182X(24)02193-2
{"title":"Highlights in this issue","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S1365-182X(24)02193-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1365-182X(24)02193-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13229,"journal":{"name":"Hpb","volume":"26 8","pages":"Page iii"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141962051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2024.04.014
Background
Assess impact of direct-acting antivirals introduction on outcomes after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Methods
391 patients (1991–2021) treated with resection for hepatocellular carcinoma on Hepatitis C background were divided according to receiving Hepatitis C treatment, treatment type, achievement of sustained virological response (SVR), time of resection pre- (Era 1, 1991–2011) and post-direct acting antivirals introduction (Era 2, 2012–2021). Survival was estimated with Kaplan–Meier curves, Cox regression analysis performed to identify survival predictors.
Results
Majority of patients had single lesion (67.8%), diameter >2 cm in 60.6%, no evidence of macroscopic vascular invasion on imaging. Pathology showed vascular invasion in 69.6% of patients, 76.5% microvascular. Recurrence developed in 247 patients (63.2%). 194 patients (49.6%) achieved SVR. Overall survival at 1-, 3-, 5-years was 94.6%, 85.7%, 78.8% for patients who achieved SVR, 80.1%, 48.1%, 29.9% in those who did not (p < 0.001). 220 patients (56.3%) were in Era 1, 171 (43.7%) in Era 2. Survival at 1-, 3-, 5-years was 76.1%, 49%, 36% in Era 1, 94.5%, 82.5%, 70.3% in Era 2 (p < 0.001). SVR was an independent predictor of survival on multiple Cox Regression analysis.
Conclusion
While many aspects of HCC management have evolved, SVR following direct-acting antivirals independently improves HCC resection outcomes.
{"title":"Improved outcomes of liver resection for hepatitis C-related hepatocellular carcinoma after the introduction of direct-acting antiviral therapy","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.04.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.04.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><span>Assess impact of direct-acting antivirals introduction on outcomes after liver resection for </span>hepatocellular carcinoma.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>391 patients (1991–2021) treated with resection for hepatocellular carcinoma on Hepatitis C background were divided according to receiving Hepatitis C treatment<span>, treatment type, achievement of sustained virological response (SVR), time of resection pre- (Era 1, 1991–2011) and post-direct acting antivirals introduction (Era 2, 2012–2021). Survival was estimated with Kaplan–Meier curves, Cox regression analysis performed to identify survival predictors.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Majority of patients had single lesion (67.8%), diameter >2 cm in 60.6%, no evidence of macroscopic vascular invasion on imaging. Pathology showed vascular invasion in 69.6% of patients, 76.5% microvascular. Recurrence developed in 247 patients (63.2%). 194 patients (49.6%) achieved SVR. Overall survival at 1-, 3-, 5-years was 94.6%, 85.7%, 78.8% for patients who achieved SVR, 80.1%, 48.1%, 29.9% in those who did not (p < 0.001). 220 patients (56.3%) were in Era 1, 171 (43.7%) in Era 2. Survival at 1-, 3-, 5-years was 76.1%, 49%, 36% in Era 1, 94.5%, 82.5%, 70.3% in Era 2 (p < 0.001). SVR was an independent predictor of survival on multiple Cox Regression analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>While many aspects of HCC management have evolved, SVR following direct-acting antivirals independently improves HCC resection outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13229,"journal":{"name":"Hpb","volume":"26 8","pages":"Pages 1007-1021"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140882208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.017
Background
Minimally invasive liver surgery (MILS) is increasingly performed via the robot-assisted approach but may be associated with increased costs. This study is a post-hoc comparison of healthcare cost expenditure for robotic liver resection (RLR) and laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) in a high-volume center.
Methods
In-hospital and 30-day postoperative healthcare costs were calculated per patient in a retrospective series (October 2015–December 2022).
Results
Overall, 298 patients were included (143 RLR and 155 LLR). Benefits of RLR were lower conversion rate (2.8% vs 12.3%, p = 0.002), shorter operating time (167 min vs 198 min, p = 0.044), and less blood loss (50 mL vs 200 mL, p < 0.001). Total per-procedure costs of RLR (€10260) and LLR (€9931) were not significantly different (mean difference €329 [95% bootstrapped confidence interval (BCI) €-1179–€2120]). Lower costs with RLR due to shorter surgical and operating room time were offset by higher disposable instrumentation costs resulting in comparable intraoperative costs (€5559 vs €5247, mean difference €312 [95% BCI €-25–€648]). Postoperative costs were similar for RLR (€4701) and LLR (€4684), mean difference €17 [95% BCI €-1357–€1727]. When also considering purchase and maintenance costs, RLR resulted in higher total per-procedure costs.
Discussion
In a high-volume center, RLR can have similar per-procedure cost expenditure as LLR when disregarding capital investment.
{"title":"Healthcare cost expenditure for robotic versus laparoscopic liver resection: a bottom-up economic evaluation","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.05.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Minimally invasive liver surgery (MILS) is increasingly performed via the robot-assisted approach but may be associated with increased costs. This study is a <em>post-hoc</em> comparison of healthcare cost expenditure for robotic liver resection (RLR) and laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) in a high-volume center.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In-hospital and 30-day postoperative healthcare costs were calculated per patient in a retrospective series (October 2015–December 2022).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Overall, 298 patients were included (143 RLR and 155 LLR). Benefits of RLR were lower conversion rate (2.8% vs 12.3%, p = 0.002), shorter operating time (167 min vs 198 min, p = 0.044), and less blood loss (50 mL vs 200 mL, p < 0.001). Total per-procedure costs of RLR (€10260) and LLR (€9931) were not significantly different (mean difference €329 [95% bootstrapped confidence interval (BCI) €-1179–€2120]). Lower costs with RLR due to shorter surgical and operating room time were offset by higher disposable instrumentation costs resulting in comparable intraoperative costs (€5559 vs €5247, mean difference €312 [95% BCI €-25–€648]). Postoperative costs were similar for RLR (€4701) and LLR (€4684), mean difference €17 [95% BCI €-1357–€1727]. When also considering purchase and maintenance costs, RLR resulted in higher total per-procedure costs.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>In a high-volume center, RLR can have similar per-procedure cost expenditure as LLR when disregarding capital investment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13229,"journal":{"name":"Hpb","volume":"26 8","pages":"Pages 971-980"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1365182X2401743X/pdfft?md5=f7026679ac5183323aba6ab310a4aae5&pid=1-s2.0-S1365182X2401743X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141254375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2024.03.1157
Harufumi Maki, Yujiro Nishioka, Antony Haddad, Mateo Lendoire, Hop S. Tran Cao, Yun S. Chun, Ching-Wei D. Tzeng, Jean-Nicolas Vauthey, Timothy E. Newhook
Background
For liver volumetry, manual tracing on computed tomography (CT) images is time-consuming and operator dependent. To overcome these disadvantages, several three-dimensional simulation software programs have been developed; however, their efficacy has not fully been evaluated.
Methods
Three physicians performed liver volumetry on preoperative CT images on 30 patients who underwent formal right hepatectomy, using manual tracing volumetry and two simulation software programs, SYNAPSE and syngo.via. The future liver remnant (FLR) was calculated using each method of volumetry. The primary endpoint was reproducibility and secondary outcomes were calculation time and learning curve.
Results
The mean FLR was significantly lower for manual volumetry than for SYNAPSE or syngo.via; there was no significant difference in mean FLR between the two software-based methods. Reproducibility was lower for the manual method than for the software-based methods. Mean calculation time was shortest for SYNAPSE. For the two physicians unfamiliar with the software, no obvious learning curve was observed for using SYNAPSE, whereas learning curves were observed for using syngo.via.
Conclusions
Liver volumetry was more reproducible and faster with three-dimensional simulation software, especially SYNAPSE software, than with the conventional manual tracing method. Software can help even inexperienced physicians learn quickly how to perform liver volumetry.
{"title":"Reproducibility and efficiency of liver volumetry using manual method and liver analysis software","authors":"Harufumi Maki, Yujiro Nishioka, Antony Haddad, Mateo Lendoire, Hop S. Tran Cao, Yun S. Chun, Ching-Wei D. Tzeng, Jean-Nicolas Vauthey, Timothy E. Newhook","doi":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.03.1157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.03.1157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>For liver volumetry, manual tracing on computed tomography (CT) images is time-consuming and operator dependent. To overcome these disadvantages, several three-dimensional simulation software programs have been developed; however, their efficacy has not fully been evaluated.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Three physicians performed liver volumetry on preoperative CT images on 30 patients who underwent formal right hepatectomy, using manual tracing volumetry and two simulation software programs, SYNAPSE and syngo.via. The future liver remnant (FLR) was calculated using each method of volumetry. The primary endpoint was reproducibility and secondary outcomes were calculation time and learning curve.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The mean FLR was significantly lower for manual volumetry than for SYNAPSE or syngo.via; there was no significant difference in mean FLR between the two software-based methods. Reproducibility was lower for the manual method than for the software-based methods. Mean calculation time was shortest for SYNAPSE. For the two physicians unfamiliar with the software, no obvious learning curve was observed for using SYNAPSE, whereas learning curves were observed for using syngo.via.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Liver volumetry was more reproducible and faster with three-dimensional simulation software, especially SYNAPSE software, than with the conventional manual tracing method. Software can help even inexperienced physicians learn quickly how to perform liver volumetry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13229,"journal":{"name":"Hpb","volume":"26 7","pages":"Pages 911-918"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140269885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2024.04.006
Shuang-Mei Dai, Tao Guo
{"title":"Letter to editor: “opioid analgesia and severity of acute pancreatitis: an international multicentre cohort study on pain management in acute pancreatitis”","authors":"Shuang-Mei Dai, Tao Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.04.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hpb.2024.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13229,"journal":{"name":"Hpb","volume":"26 7","pages":"Page 968"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140763999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}